EP1603796B1 - Bouee immergee et procedes d'installation, d'amarrage et de stabilisation dynamique de cette bouee - Google Patents
Bouee immergee et procedes d'installation, d'amarrage et de stabilisation dynamique de cette bouee Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1603796B1 EP1603796B1 EP03816127A EP03816127A EP1603796B1 EP 1603796 B1 EP1603796 B1 EP 1603796B1 EP 03816127 A EP03816127 A EP 03816127A EP 03816127 A EP03816127 A EP 03816127A EP 1603796 B1 EP1603796 B1 EP 1603796B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- subsurface buoy
- installation
- cylindrical body
- extremities
- chain
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 210000002435 tendon Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 210000003414 extremity Anatomy 0.000 claims description 26
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 210000003141 lower extremity Anatomy 0.000 claims description 4
- 210000001364 upper extremity Anatomy 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035899 viability Effects 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000261422 Lysimachia clethroides Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B22/00—Buoys
- B63B22/04—Fixations or other anchoring arrangements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B22/00—Buoys
- B63B22/02—Buoys specially adapted for mooring a vessel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B21/00—Tying-up; Shifting, towing, or pushing equipment; Anchoring
- B63B21/50—Anchoring arrangements or methods for special vessels, e.g. for floating drilling platforms or dredgers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B22/00—Buoys
- B63B22/02—Buoys specially adapted for mooring a vessel
- B63B22/021—Buoys specially adapted for mooring a vessel and for transferring fluids, e.g. liquids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B22/00—Buoys
- B63B22/04—Fixations or other anchoring arrangements
- B63B22/08—Fixations or other anchoring arrangements having means to release or urge to the surface a buoy on submergence thereof, e.g. to mark location of a sunken object
- B63B22/12—Fixations or other anchoring arrangements having means to release or urge to the surface a buoy on submergence thereof, e.g. to mark location of a sunken object the surfacing of the buoy being assisted by a gas released or generated on submergence of the buoy
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of oil-well equipment used in an intermediary region between a floating production unit at the ocean surface and a wellhead of an oil reservoir, or well, on the ocean f loor.
- the equipment is designed to support rigid and flexible production tubes, or pipes, used for the transport of reservoir fluids from the oil well and/or fluids used in support systems for the oil reservoir.
- a method of installing the equipment at its designed operating depth is also disclosed.
- SCR Steel Catenary Riser
- SCR may have desirable characteristics associated with the capacity to support, along their extremities, higher tension as compared to flexible risers; however, the flexible risers have longer life in terms of resisting fatigue even taking into account their interaction with ocean waves and currents.
- an intermediary system would be necessary, having sufficient floatation to support the weight of the rigid production tubes, while, at the same time, exhibiting only small displacements in response to the horizontal loading of SCRs and the environmental working loads.
- the system, or assembly would also need to be submersed sufficiently to protect it from the effects of waves at the ocean surface, be capable to connect the SCR to the flexible riser, and be reasonably easy to install.
- the concept of a subsurface buoy, or f loat developed naturally, permitting a considerable reduction in the weight of the production tubes on the floating unit, improving undersea arrangement, and thus making possible the use of a hybrid system of risers.
- Hybrid systems of risers have recently been recognized as an alternative to the limitations found in petroleum production activities in deep-sea water.
- the present invention relates to equipment designed to support and interconnect rigid and flexible tubes used in the production and transport of oil from an underwater well and/or fluids used in support systems for the reservoir.
- Such equipment is usually known as a subsurface buoy.
- a system to tie and to dynamically stabilize the buoy is also in the scope of the present invention. Additionally, a method is also disclosed to install the subsurface buoy at its location of operation.
- the subsurface buoy one of the objects of the present invention, comprises four interconnecting cylindrical units forming a single unit, each one of these cylindrical units having in its interior a plurality of draining compartments for the purpose of ballasting.
- Such a floating body resembles a quadrilateral frame defining a whole therethrough, having a plurality of fixed connections for interconnecting the rigid and flexible tubes thereto.
- a tying and dynamically stabilizing system, rigidly connected at each of the vertices of the subsurface buoy, is another object of the present invention.
- the tying and dynamically stabilizing system is designed to control the float position and the traction and the tension in the anchoring tendons, providing stabilization for the entire unit against large-amplitude rotation or changes in angular position even after the rigid and flexible tubes are couple or connected to the floating body, or buoy.
- chained sections formed by links will be referred to as “chains” and steel or polyester cables will be designated as "tendons.”
- Another object of the present invention is a method of installation of the subsurface buoy at its operating location with the fluid transport tubes connected thereto and the use of a system to tie and dynamically stabilize the subsurface float.
- FIG. 1 A top view schematically representing the subsurface buoy of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1 .
- the subsurface buoy comprises four cylindrical bodies, a first cylindrical body 1 and a second cylindrical body 2, having equal lengths and diameters
- the first and second cylindrical bodies are positioned longitudinally parallel and separate relative to one another.
- the side of the subsurface buoy where the first cylindrical body 1 is located will be referred to as the "starboard side.”
- a third cylindrical body 3 is connected, in a transversal position, having a larger diameter than the other two cylindrical bodies.
- the other extremities of the longitudinal cylindrical bodies (1) and (2) are also connected transversely to a fourth cylindrical body 4, having a length equal to that of the third cylindrical body 3, and having a diameter equal to those of the longitudinal cylindrical bodies (1) and (2).
- the side of the subsurface buoy where the third cylindrical body 3 is located will be referred to hereinafter as the "stern side.”
- the side of the subsurface buoy where the forth cylindrical body 4 located it will be referred to as the "bow or nose side,”.
- a descending stabilizer 5 in the form of a blade is connected by its extremities to the longitudinal cylindrical bodies (1) and (2) parallel to the fourth cylindrical body 4 and next to the bow side in order to stabilize the positioning of the subsurface buoy during the descending operation.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a horizontal cut of a top view of the subsurface buoy of the present invention, wherein a plurality of draining compartments 6 are shown located internally in each of the cylindrical bodies 1, 2, 3, and 4.
- FIG. 2a schematically illustrates a longitudinal cut of anyone of the draining compartments 6 illustrated in FIG. 2 .
- each draining compartment 6 Connected to the top of each draining compartment 6 is a first valve 7 for the introduction or removal of compressed air.
- a second valve 8 is connected for the ballasting purposes, allowing seawater in and out of each draining compartment 6.
- FIG. 3 illustrates the positioning of supports 9a and 9b, known in the art as "goose necks,” that serve to support the two types of tubes used in the transport of oil from the ocean floor to the surface, namely rigid tubes 10 and flexible tubes 11.
- Supports 9a and 9b are fixed to the transversal cylindrical bodies 3 and 4, respectively.
- supports 9a are installed to which, at one of their extremities, rigid tubes, or “SCRs” are installed connecting the wellhead at the ocean floor to the subsurface buoy.
- Flexible tubes 11, or “Jumpers,” are installed on one of the extremities of supports 9b installed to the fourth cylindrical body 4, connecting the subsurface buoy to the floating production unit.
- Intermediary tubes 12 being aligned to the longitudinal cylindrical bodies (1) and (2) and interconnected to the rigid tubes 10 and flexible tubes 11, are connected to the other extremities of supports 9a and 9b.
- fixation points for the tying and dynamically stabilizing system 13 also used to install the subsurface buoy at its depth of operation.
- FIG. 4 illustrates in more detail the characteristics of the tying and dynamically stabilizing system 13, which comprises a passive system A and a tension equalization system B.
- the passive system A is passive because it does not use any source of energy (electric, hydraulic, pneumatic, or otherwise) to operate, serving only to install the subsurface buoy at its place of operation.
- Each one of the passive systems A is rigidly connected to the vertices of the subsurface buoy located at the upper extremities and sides of cylindrical bodies 3 or 4.
- the details of passive systems A are illustrated in FIG. 4a and comprise:
- the tension equalizing system B after installation of the subsurface buoy at its operating position, is configured to maintain the tension in each anchoring tendon 21 equally distributed, connect the subsurface buoy to the ocean floor, and maintain the subsurface buoy in stable conditions, i.e., preventing unwanted variations in inclination caused by ocean currents or the weight of the tubes, or pipes, connected to the subsurface buoy.
- tension equalizing system B The details of tension equalizing system B are illustrated in FIG. 4b and comprise:
- FIG. 5 illustrates a side view of a complete assembly of the subsurface buoy with the tying and dynamically stabilizing system 13 connected to the anchoring tendons 21 and to the rigid tubes 10 and flexible tubes 11, properly connected to supports 9a and 9b.
- the scope of the present invention also comprises methods of installation of the subsurface buoy. Such methods will now be described, providing a better understanding of the function of each of the components of the present invention.
- the method of installation of the subsurface buoy comprises:
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
- Cleaning Or Clearing Of The Surface Of Open Water (AREA)
Abstract
Claims (6)
- Bouée immergée utilisée dans la production et le transport de pétrole d'un puits sous-marin vers une unité de production à la surface de l'océan, la bouée immergée comportant :un premier corps cylindrique (1) et un deuxième corps cylindrique (2) positionnés longitudinalement parallèlement et séparément l'un de l'autre et présentant des longueurs et diamètres identiques ;un troisième corps cylindrique (3) présentant un diamètre plus grand que le diamètre dudit premier et deuxième corps cylindriques (1) et (2), relié transversalement à l'une des extrémités des corps cylindriques positionnés longitudinalement (1) et (2) ;un quatrième corps cylindrique (4) présentant une longueur égale à la longueur du corps cylindrique (3) et un diamètre égal au diamètre des corps cylindriques positionnés longitudinalement (1) et (2), relié transversalement aux autres extrémités des corps cylindriques positionnés longitudinalement (1) et (2) ;un stabilisateur descendant (5) relié par ses extrémités aux corps cylindriques positionnés longitudinalement (1) et (2) parallèlement et près du quatrième corps cylindrique (4), configuré pour stabiliser le positionnement de la bouée immergée pendant les opérations de descente et d'installation ;des supports (9a) reliés au troisième corps cylindrique (3), dont les extrémités ont une pluralité de tubes rigides (10) reliés à celui-ci ;des supports (9b) reliés au quatrième corps cylindrique (4), dont les extrémités ont une pluralité de tubes flexibles (11) reliés à celui-ci ;des tubes intermédiaires (12) reliés aux supports (9a) et (9b) et alignés sur les corps cylindriques longitudinaux (1) et (2), les tubes intermédiaires (12) s'interconnectant aux tubes rigides (10) et tubes flexibles (11) ; etun système d'amarrage et de stabilisation dynamique (13) configuré pour installer la bouée immergée à sa profondeur de fonctionnement, relié aux sommets formés par l'union des corps cylindriques (1), (2), (3) et (4).
- Bouée immergée selon la revendication 1, caractérisée par l'un des corps cylindriques (1), (2), (3) ou (4) formant la bouée immergée, présentant à l'intérieur une pluralité de compartiments de drainage (6), dont chacun comporte une première valve (7) pour l'introduction ou le retrait d'air comprimé, reliée au-dessus de celui-ci et une deuxième valve (8) pour l'introduction ou le retrait d'un ballast ou eau de mer, reliée au fond de celui-ci.
- Bouée immergée selon la revendication 1, comprenant en outre un système d'amarrage et de stabilisation dynamique (13) comprenant :un système passif A configuré pour installer la bouée immergée à sa profondeur de fonctionnement ; etun système d'égalisation de la tension B configuré pour maintenir une distribution égale de la tension aux câbles de précontrainte d'ancrage (21).
- Système d'amarrage et de stabilisation dynamique (13) pour une bouée immergée selon la revendication 3, dans lequel le système passif A comprend :une poulie (14) reliée à l'une des extrémités supérieures de l'un des corps cylindriques (3) ou (4) ;une chaîne d'installation (15) passant sur la poulie (14), utilisée comme un contrepoids pendant la descente de la bouée immergée à sa profondeur de fonctionnement ;un dispositif d'arrêt de chaîne (16), à l'intérieur duquel passe la chaîne d'installation (15), rigidement relié aux extrémités de chacun des corps cylindriques (3) et (4) et utilisé pour limiter le déplacement de la chaîne d'installation (15) pendant l'installation de la bouée immergée ;un maillon d'actionnement (17) pour le dispositif d'arrêt de chaîne (16), interposé entre les maillons de la chaîne d'installation (15), présentant des dimensions plus grandes que les maillons de la chaîne d'installation (15), situé au-dessus du dispositif d'arrêt de chaîne (16), et configuré pour interrompre le déplacement de la chaîne d'installation (15) pendant l'installation de la bouée immergée ;un dispositif fin de course (18) interposé entre les maillons de la chaîne d'installation (15) et situé au-dessous du dispositif d'arrêt de la chaîne (16), configuré pour interrompre ou suspendre le déplacement de la chaîne d'installation (15) pendant l'installation de la bouée immergée ;une plaque d'accouplement (19) jointe à l'une des extrémités de la chaîne d'installation (15), configurée pour relier le système passif A au système d'égalisation de la tension B et au câble de précontrainte d'ancrage (21) ; etune liaison inférieure (20) configurée pour installer la chaîne d'installation (15) sur le câble de précontrainte d'ancrage (21).
- Système d'amarrage et de stabilisation dynamique (13) pour une bouée immergée selon la revendication 3, dans lequel le système d'égalisation de la tension B comprend :au moins deux poulies de base majeure (22) reliées aux extrémités inférieures des corps cylindriques (3) et (4), une poulie de base majeure (22) étant reliée à une extrémité du corps cylindrique (3) et l'autre poulie de base majeure (22) étant reliée à une extrémité diagonalement opposée du corps cylindrique (4) ;au moins deux poulies de base mineure (23) reliée aux autres extrémités inférieures des corps cylindriques (3) et (4), une poulie de base mineure (23) étant reliée à une extrémité du corps cylindrique (3) et l'autre poulie de base mineure (23) étant reliée à une extrémité diagonalement opposée du corps cylindrique (4) ;un premier composant porteur (24) passant sur les poulies de base majeure (22) et étant relié par ses extrémités aux plaques d'accouplement diagonalement opposées (19) sur les câbles de précontrainte d'ancrage (21) ; etun second composant porteur (25) passant sur les poulies de base mineure (23) et étant relié par ses extrémités aux plaques d'accouplement diagonalement opposées (19) sur les câbles de précontrainte d'ancrage (21).
- Procédé d'installation d'une bouée immergée selon la revendication 1, ledit procédé comprenant :l'avancement des poteaux d'ancrage sur le fond océanique à des endroits d'installation prédéterminés, la liaison des câbles de précontrainte d'ancrage (21) à l'avancement des poteaux d'ancrage et la liaison des plaques d'accouplement (19) aux câbles de précontrainte d'ancrage (21) ;la liaison des plaques d'accouplement (19) aux systèmes d'égalisation de la tension B ;l'alimentation de chacune des chaînes d'installation (15) par chaque point du système passif A ;la liaison des chaînes d'installation (15) aux plaques d'accouplement (19) du système d'égalisation de la tension B ;la liaison d'une ligne d'alimentation à chacune des valves (7) sur les compartiments de drainage (6) situés à l'intérieur des corps cylindriques (1), (2), (3) et (4) dans le but d'injecter de l'air comprimé ;l'ouverture de la première valve (7) et de la deuxième valve (8) des compartiments de drainage (6) situés à l'intérieur des corps cylindriques (1), (2), (3) et (4) pour y permettre l'afflux d'eau de mer ;l'abaissement lent de la bouée immergée jusqu'à ce que le dispositif fin de course (18) entre en contact avec le dispositif d'arrêt de la chaîne (16) ;l'injection de l'air comprimé dans chacun des compartiments de drainage (6) par chacune des premières valves (7) pour expulser l'eau de mer de là et entraîner une poussée vers la surface de l'océan ;le retrait du ballast jusqu'à ce que des maillons d'actionnement (17) touchent les parties supérieures des dispositifs d'arrêt de la chaîne (16), tendant ainsi les câbles de précontrainte d'ancrage (21) et installant la bouée immergée à sa profondeur de fonctionnement ;l'accouplement de tubes flexibles (11) aux supports (9a) situés sur le corps cylindrique sur le côté avant de la bouée immergée ; etl'accouplement de tubes, rigides (10) aux supports (9a) situés sur le corps cylindrique sur le côté arrière de la bouée immergée.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/BR2003/000023 WO2004078578A1 (fr) | 2003-03-06 | 2003-03-06 | Bouee immergee et procedes d'installation, d'amarrage et de stabilisation dynamique de cette bouee |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1603796A1 EP1603796A1 (fr) | 2005-12-14 |
| EP1603796A4 EP1603796A4 (fr) | 2010-07-07 |
| EP1603796B1 true EP1603796B1 (fr) | 2011-05-04 |
Family
ID=32932161
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP03816127A Expired - Lifetime EP1603796B1 (fr) | 2003-03-06 | 2003-03-06 | Bouee immergee et procedes d'installation, d'amarrage et de stabilisation dynamique de cette bouee |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1603796B1 (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2003303990A1 (fr) |
| GB (1) | GB2417011B (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2004078578A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2481787A (en) * | 2010-06-29 | 2012-01-11 | Subsea 7 Ltd | A method and apparatus for installing a buoy to an anchoring location |
| US8967912B2 (en) | 2010-06-29 | 2015-03-03 | Subsea 7 Limited | Method of installing a buoy and apparatus for tensioning a buoy to an anchoring location |
| CN103754340B (zh) * | 2014-02-11 | 2014-12-10 | 中国石油大学(华东) | 一种浮力可调式水下设备辅助安装装置及安装方法 |
| CN105775078B (zh) * | 2016-03-08 | 2019-01-01 | 中国石油大学(华东) | 水气置换式水下设备辅助安装装置及安装方法 |
| KR101984687B1 (ko) * | 2017-09-21 | 2019-05-31 | 한국해양과학기술원 | 선박 충돌 회피용 부유식 해양구조물의 계류삭 장치 및 이의 운용방법과 설치방법 |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4279047A (en) * | 1979-01-18 | 1981-07-21 | Bluewater Terminal Systems N.V. | Fluid transfer buoy |
| US4423984A (en) | 1980-12-29 | 1984-01-03 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Marine compliant riser system |
| NL8105167A (nl) * | 1981-11-16 | 1983-06-16 | Shell Int Research | Eenpuntsmeersysteem voor overslag van fluida. |
| GB8905364D0 (en) | 1989-03-09 | 1989-04-19 | Britoil Plc | Offshore oil production system |
| GB2257405A (en) | 1991-06-27 | 1993-01-13 | Bechtel Ltd | Tether deployment system |
| US5651709A (en) * | 1995-11-09 | 1997-07-29 | Nortrans Engineering Group Pte Ltd. | Cantenary anchor leg mooring buoy |
-
2003
- 2003-03-06 EP EP03816127A patent/EP1603796B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-03-06 WO PCT/BR2003/000023 patent/WO2004078578A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2003-03-06 AU AU2003303990A patent/AU2003303990A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-03-06 GB GB0520252A patent/GB2417011B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2004078578A1 (fr) | 2004-09-16 |
| AU2003303990A1 (en) | 2004-09-28 |
| EP1603796A1 (fr) | 2005-12-14 |
| GB2417011B (en) | 2007-03-14 |
| GB2417011A (en) | 2006-02-15 |
| GB0520252D0 (en) | 2005-11-16 |
| EP1603796A4 (fr) | 2010-07-07 |
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