EP1584610A2 - Sprengstoffzusammensetzung - Google Patents
Sprengstoffzusammensetzung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1584610A2 EP1584610A2 EP20050290732 EP05290732A EP1584610A2 EP 1584610 A2 EP1584610 A2 EP 1584610A2 EP 20050290732 EP20050290732 EP 20050290732 EP 05290732 A EP05290732 A EP 05290732A EP 1584610 A2 EP1584610 A2 EP 1584610A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- aluminum
- explosive
- composition according
- micrometric
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 126
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 104
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 141
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 117
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- SPSSULHKWOKEEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene Chemical compound CC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O SPSSULHKWOKEEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000015 trinitrotoluene Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- XTFIVUDBNACUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N1CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)C1 XTFIVUDBNACUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000028 HMX Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- UZGLIIJVICEWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N octogen Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N1CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)C1 UZGLIIJVICEWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-3,3-difluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(Br)C=C GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 24
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000001033 granulometry Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 3
- IDCPFAYURAQKDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-nitroguanidine Chemical compound NC(=N)N[N+]([O-])=O IDCPFAYURAQKDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MKWKGRNINWTHMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5,6-trinitrobenzene-1,2,3-triamine Chemical compound NC1=C(N)C([N+]([O-])=O)=C([N+]([O-])=O)C([N+]([O-])=O)=C1N MKWKGRNINWTHMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- SEDQRDUZIDYRNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-trinitroazetidine Chemical compound [N+](=O)([O-])N1C(C(C1)[N+](=O)[O-])[N+](=O)[O-] SEDQRDUZIDYRNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZCRYIJDAHIGPDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N1CC([N+]([O-])=O)([N+]([O-])=O)C1 ZCRYIJDAHIGPDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BEKZHETVNVFYCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,8-trinitronaphthalene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC2=CC([N+](=O)[O-])=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C21 BEKZHETVNVFYCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IAHOUQOWMXVMEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-trinitroaniline Chemical compound NC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O IAHOUQOWMXVMEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RSUBARQODWIKOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methyl-2,4,6-trinitroaniline Chemical compound CC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C(N)=C1[N+]([O-])=O RSUBARQODWIKOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YYGJRRYSYLLCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methyl-2,4,6-trinitrophenol Chemical compound CC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C(O)=C1[N+]([O-])=O YYGJRRYSYLLCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- SYSQUGFVNFXIIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[4-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)phenyl]-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide Chemical class C1=CC([N+](=O)[O-])=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)NC1=CC=C(C=2OC3=CC=CC=C3N=2)C=C1 SYSQUGFVNFXIIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CFYAUGJHWXGWHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-methyl-2,4,6-trinitroaniline Chemical compound CNC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O CFYAUGJHWXGWHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004848 polyfunctional curative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001141 propulsive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B45/00—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product
- C06B45/02—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising particles of diverse size or shape
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B33/00—Compositions containing particulate metal, alloy, boron, silicon, selenium or tellurium with at least one oxygen supplying material which is either a metal oxide or a salt, organic or inorganic, capable of yielding a metal oxide
- C06B33/08—Compositions containing particulate metal, alloy, boron, silicon, selenium or tellurium with at least one oxygen supplying material which is either a metal oxide or a salt, organic or inorganic, capable of yielding a metal oxide with a nitrated organic compound
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B33/00—Compositions containing particulate metal, alloy, boron, silicon, selenium or tellurium with at least one oxygen supplying material which is either a metal oxide or a salt, organic or inorganic, capable of yielding a metal oxide
- C06B33/08—Compositions containing particulate metal, alloy, boron, silicon, selenium or tellurium with at least one oxygen supplying material which is either a metal oxide or a salt, organic or inorganic, capable of yielding a metal oxide with a nitrated organic compound
- C06B33/10—Compositions containing particulate metal, alloy, boron, silicon, selenium or tellurium with at least one oxygen supplying material which is either a metal oxide or a salt, organic or inorganic, capable of yielding a metal oxide with a nitrated organic compound the compound being an aromatic
Definitions
- the technical field of the invention is that of explosive compositions.
- compositions have the advantage of generating an effect blast that is due to the burning of aluminum when the detonation.
- the nanometric aluminum used is that sold under the Alex brand (particle size between 100 and 200 nanometers). The tests have shown that adding 10% aluminum nanometric to trinitrotoluene the detonation velocity was increased.
- composition B (60% by weight of trinitrotoluene / 40% mass of Hexogen) which has a detonation velocity of 7891 m / s sees this speed increase to 7598 m / s after addition of 10% by weight of nanometric aluminum (293m / s decrease).
- the subject of the invention is an explosive composition
- an explosive composition comprising at least one explosive material and powder of aluminum, characterized in that the powder of aluminum comprises a mixture of at least a first type of aluminum powder with a micrometric minus a second type of grain size aluminum powder nanoscale.
- particle size is micrometer a particle size between 4 micrometers and 105 micrometers and by nanometer particle size a particle size less than 4 microns.
- nanometric and micrometric aluminum mix allows to improve the flowability of explosive compositions achieved by decreasing the viscosity.
- composition comprising 5% to 16% by weight of nanoscale aluminum associated with 2% to 10% aluminum grain size micrometric, the global mass of aluminum implemented being less than or equal to 30%.
- the explosive material may be a fusible explosive, for example trinitrotoluene or another aromatic nitrate with higher melting temperature at 100 ° C.
- EP0814069 discloses mergeable explosives particularly interesting because explosive compositions with reduced vulnerability. From fusible explosives cited we can consider: 2,4,6-trinitro-N-methylaniline (TNMA), 2,4,6-trinitro-3-methylphenol, 3-Amino-Trinitrotoluene, 2,4,6-Trinitro Aniline, 1,3,8-TrinitroNaphthalene and its mixture of isomers which is fusible at 115 ° C, the TNAZ (1,2,3 - trinitroazetidine) and its eutectics.
- TNMA 2,4,6-trinitro-N-methylaniline
- 3-Amino-Trinitrotoluene 2,4,6-Trinitro Aniline
- 1,3,8-TrinitroNaphthalene 1,3,8-TrinitroNaphthalene and its mixture of isomers which is fusible at 115 ° C
- the TNAZ (1,2,3 - trinitroazetidine
- the explosive material will comprise ammonium perchlorate or ammonium nitrate.
- the explosive material used comprises from 20% to 50% by weight of trinitrotoluene (proportions given in proportion relative mass of the explosive material alone).
- composition B associating 25% to 50% by weight of trinitrotoluene and 50% to 75% by weight of hexogen, in relative mass proportions of the material explosive alone.
- composition to reduced vulnerability in which the explosive material put is a composition associating 30% to 50% by weight of a mergeable explosive, 20% to 70% by mass of at least one explosive grain with reduced vulnerability, and 0% to 30% of complementary explosive in grains, percentages given in relative mass proportions of the explosive material alone.
- ONTA oxynitrotriazole
- TATB triaminotrinitrobenzene
- NGu nitroguanidine
- a composite explosive composition ie associating one or several explosive materials with one or more binders polymerizable (active or inert).
- This composition therefore comprises 15% aluminum by weight.
- the micrometric aluminum has a mean particle size of 15 micrometers.
- Nanometric aluminum has an average particle size of 50 nanometers.
- the mergeable explosive is fused into a mixer. Hexogen and aluminum are also mixed then we mix this mixture with the explosive meltable in the mixer.
- the micrometric aluminum has a mean particle size of 15 micrometers.
- Nanometric aluminum has an average particle size of 50 nanometers. No. Hexogenous% Trinitro-toluene% Aluminum Micro-metric% Nano-metric aluminum% Detonation speed m / s AT 65 35 0 0 7983 B 58 32 10 0 7830 VS 55 30 15 0 7760 D 48 26 26 0 7607 E 54 36 0 10 7598 Ex1 55 30 5 10 > 7960
- the composition according to the invention (Ex1) has a detonation velocity (7960 m / s) which is greater than that (ref E) measured by the authors of the publication of Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics (27/02/2002) (7598 m / s).
- the composition according to the invention has a velocity of detonation greater than 200m / s to that of the composition (ref C) using aluminum micrometer.
- the detonation level of the composition according to the invention is substantially equivalent to that of the composition B 65/35 (ref A) whereas it comprises 15% less explosive.
- compositions are produced as follows:
- the two powder granulometries are first mixed of aluminum then mixed with explosive materials.
- the binder is placed in a mixer maintained in temperature. Solid explosive mixed with aluminum is introduced gradually in the binder.
- a binder of polymerization hardener
- the patent FR2801883 describes such compositions which have for the main characteristic of associating an explosive with reduced vulnerability such as ONTA, a complementary explosive such as hexogen or octogen, an aluminum powder and a coating wax for implementation by compression.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0403727A FR2868774B1 (fr) | 2004-04-07 | 2004-04-07 | Composition explosive |
| FR0403727 | 2004-04-07 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1584610A2 true EP1584610A2 (de) | 2005-10-12 |
Family
ID=34896728
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP20050290732 Withdrawn EP1584610A2 (de) | 2004-04-07 | 2005-04-04 | Sprengstoffzusammensetzung |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1584610A2 (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2502155A1 (de) |
| FR (1) | FR2868774B1 (de) |
| NO (1) | NO20051710L (de) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1876160A1 (de) * | 2006-07-04 | 2008-01-09 | Diehl BGT Defence GmbH & Co.KG | Blast-Wirkladung |
| CN103012299A (zh) * | 2012-12-27 | 2013-04-03 | 中国工程物理研究院化工材料研究所 | 基于dmso/h2o二元体系的hmx制备方法 |
| EP2947063A1 (de) * | 2014-05-21 | 2015-11-25 | TDW Gesellschaft für verteidigungstechnische Wirksysteme mbH | Verfahren zur drucksteigerung einer komposit-ladung |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2007070934A1 (en) * | 2005-12-22 | 2007-06-28 | Orica Explosives Technology Pty Ltd | Explosive composition |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1043534A (en) * | 1961-10-27 | 1966-09-21 | Secr Aviation | Improvements in or relating to gas-producing compositions |
| ZA736092B (en) * | 1973-09-05 | 1974-08-28 | Metal Sales Co Ltd | Improvements in explosive grade aluminium powders and the like like |
| CA1058882A (en) * | 1976-05-31 | 1979-07-24 | Kenneth S. Kalman | Prilled explosive composition |
| US5472531A (en) * | 1992-12-01 | 1995-12-05 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Insensitive explosive composition |
| JPH0859384A (ja) * | 1994-08-12 | 1996-03-05 | Mitsubishi Chem Corp | 爆 薬 |
-
2004
- 2004-04-07 FR FR0403727A patent/FR2868774B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2005
- 2005-04-04 CA CA 2502155 patent/CA2502155A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2005-04-04 EP EP20050290732 patent/EP1584610A2/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-04-06 NO NO20051710A patent/NO20051710L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1876160A1 (de) * | 2006-07-04 | 2008-01-09 | Diehl BGT Defence GmbH & Co.KG | Blast-Wirkladung |
| CN103012299A (zh) * | 2012-12-27 | 2013-04-03 | 中国工程物理研究院化工材料研究所 | 基于dmso/h2o二元体系的hmx制备方法 |
| CN103012299B (zh) * | 2012-12-27 | 2015-01-14 | 中国工程物理研究院化工材料研究所 | 基于dmso/h2o二元体系的hmx制备方法 |
| EP2947063A1 (de) * | 2014-05-21 | 2015-11-25 | TDW Gesellschaft für verteidigungstechnische Wirksysteme mbH | Verfahren zur drucksteigerung einer komposit-ladung |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2868774B1 (fr) | 2007-01-12 |
| CA2502155A1 (fr) | 2005-10-07 |
| FR2868774A1 (fr) | 2005-10-14 |
| NO20051710D0 (no) | 2005-04-06 |
| NO20051710L (no) | 2005-10-10 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| FR2584066A1 (fr) | Utilisation du 5-oxo 3-nitro, 1,2,4-triazole comme substance explosive et compositions pyrotechniques contenant du 5-oxo 3-nitro 1,2,4-triazole. | |
| JP6429948B2 (ja) | 発射薬を製造するための固形物質の使用 | |
| WO2007042735A2 (fr) | Composition pyrotechnique generatrice de gaz rapide et procede d'obtention | |
| FR2867469A1 (fr) | Compositions reactives contenant un metal, et leur procede de production | |
| EP2616413A2 (de) | Pyrotechnische verbindungen für einen gasgenerator | |
| FR2667592A1 (fr) | Composition d'explosif brisant, insensible a une detonation accidentelle et a detonation autosuffisante en cas d'allumage delibere, et son procede de preparation. | |
| EP3212593B1 (de) | Pyrotechnisches zusammengesetztes produkt mit adn- und rdx-ladungen in einem gpa-bindemittel und herstellung davon | |
| JP2014523386A5 (de) | ||
| FR2954308A1 (fr) | Composition explosive fusible/coulable et a vulnerabilite reduite | |
| EP2231556A2 (de) | Zusammensetzung zur erzeugung von stickstoffhaltigem gas und dieses enthaltendem azodicarbonamid sowie verfahren zur erzeugung von stickstoffhaltigem gas durch dekomposition dieser zusammensetzung | |
| EP1584610A2 (de) | Sprengstoffzusammensetzung | |
| FR2949778A1 (fr) | Composes pyrotechniques generateurs de gaz | |
| CA2267512C (fr) | Nouveaux materiaux pyrotechniques non detonables pour microsystemes | |
| FR2526418A1 (fr) | Composition propulsive contenant de la nitrocellulose, de la nitroglycerine, du benzoate de cuivre et du plomb ou ses derives, notamment pour fusees | |
| CA2204840C (fr) | Procede continu de fabrication sans solvant de produits pyrotechniques composites thermodurcissables | |
| ITRM20000309A1 (it) | Desensibilizzazione di materiali energetici. | |
| FR2950624A1 (fr) | Compose pyrotechnique generateur de gaz | |
| WO2024062190A1 (fr) | Propergol composite a vitesse de combustion reduite | |
| FR2936795A1 (fr) | Compositions explosives denses, chargements explosifs denses et munitions les comprenant | |
| FR2871457A1 (fr) | Composition pyrotechnique ayant une tenue mecanique amelioree | |
| EP0814069A1 (de) | Schmelzbare/giessbare Sprengstoffzusammensetzung mit verminderter Empfindlichkeit | |
| EP3969432B1 (de) | Treibladungspulverkorn mit mindestens teilweise verschlossenen kanälen | |
| EP1866265B1 (de) | Elektrische zünder mit selbstzündenden zusammensetzungen und gasgeneratoren mit den zündern | |
| FR2945288A1 (fr) | Compose solide pyrotechnique, obtention par voie seche et utilisation | |
| WO2026083033A1 (fr) | Propergol composite à vitesse de combustion réduite |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR |
|
| AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Extension state: AL BA HR LV MK YU |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20060320 |
|
| RAP1 | Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred) |
Owner name: NEXTER MUNITIONS |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION HAS BEEN WITHDRAWN |
|
| 18W | Application withdrawn |
Effective date: 20130228 |