EP1656093A2 - Nucleosides pour traitement des infections a coronavirus, a togavirus et a picornavirus - Google Patents

Nucleosides pour traitement des infections a coronavirus, a togavirus et a picornavirus

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Publication number
EP1656093A2
EP1656093A2 EP04776022A EP04776022A EP1656093A2 EP 1656093 A2 EP1656093 A2 EP 1656093A2 EP 04776022 A EP04776022 A EP 04776022A EP 04776022 A EP04776022 A EP 04776022A EP 1656093 A2 EP1656093 A2 EP 1656093A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
alkyl
optionally substituted
pharmaceutically acceptable
compound
acceptable salt
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP04776022A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Jean-Pierre Sommadossi
Gilles Gosselin
Paolo La Colla
Richard Storer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Universita degli Studi di Cagliari
Idenix Cayman Ltd
Original Assignee
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Universita degli Studi di Cagliari
Idenix Cayman Ltd
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Application filed by Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Universita degli Studi di Cagliari, Idenix Cayman Ltd filed Critical Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Publication of EP1656093A2 publication Critical patent/EP1656093A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
    • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
    • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
    • C07H19/06—Pyrimidine radicals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses

Definitions

  • This invention is in the area of methods and pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of viral infections, including the viral causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome.
  • Coronaviruses are a diverse group of positively (+)-stranded RNA viruses that have been implicated in causing a variety of pathological conditions in both humans and other animals (Rota, et al., Sciencexpress, May 1, 2003, pp. 1-10).
  • the coronavirus is composed of an envelope5 and helical nucleocapsid with club-shaped surface projections that provide "attachment to cells, hemagglutination, and membrane fusion.” (Biichen-Osmond, C. (Ed), (2003). 00.026.0.01. Coronaviridae. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 3.
  • ICTVdB Management The Earth Institute, Biosphere 2 Center, Columbia University, Oracle, AZ, USA).
  • the complete genome is 25,000 to 33,000 nucleotides long and0 consists of a "single molecule of linear positive-sense single-stranded RNA (Biichen- Osmond, C. (Ed), (2003). 00.026.0.01. Coronaviridae.
  • ICTVdB The Universal Virus Database, version 3.
  • ICTVdB Management The Earth Institute, Biosphere 2 Center, Columbia University, Oracle, AZ, USA).
  • the Coronaviruses are broken up into three distinct categories based upon antigenic relationships whereby groups I and II are mammalian viruses and group III is an avian virus (Rota, et al., Sciencexpress, May 1, 2003, pp. 1-10). Within each antigenic category (I, II, or III), the Coronaviruses are further classified based upon their narrow host range and genome organization (Rota, et al., Sciencexpress, May 1, 2003, pp. 1-10).
  • group III is an avian virus
  • HCV-229E human respiratory coronavirus
  • TGEV porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus
  • CCV canine coronavirus
  • FECV feline enteric coronavirus
  • FIPV feline infectious peritonitis virus
  • RbCV rabbit coronavirus
  • the mammalian viruses for Antigenic group II include human respiratory coronavirus (HCV-OC43) (causes human respiratory infection and may be implicated in enteric infections), mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) (causes mouse respiratory infection, enteric infection, hepatitis, and neurologic infection), sialodacryoadnavirus (SDAV) (causes rat neurologic infection), porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV) (causes pig respiratory infection, enteric infection, and neurologic infection), bovine coronavirus (BCV) (causes cow enteric infection), rabbit enitis coronavirus (RbEVC) (causes rabbit enteric infection), and turkey coronavirus (TCV) (causes turkey respiratory infection, enteric infection, infectious peritonitis, immunological disorders, runting, nephritis, pancreatitis, parotitis, and adenitis) (KN.
  • the avian virus for Antigenic group III include avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) (causes chicken respiratory infection, hepatitis, infectious peritonitis, immunological disorders, runting, nephritis, pancreatitis, parotitis, and adenitis) (KN. Holmes and M.M.C.
  • IBV infectious bronchitis virus
  • the complete genome of this family of viruses is composed of 9,700 to 11,800 nucleotides and contains "one molecule of linear positive-sense single stranded R ⁇ A.” This family of viruses infects both vertebrates and plants.
  • the complete genome of the alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family is 11,000 to 12,000 nucleotides and is composed of "one molecule of linear positive-sense single stranded R ⁇ A (B ⁇ chen-Osmond, C. (Ed), (2003). 00.026.0.01. Alphavirus.
  • ICTVdB The Universal Virus Database, version 3.
  • ICTVdB Management The Earth
  • the alphaviruses unlike the coronaviruses discussed above, have a broad host range and have the ability to replicate in a variety of cell types (S. Schlesinger and M.J. Schlesinger, "Togaviridae: The viruses and their replication," Fields Virology, B. ⁇ . Fields, D.M. Knipe and P.M. Howley, Editiors; 1996, Lippincott-Raven Publishers,
  • viruses classified within this genus are the Sindbis virus,
  • the genus Rubivirus of the Togaviridae family are distinguished from alphaviruses on the basis of a limited host range. This genus consists of only the Rubella virus, which is found exclusively in humans.
  • the Picornaviridae family of viruses are categorized as small, naked, icosahedral, R ⁇ A-containing animal viruses that are separated into six genera: the rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, aphthoviruses, cardioviruses, hepatoviruses, and unassigned (R.R. Rueckert, "Picornaviridae: The viruses and their replication," Fields Virology, B.N.
  • the genus rhinovirus includes the human rhinoviruses lA-100, IB, "Hanks," and bovine rhinoviruses 1, 2, and 3.
  • the human rhinoviruses consist of at least 105 serotypes (a classification scheme based on the variation of surface epitopes) and represent the most common etiological agent for the common cold.
  • this particular genus is highly labile and the complete genome consists of 100-170 nucleotides (retrieved from All the Virology on the World Wide Web, Internet URL: http://www.mlane.edu/dmsanderAVWW/335/Picornaviruses.html). While seven serotypes have been identified to date (A; C; O; SAT1,2,3; Asia-1), at least fifty-three subtypes have also been characterized. The cardioviruses consist of two serotypes.
  • Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus a mouse virus that can infect humans, elephants, and squirrels; includes mengovirus, Maus-Elberfield virus, and the Columbia virus
  • EMC Encephalomyocarditis
  • TEE Theiler's murine encephalocyelitis virus
  • TO, GDVII Theiler's murine encephalocyelitis virus
  • R.R. Rueckert "Picornaviridae: The viruses and their replication," Fields Virology, B.N. Fields, D.M. Knipe and P.M.
  • SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome
  • SARS is characterized by a non-specific onset and an incubation period of 2-10 days, both of which favor transmission among individuals. Transmission appears to occur by close contacts with infected individuals, thus suggesting that spread is via body secretions and fluids, but may also occur by droplets via aerosol routes.
  • the disease begins with a prodrome of fever greater than 38 °C, sometimes accompanied by chills, headaches, malaise and/or myalgias.
  • Respiratory symptoms generally are mild at this early stage. However, at about day 3 to day 4, a dry cough or dyspnea, sore throat, and erythema on the trunk of the patient appear. These symptoms are accompanied by hypoxemia that may require mechanical intervention and bilateral chest opacifications. While the chests of some patients remain clear, most patients exhibit foci of interstitial infiltrates that eventually become generalized, opaque patches or "crackles". Chest radiographs from some late stage SARS patients show areas of foci consolidation (Canada Communicable Disease Report, PREVIEW, 21 March 2003).
  • results of laboratory tests indicate elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and maximal levels of C-reactive protein at about day 7 or day 8, together with lymphopenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.
  • a period of convalescence generally begins on about day 10 following infection except in about 4- 15% of the infected population in which the disease is fatal (Drosten et al., The New England Journal of Medicine Online, April 10, 2003, pp. 1-10).
  • the etiologic agent responsible for SARS is a new coronavirus, SARS Co-V, first suggested by J. Peiris, C. Drosten, and T.G. Ksiazek working at three different research facilities. M.
  • SARS Co-V genome Peiris and his research group in Canada were first to successfully sequence the SARS Co-V genome, which was later confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control. They identified 11 open reading frames (ORFs) that correspond to regions predicted to encode a variety of polypeptides including polymerase proteins (polymerase la and lb), spike protein (S), small membrane protein (E), membrane protein (M), and nucleocapsid protein (N).
  • ORFs open reading frames
  • S spike protein
  • E small membrane protein
  • M membrane protein
  • N nucleocapsid protein
  • the complete SARS Co-V genome comprises 29,727 nucleotides and has a structural organization that is similar to other coronaviruses. (Retrieved from the Center for Disease Control; Internet URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/sequence.html).
  • antiviral agents that have been identified as active against (+)-RNA viruses include interferon and ribavirin (Battaglia, A.M. et al., Ann. Pharmacother, 2000,. 34, 487-494); Berenguer, M. et al. Antivir. Ther., 1998, 3 (Suppl. 3), 125-136).
  • Interferon Interferons are glycoproteins produced by immune cells in response to viral infection. IFNs inhibit viral replication of many viruses, and are known to suppress serum viral RNA to undetectable levels. Additionally, IFN normalizes serum amino transf erase levels. Unfortunately, the effects of IFN are temporary and a sustained response occurs in only 8%-9% of patients with chronic viral infection (Gary L. Davis. Gastroenterology 118:S104-S114, 2000). Interferons (IFNs) have been commercially available for the treatment of chronic hepatitis for nearly a decade. In addition, a number of patents disclose anti-viral treatments using interferon-based therapies. For example, U.S. Patent No. 5,928,636 to
  • Alber et al. discloses the combination therapy of interleukin-12 and interferon alpha for the treatment of infectious diseases.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,908,621 to Glue et al. discloses the use of polyethylene glycol modified interferon for the treatment of viral infections.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,849,696 to Chretien et al. discloses the use of thymosins, alone or in combination with interferon, for treating viral infections.
  • Valtuena et al. discloses a combination anti-viral therapy employing interferon and a free radical scavenger.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,738,845 to Imakawa discloses the use of human interferon tau proteins for treating viral infections.
  • Other interferon-based treatments are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,676,942 to Testa et al, U.S. Patent No. 5,372,808 to Blatt et al, and U.S. Patent No. 5,849,696.
  • Ribavirin (l- ⁇ -D-ribofuranosyl-l-l,2,4-triazole-3-carboxarnide) is a synthetic, non-interferon-inducing, broad spectrum antiviral nucleoside analog. It is sold under the trade names VirazoleTM (The Merck Index, 11th edition, Editor: Budavari, S., Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, pl304, 1989); Rebetol (Schering Plough) and Co-Pegasus
  • Ribavirin is structurally similar to guanosine, and has in vitro activity against several DNA and RNA viruses (Gary L. Davis. Gastroenterology 2000, 118:S104-S114).
  • U.S. Patent No 4,211,771 discloses the use of ribavirin as an antiviral agent. Ribavirin (Battaglia, A.M. et al., Ann.
  • Ribavirin reduces serum amino transferase levels to normal in 40% of patients, but it does not lower viral serum levels (Gary L. Davis. Gastroenterology 2000, 118:S104-S114). Thus, ribavirin alone is not effective in reducing viral RNA levels.
  • ribavirin has significant toxicity and is known to induce anemia.
  • antiviral agents that have been identified as active against certain (+)-RNA viruses are: (1) Substrate-based NS3 protease inhibitors (for example, Attwood et al., Antiviral peptide derivatives, PCT WO 98/22496, 1998; Attwood et al., Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 1999, 10, 259-273; Attwood et al., Preparation and use of amino acid derivatives as anti-viral agents, German Patent Pub. DE 19914474; Tung et al.
  • Substrate-based NS3 protease inhibitors for example, Attwood et al., Antiviral peptide derivatives, PCT WO 98/22496, 1998; Attwood et al., Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 1999, 10, 259-273; Attwood et al., Preparation and use of amino acid derivatives as anti-viral agents, German Patent Pub. DE 19914474; Tung et al
  • Inhibitors of serine proteases including alphaketoamides and hydrazinoureas, and inhibitors that terminate in an electrophile such as a boronic acid or phosphonate (for example, Llinas-Brunet et al, PCT WO 99/07734); (2) Non-substrate-based inhibitors such as 2,4,6-trihydroxy-3-nitro-benzamide derivatives (for example, Sudo K. et al., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1997, 238, 643-647; Sudo K. et al. Antiviral Chemistry and
  • a method for the treatment of hepatitis C infection (and flaviviruses and pestiviruses) in humans and other host animals is disclosed in the Idenix publications that includes administering an effective amount of a biologically active 1', 2', 3' or 4' -branched ⁇ -D or ⁇ -L nucleosides or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, administered either alone or in combination, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. See also U.S. Patent
  • WO 03/051899, WO 03/061576, WO 03/062255 WO 03/062256, WO 03/062257, and WO 03/061385, filed by Ribapharm, also are directed to the use of certain nucleoside analogs to treat viral infections.
  • RNA vimses infected with any one of these (+)-stranded RNA vimses. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a compound, composition, and method of use for the treatment of a host, especially a human, infected with the SARS coronavirus in an attempt to halt the spread of SARS.
  • compositions for the treatment of infections caused by a coronavirus, togavims or picomavims include administering an effective amount of a ⁇ -D or ⁇ -L-nucleoside of the formula below or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • a compound for the treatment of a coronavirus, togavirus or picomavims is provided wherein the compound is of the formula (AA), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodmg thereof:
  • R 1 is H, phosphate or phosphonate (including mono-, di-, or triphosphate or a stabilized phosphate prodmg); optionally substituted acyl (including lower acyl); optionally substituted alkyl (including lower alkyl); optionally substituted sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl such as methanesulfonyl; optionally substituted aryl; optionally substituted benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of an aryl given herein; optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid derivative; a carbohydrate; a peptide; cholesterol; or a pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group that when administered in
  • X is O, S, SO 2 , CH 2 , or CHOH; m is 0, 1 or 2;
  • R 13 is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, aryl or aralkyl;
  • A is H, OH, C alkyl, halo (F, CI, Br, or I), azido, cyano, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, Br-vinyl, 2-Br-ethyl, -C(O)O(alkyl), -C(O)O(lower alkyl), -O(acyl), -O(lower acyl), -O(alkyl), -O(alkenyl), CF 3 , NO 2 , NH 2 , -NH(lower alkyl), -NH(acyl), -N(lower alkyl) 2 , or -N(acyl) 2 ; and
  • Base is as defined in the specification, including a purine or pyrimidine or a compound including but not limited to:
  • each R 8 , R , 10 , R , R , 1 I 2 and R .13 i •ndependently is H, NH 2 , SH, CF 3 , halo, NO 2 , N 3 , optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl (preferably optionally substituted phenyl), -NH-cycloalkyl, -NH-cycloalkenyl, -NH-heterocycle, -NH-heteroaryl, -O-cycloalkyl, -O-cycloalkenyl, -O-heterocycle, -O- heteroaryl, C 1-4 alkylamino, di(C ⁇ -4 alkyl)amino, C 3-6 cycloalkylamino, Ci.
  • the compound for use in the present invention is in the form of its 2', 3', and/or 5 '-prodmg.
  • the compound is a prodmg that includes biologically cleavable moieties at the 2', 3' and or
  • the compound is an acyl prodrug with biologically cleavable acyl moieties at the 2', 3' and/or 5' positions.
  • the compound is an amino acid ester prodmg with biologically cleavable amino acid moieties at the 2', 3' and/or 5' positions.
  • Preferred moieties are amino acid esters including valyl, and alkyl esters including acetyl.
  • this invention specifically includes the 2'-L-amino acid ester, 3'-L-amino acid ester, 2',5'-L-diamino acid ester, and 3',5'-L-diamino acid ester of the nucleosides of the present invention; and the 2'- ester, 3'-ester, 2',5'-diester and 3',5'-diester of the nucleosides wherein (i) the 2' and/or 3' ester is an amino acid ester and the 5 '-ester is an alkyl or aryl ester; (ii) both esters are amino acid esters; (iii) both esters are independently alkyl or aryl esters; and (iv) the 2' and/or 3' ester is independently an alkyl or aryl ester and the 5 '-ester is an amino acid ester.
  • the active compounds of the present invention can be administered in combination, alternation or sequential steps with another antiviral agent, including an anti-(+)-stranded RNA vims agent.
  • an anti-(+)- stranded RNA vims compound is used that exhibits an EC50 of less than 10 ⁇ M, and preferably less than 1-5 ⁇ M.
  • the active compounds of the present invention include both ⁇ -D and ⁇ -L nucleoside compounds of the general formula (AA) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodmg thereof; a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more of these compounds; a medicament comprising one or more of these compounds; and a process for preparing such a composition and/or medicament.
  • Figure 1 shows exemplified compounds of the invention.
  • Figure 2 shows a phylogenetic tree of the SARS-associated coronavims.
  • the present invention provides a compound, method and composition for the treatment of a host, and in particular a human or an animal, infected with a (+)-stranded RNA vims that is a coronavims, such as SARS-CoV, a togavims, such as a rubiviras (the causative agent for rubella) and an alphavirus (the causative agent for encephalitis), or a picomavirus, such as an enterovims (particularly Coxsackieviruses, poliovimses, hepatitis A, echovirases and the four human enterovims species), a rhinovirus, a cardiovims and an aphthoviras.
  • a coronavims such as SARS-CoV
  • a togavims such as a rubiviras (the causative agent for rubella) and an alphavirus (the causative agent for encephalitis)
  • a picomavirus such
  • This treatment includes administering an effective amount of an anti-coronavims, anti-togavirus, or anti-picornavirus ⁇ -D- or ⁇ -L- nucleoside as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodmg thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the compounds of this invention either possess antiviral activity, or are metabolized to a compound that exhibits such activity. All coronavimses, togavimses and picornaviruses are intended for inclusion within the scope of this invention. In particular, the invention is directed to:
  • Togavimses such as, for example, mbivimses that cause rubella and alphaviruses that cause encephalitis;
  • Picornaviruses including all four (4) major genera of enteroviruses (particularly Coxsackieviruses, poliovimses, hepatitis A, echovimses and the four human enterovims species), rhinoviruses, cardiovimses and aphthovimses.
  • coronaviruses that can be treated according to this invention includes, but are not limited to, human respiratory coronavirus (HCV-229E), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis vims (TGEV), canine coronavims (CCV), feline enteric coronavims (FECV), feline infectious peritonitis vims (FIPV), rabbit coronavims (RbCV), human respiratory coronavirus (HCV-OC43), mouse hepatitis vims (MHV), sialodacryoadnavirus (SDAV), porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis vims (HEV), bovine coronavims (BCV), rabbit enitis coronavims (RbEVC), turkey coronavirus (TCV), and avian infectious bronchitis vims (IBV).
  • HCV-229E human respiratory coronavirus
  • TGEV porcine transmissible gastroenteritis vims
  • Togavimses that can be treated according to the present invention includes, but are not limited, alphavimses (such as for example Sindbis virus, EasternAVestern encephalitis vimses, Semliki Forest vims, and Ross River vims) and mbivimses (such as for example Rubella vims).
  • alphavimses such as for example Sindbis virus, EasternAVestern encephalitis vimses, Semliki Forest vims, and Ross River vims
  • mbivimses such as for example Rubella vims.
  • the present invention provides the following: a) a pharmaceutical composition comprising a ⁇ -D- or ⁇ -L-nucleoside compound of the general Formula (AA), (I-XXVHI), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, salt of an ester, prodmg, or salt of a prodmg, thereof, optionally with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent; b) a pharmaceutical composition comprising a ⁇ -D- or ⁇ -L-nucleoside compound of the general Formula (AA), (I-XXVHT), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, salt of an ester, prodrug, or salt of a prodmg, thereof, with one or more other effective antiviral agents (for example other effective anti-coronavims, such as anti-SARS- CoV, anti-togavims, such as anti-rubivirus (the causative agent for rubella) and anti- alphavims (the causative agent for
  • a coronavirus such as SARS- CoV
  • a togavirus such as a rubivirus (the causative agent for rubella) and an alphavirus (the causative agent for encephalitis)
  • a picomavirus such as an enteroviras (particularly Coxsackieviruses, poliovimses, hepatitis A, echovimses and the four human enteroviras species), a rhinovirus, a cardiovirus and an aphthoviras infection in a host, such as a mammal, for example a human; m) use of a coronavirus, such as SARS- CoV, a togavirus, such as a rubivirus (the causative agent for rubella) and an alphavirus (the causative agent for encephalitis), and/or a picomavirus, such as an enteroviras (particularly Coxsackieviruses, poliovimses, hepatitis A, echo
  • a coronavirus such as SARS- CoV
  • a togavirus such as a rubivirus (the causative agent for rubella)
  • an alphavirus such as SARS- CoV
  • a picomavims such as an enterovims (particularly Coxsackievirases, polioviruses, hepatitis A, echovirases and the four human enteroviras species), a rhinovirus, a cardiovims and an aphthoviras, infection are described that include administering an effective amount of a ⁇ -D or ⁇ -L-nucleoside of the general formula below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodmg thereof.
  • a compound for the treatment of a coronavirus, togavims or picomavirus is provided wherein the compound is of the formula (AA):
  • R 1 is H, phosphate or phosphonate (including mono-, di-, or triphosphate or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); optionally substituted acyl (including lower acyl); optionally substituted alkyl (including lower alkyl); optionally substituted sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl such as methanesulfonyl; optionally substituted aryl; optionally substituted benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of an aryl given herein; optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid derivative; a carbohydrate; a peptide; cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group that when administered in vivo
  • X is O, S, SO 2 , CH 2 , or CHOH; m is 0, 1 or 2; R 13 is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, aryl or aralkyl; A is H, OH, C 1-4 alkyl, halo (F, CI, Br, or I), azido, cyano, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, Br-vinyl, 2-Br-ethyl, -C(O)O(alkyl), -C(O)O(lower alkyl), -O(acyl), -O(lower acyl), -O(alkyl), -O(alkenyl), CF 3 , NO 2 , NH 2 , -NH(lower alkyl), -NH(acyl), -N(lower alkyl) 2 , or -N(acyl) 2 ; and
  • each R 8 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 and R 13 independently is H, NH 2 , SH, CF 3 , halo, NO 2 , N 3 , optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl (preferably optionally substituted phenyl), -NH-cycloalkyl, -NH-cycloalkenyl, -NH-heterocycle, -NH-heteroaryl, -O-cycloalkyl, -O-cycloalkenyl, -O-heterocycle, -O- heteroaryl, C M alkylamino, di(CM alkyl)amino, C 3-6 cycloalkylamino, .
  • compositions for the treatment of SARS- CoV, coronavims, togavirases, and/or picornaviruses infection, or more generally any (+)-RNA viral infection include administering an effective amount of a ⁇ -D or ⁇ -L-nucleoside of the Formulae (I) - (XXVHI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodmg thereof.
  • use of a compound for the treatment of a coronavirus, togaviras or picomavims is provided wherein the compound is of the formula (I):
  • R 1 is H, phosphate or phosphonate (including mono-, di-, or triphosphate or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); optionally substituted acyl (including lower acyl); optionally substituted alkyl (including lower alkyl); optionally substituted sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl such as methanesulfonyl; optionally substituted aryl; optionally substituted benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described in the definition of an aryl given herein; optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid derivative; a carbohydrate; a peptide; cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group that when administered in vivo
  • cycloalkylamino an optionally substituted heterocycle (preferably a 3-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one or more O, S and/or N), an optionally substituted heteroaryl (preferably a heteroaromatic ring having one or more O, S and/or N atoms), a C 3-7 cycloalkylamino, CF 3 , mercapto, optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl, . ⁇ 2 alkoxy, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, C 2-6 alkenyloxy, C alkylthio, C ⁇ -8 alkylcarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyl, C 1-4 alkylamino, di(C alkyl)amino, Br-vinyl, -C(O)O(alkyl), O-phosphate or O- phosphonate (including mono-, di-, or triphosphate or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); O-acyl (including lower acyl);
  • X is O, S, SO 2, CH 2 , CHOH, CH-halogen, C-(halogen) 2 ;
  • m is 0, 1 or 2;
  • R 4 is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, aryl or aralkyl;
  • A is H, OH, C ⁇ -4 alkyl, halo, azido, cyano, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, Br-vinyl, 2-Br- ethyl, -C(O)O(alkyl), -C(O)O(lower alkyl), -O(acyl), -O(lower acyl), -O(alkyl), -O(alkenyl), CF 3 , NO 2 , NH 2 , -NH(lower alkyl), -NH(acyl), -N(lower alkyl) 2 , or -N(acyl) 2 ; and Base is defined in the specification, including but not limited to:
  • Y is O or S; Y' is H, OH, SH, NH 2 , halo, CF 3 , C alkyl, C M alkylamino, di(C 1-4 alkyl)amino, C 3-6 cycloalkylamino, or C 1-4 alkoxy; Z is H, NH 2 , CF 3 , C 1- alkyl, C M alkylamino, di(CM alkyl)amino, or C 3-6 cycloalkylamino, and all tautomeric, enantiomeric and stereoisomeric forms thereof.
  • R 1 , R 3 , and R 5 are defined as above;
  • R' is H, OH, SH, halo (F, CI, Br, or I), optionally substituted C 1- alkyl, optionally substituted C 2-4 alkenyl or C 2-4 alkynyl, N 3 , CN, CH 2 CN, CH 2 N 3 , CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 OH, halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, CF 3 , C(A) 3 , 2-Br- ethyl, CH 2 F, CH 2 C1, CH 2 CF 3 , CF 2 CF 3 , CH 2 (A), C(A) 2 (A) 3 , haloalkenyl, Br- vinyl, haloalkynyl;
  • a compound for the treatment of a coronavirus, togavirus or picomavims wherein the compound is of the formula (HI):
  • R , R , R , R' and A are all as defined above; or R' and R , together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted 3- to 6-membered saturated or unsaturated ring that optionally may have one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S, N, or P;
  • X is defined as above; and Base is as defined in the specification; and all tautomeric, enantiomeric and stereoisomeric forms thereof.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 5 , and R' are all as defined above;
  • X is as defined above; and
  • Base is as defined in the specification; and all tautomeric, enantiomeric and stereoisomeric forms thereof.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 5 and R' are all as defined above;
  • X * is CH, C-OH, or C-halogen (wherein halogen includes F, CI, Br, and I); and Base is as defined in the specification; and all tautomeric, enantiomeric and stereoisomeric forms thereof.
  • the use of a compound for the treatment of a coronavirus, togaviras or picomavirus is provided wherein the compound is of the formulas (V ⁇ ), (Vi ⁇ ), (IX), or (X):
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 5 , R' are all as defined above;
  • X is defined as above; is an optionally substituted carbocycle (preferably a 3-7 membered carbocyclic ring) or an optionally substituted heterocycle (preferably a 3-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one or more O, S, and/or N);
  • Base is as defined in the specification; and all tautomeric, enantiomeric and stereoisomeric forms thereof.
  • a compound for the treatment of a coronavirus, togavirus or picomavims wherein the compound is of the formulae (XI), (Xn), (Xffl), or (XIV):
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 5 , and R' are all as defined above, except that R' in Formula (XI) is -OH, -NH 2 or -SH only when X is C; X is as defined above;
  • Each R 2' and R 4' independently, is H, -OH, -SH, -NH 2 , -CF 3 , CI, F, Br, I, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, -CH 2 OH, alkoxy, CH 2 F, CH 2 N 3 , CH 2 CN, -(CH 2 ) m C(O)OR 4 , -(CH 2 ) m C(O)NHR 4 , -(CH 2 ) m C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , -NH(alkyl), -
  • R l , R 2' , R 3 , R 5 , R 6 , and R' are all as defined above, except that R 6 is -OH, -NH 2 or - SH only when X is C;
  • X and X* are as defined above; each R 7 is independently H, -OR 1 , -OH, -NO 2 , -CF 3 , -NH 2 , CI, F, Br, I, N 3 , CN, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, Br-vinyl, -CH 2 OH, -O(R), alkoxy, -(CH 2 ) m C(O)O(R), -OC(O)O-aryl, -OC(O)O-aralkyl, -SR, -(CH 2 ) m NHR,
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R' are all as defined above, except that R 6 is -OH, -NH 2 or - SH only when X is C; X is defined as above; m is 0, 1 or 2; and Base is as defined in the specification; and all tautomeric, enantiomeric and stereoisomeric forms thereof.
  • a compound for the treatment of a coronavirus, togaviras or picomavirus wherein the compound is of the formulas Al-Nl :
  • the compound of the present invention is in the form of its 2', 3', and/or 5 '-prodmg.
  • the compound is a prodrug that includes biologically cleavable moieties at the 2', 3' and or
  • the compound is an acyl prodrug with biologically cleavable acyl moieties at the 2', 3' and or 5' positions.
  • the compound is an amino acid ester prodrug with biologically cleavable amino acid moieties at the 2', 3' and/or 5' positions.
  • Preferred moieties are amino acid esters including valyl, and alkyl esters including acetyl.
  • this invention specifically includes the 2'-L-amino acid ester, 3'-L-amino acid ester, 2',5'-L-diamino acid ester, and 3',5'-L-diamino acid ester of the nucleosides of the present invention; and the 2'- ester, 3 '-ester, 2',5'-diester and 3',5'-diester of the nucleosides wherein (i) the 2' and/or 3' ester is an amino acid ester and the 5 '-ester is an alkyl or aryl ester; (ii) both esters are amino acid esters; (iii) both esters are independently alkyl or aryl esters; and (iv) the 2' and/or 3' ester is independently an alkyl or aryl ester and the 5 '-ester is an amino acid ester.
  • the active compounds of the present invention can be administered alone or in combination, alternation or sequential steps with another anti-coronavims, such as anti- SARS-CoV, anti-togavirus, such as anti-mbiviras (the causative agent for rabella) and anti-alphavirus (the causative agent for encephalitis), and/or anti-picornavirus, such as anti-enterovims (particularly Coxsackievirases, poliovirases, hepatitis A, echovirases and the four human enteroviras species), anti-rhinovirus, anti-cardioviras and anti- aphthovirus, or more generally any (+)-RNA active agent.
  • anti-coronavims such as anti- SARS-CoV, anti-togavirus, such as anti-mbiviras (the causative agent for rabella) and anti-alphavirus (the causative agent for encephalitis), and/or anti-picornavirus, such as anti-
  • an anti-SARS-CoV, anti-coronaviras, anti- togavirus, and/or anti-picornavirus compound that exhibits an EC 50 of 10-15 ⁇ M or less, or preferably less than 1-5 ⁇ M is desirable.
  • the active compound can be administered as any salt or prodrag that upon administration to the recipient is capable of providing directly or indirectly the parent compound, or that exhibits activity itself.
  • Nonlimiting examples are the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, which are alternatively referred to as "physiologically acceptable salts", and a compound that has been alkylated or acylated at the 3'- or 5'- position or on the purine or pyrimidine base, thereby forming a type of "pharmaceutically acceptable prodrag".
  • modifications can affect the biological activity of the compound, in some cases increasing the activity over the parent compound. This can easily be assessed by preparing the salt or prodrag and testing its antiviral activity according to the methods described herein, or other methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • alkyl as used herein, unless otherwise specified, includes a saturated straight, branched, or cyclic, primary, secondary, or tertiary hydrocarbon of typically to Cio, and specifically includes methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexylmethyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2,2-dimethybutyl, and 2,3- dimethylbutyl.
  • the term includes both substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups.
  • Moieties with which the alkyl group can be substitoted with one or more substitoents include but are not limited to halo, including CI, F, Br and I so as to form, for eg., CF 3 , 2- Br-ethyl, CH 2 F, CH 2 C1, CH 2 CF 3 , or CF 2 CF 3 ; hydroxyl, for eg.
  • CH 2 OH amino, for eg., CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , or CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 ; carboxylate; carboxamido; alkylamino; arylamino; alkoxy; aryloxy; nitro; azido, for eg., CH 2 N 3 ; cyano, for eg., CH 2 CN; thio; sulfonic acid; sulfate; phosphonic acid; phosphate; and phosphonate, either unprotected or protected as necessary, known to those skilled in the art, for eg., as taught in Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition (1991), incorporated herein by reference.
  • lower alkyl as used herein, and unless otherwise specified, includes a Ci to C 6 saturated straight, branched, or if appropriate, cyclic as in cyclopropyl, for eg., alkyl group, including both substituted and unsubstitoted forms. Unless otherwise specifically stated in this application, when alkyl is a suitable moiety, lower alkyl is preferred. Similarly, when alkyl or lower alkyl is a suitable moiety, unsubstituted alkyl or lower alkyl is preferred.
  • alkylamino and “arylamino” refer to an amino group that has one or two alkyl or aryl substituents, respectively.
  • aryl as used herein and, unless otherwise specified, includes phenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl, and preferably phenyl. The term includes both substituted and unsubstituted moieties.
  • the aryl group can be substitoted with one or more moieties including but not limited to alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, thio, alkylthio, carboxamido, carboxylate, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, or phosphonate, either unprotected or protected as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for eg., as taught in Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition (1991), incorporated herein by reference.
  • moieties including but not limited to alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, thio, alkylthio, carboxamido, carboxylate, sulfonic acid, sulfate,
  • alkaryl and akylaryl refer to an alkyl group with an aryl sustitoent.
  • aralkyl and “arylalkyl” refer to an aryl group with an alkyl substituent.
  • halo as used herein includes bromo, chloro, iodo and fluoro.
  • base refers to any purine or pyrimidine base including, but not limited to, adenine, N 6 -alkylpurines, (wherein acyl is C(O)(alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, or arylalkyl), N 6 -benzylpurine, N 6 -halopurine, N 6 -vinylpurine, N 6 -acetylenic purine, N 6 - acyl purine, N 6 -hydroxyalkyl purine, N 6 -thioalkyl purine, N 2 -alkylpurines, N 2 -alkyl-6- thiopurines, thymine, cytosine, 5-fluorocytosine, 5-methylcytosine, 6-azapyrimidine, including 6-azacytosine, 2- and/or 4-mercaptopyrmidine, uracil, 5-halouracil, including 5-fluorouracil, C 5 -alkylpyrimidines, C 5 -benzyl
  • each Q 8 is independently H, halogen, CN, carboxy, C 1-4 alkyloxycarbonyl, N 3 , amino, C 1-4 alkylamino, di(C ]-4 alkyl)amino, hydroxy, C ⁇ -6 alkoxy, C ⁇ -6 alkylthio, C 1-6 alkylsulfonyl, (C 1- alkyl)0-2 aminomethyl, N, CN, NO 2 , .
  • each Ti and T 2 is independently selected from N, CH, or each Q 16 , U, and Y is independently selected from is H, OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, CO-alkyl, CO-aryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 R 5 or SR 5 , Br-vinyl, -O-alkyl, -O- alkenyl, -O-alkynyl, -O-aryl, -O-aralkyl, -O-acyl, -O-cycloalkyl, NH 2 , NH- alkyl, N-dialkyl, NH-acyl, N-aryl, N-aralkyl, NH-cycloalkyl, SH, S-alkyl,
  • each T 3 and T 4 is independently selected from N or CQ ,22.
  • each Q 22 is independently selected from H, OH, substituted or unsubstitoted alkyl, substitoted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substitoted or unsubstituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, CO-alkyl, CO-aryl, CO-alkoxyalkyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, OR 4 , NR 4 R 5 or SR 5 , Br-vinyl, -O-alkyl, -O-alkenyl, -O-alkynyl, -O-aryl, -O-aralkyl, -O-acyl, -O-cycloalkyl, NH 2 , NH-alkyl, N-dialkyl, NH- acyl, N-aryl, N-aralkyl,
  • purine bases include, but are not limited to, guanine, adenine, hypoxanthine, 2,6-diaminopurine, and 6-chloropurine.
  • Functional oxygen and nitrogen groups on the base can be protected as necessary or desired. Suitable protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art, and include trimethylsilyl, dimethylhexylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, and t-butyldiphenylsilyl, trityl, alkyl groups, and acyl groups such as acetyl and propionyl, methanesulfonyl, and p-toluenesulfonyl.
  • acyl includes a carboxylic acid ester in which the non-carbonyl moiety of the ester group is selected from straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl or lower alkyl; alkoxyalkyl including methoxymethyl; aralkyl including benzyl; aryloxyalkyl such as phenoxymethyl; aryl including phenyl optionally substituted with halogen, C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl or C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxy; sulfonate esters such as alkyl or aralkyl sulphonyl including methanesulfonyl; the mono-, di- or triphosphate ester; trityl or monomethoxytrityl; substituted benzyl; trialkylsilyl as, for eg., dimethyl-t-butylsilyl or diphenylmethylsilyl.
  • Aryl groups in the esters optimally comprise a phenyl group.
  • the term "acyl" or O-linked ester refers to a group of the formula C(O)R', wherein R' is an straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl (including lower alkyl), carboxylate residue of an amino acid, aryl including phenyl, heteroaryl, alkaryl, aralkyl including benzy 1, alkoxyalkyl including methoxymethyl, aryloxyalkyl such as phenoxymethyl; or substituted alkyl (including lower alkyl), aryl including phenyl optionally substitoted with chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, to C 4 alkyl or Q to C 4 alkoxy, sulfonate esters such as alkyl or aralkyl sulphonyl including methanesulfonyl, the mono, di or triphosphate ester, trityl or monomethoxy-
  • Aryl groups in the esters optimally comprise a phenyl group.
  • acyl groups include acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, methylacetyl, cyclopropylacetyl, cyclopropyl- carboxy, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl, hexanoyl, heptanoyloctanoyl, neo-heptanoyl, phenylacetyl, 2-acetoxy-2-phenylacetyl, diphenylacetyl, ⁇ -methoxy- ⁇ -trifluoromethyl- phenylacetyl, bromoacetyl, 2-nitro-benzeneacetyl, 4-chloro-benzeneacetyl, 2-chloro-2,2- diphenylacetyl, 2-chloro-2-phenylacetyl, trimethylacetyl, chlorodifluoroacetyl, perfluoroace
  • lower acyl includes an acyl group in which the non-carbonyl moiety is lower alkyl.
  • amino acid includes naturally occurring and synthetic ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , or ⁇ amino acids, and includes but is not limited to, amino acids found in proteins, i.e. glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartate, glutamate, lysine, arginine arid histidine.
  • the amino acid is in the L- configuration, but can also be used in the D-configuration.
  • the amino acid can be a derivative of alanyl, valinyl, leucinyl, isoleuccinyl, prolinyl, phenylalaninyl, tryptophanyl, methioninyl, glycinyl, serinyl, threoninyl, cysteinyl, tyrosinyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, aspartoyl, glutaroyl, lysinyl, argininyl, histidinyl, ⁇ -alanyl, ⁇ -valinyl, ⁇ - leucinyl, ⁇ -isoleuccinyl, ⁇ -prolinyl, ⁇ -phenylalaninyl, ⁇ -tryptophanyl, ⁇ -methioninyl, ⁇ - glycin
  • the terms “substantially free of and “substantially in the absence of refer to a nucleoside composition that includes at least 85 or 90% by weight, preferably at least 95% or 98% by weight, and even more preferably at least 99% or 100% by weight, of the designated enantiomer of that nucleoside.
  • the compounds listed in the methods and compounds of this invention are substantially free of enantiomers other than for the one designated.
  • isolated refers to a nucleoside composition that includes at least 85% or 90% by weight, preferably 95% or98% y weight, and even more preferably 99% or 100% by weight, of the nucleoside.
  • the term "host”, as used herein, refers to a unicellular or multicellular organism in which the virus can replicate, including cell lines and animals, and preferably a human. Alternatively, the host can be carrying a part of the coronavims, togavims and/or picomavims genome, whose replication or function can be altered by the compounds of the present invention.
  • the term host specifically refers to infected cells, cells transfected with all or part of the coronavims, togaviras and/or picomavims genome and animals, in particular, primates (including chimpanzees) and humans. In most animal applications of the present invention, the host is a human patient.
  • Veterinary applications in certain indications, however, are clearly anticipated by the present invention such as in chimpanzees.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug is used throughout the specification to describe any pharmaceutically acceptable form (ester, phosphate ester, salt of an ester or a related group) of a nucleoside compound, which, upon administration to a patient, provides the nucleoside compound.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic bases and acids. Suitable salts include those derived from alkali metals such as potassium and sodium, alkaline earth metals such as calcium and magnesium, among numerous other acids well known in the pharmaceutical art.
  • prodrugs refer to a compound that is metabolized, for example, hydrolyzed or oxidized, in the host to form the compound of the present invention.
  • Typical examples of prodrugs include compounds that have biologically labile protecting groups on a functional moiety of the active compound.
  • Prodrugs include compounds that can be oxidized, reduced, aminated, deaminated, hydroxylated, dehydroxylated, hydrolyzed, dehydrolyzed, alkylated, dealkylated, acylated, deacylated, phosphorylated, dephosphorylated to produce the active compound.
  • the compounds of this invention possess antiviral activity against coronavirus, togaviras and/or picomavims or are metabolized to a compound that exhibits such activity.
  • nucleotide Prodrug Formulations Any of the nucleosides described herein can be administered as a nucleotide prodmg to increase the activity, bioavailability, stability or otherwise alter the properties of the nucleoside.
  • a number of nucleotide prodmg ligands are known.
  • alkylation, acylation or other lipophilic modification of the mono-, di- or triphosphate of the nucleoside reduces polarity and allows passage into cells.
  • substituent groups that can replace one or more hydrogens on the phosphate moiety are alkyl, aryl, steroids, carbohydrates, including sugars, 1,2-diacylglycerol and alcohols. Many are described in R. Jones and N.
  • Bischoferger Antiviral Research, 1995, 27:1-17. Any of these can be used in combination with the disclosed nucleosides to achieve a desired effect.
  • administration of the compound as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be appropriate.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts are organic acid addition salts formed with acids, which form a physiological acceptable anion, for example, tosylate, methanesulfonate, acetate, citrate, malonate, tartarate, succinate, benzoate, ascorate; ⁇ -ketoglutarate, and ⁇ -glycerophosphate.
  • Suitable inorganic salts may also be formed, including, sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate, and carbonate salts.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be obtained using standard procedures well known in the art, for example by reacting a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine with a suitable acid affording a physiologically acceptable anion.
  • the active nucleoside can also be provided as a 5'-phosphoether lipid or a 5'- ether lipid, as disclosed in the following references, which are incorporated by reference herein: Kucera, L.S., N. Iyer, E. Leake, A. Raen, Modest E.K., D.L.W., and C.
  • lipophilic substituents that can be attached to the nucleosides of the present invention, or lipophilic preparations, include WO 89/02733, W090/00555, W091/16920, W091/18914, W093/00910, W094/26273, W0 96/15132, EP 0 350287, EP 93917054.4, and WO 91/19721.
  • Combination and Alternation Therapy Drug-resistant variants of coronavirus, togaviras and/or picomavims may emerge after prolonged treatment with an antiviral agent. Drag resistance most typically occurs by mutation of a gene that encodes for an enzyme used in viral replication. The efficacy of a drug against the viral infection can be prolonged, augmented, or restored by administering the compound in combination or alternation with a second, and perhaps third, antiviral compound that induces a different mutation from that caused by the principle drug. Alternatively, the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution or other parameter of the drag can be altered by such combination or alternation therapy. In general, combination therapy is typically preferred over alternation therapy because it induces multiple simultaneous stresses on the vims. Any of the viral treatments described in the Background of the Invention can be used in combination or alternation with the compounds described in this specification. Nonlimiting examples include:
  • Interferon A number of patents disclose anti-viral treatments, using interferon-based therapies.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,928,636 to Alber et al. discloses the combination therapy of interleukin-12 and interferon alpha for the treatment of infectious diseases.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,849,696 to Chretien et al. discloses the use of thymosins, alone or in combination with interferon.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,830,455 to Valtoena et al. discloses a combination therapy employing interferon and a free radical scavenger.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,738,845 to Imakawa discloses the use of human interferon tau proteins.
  • Interferon alpha-2a and interferon alpha-2b are currently approved as monotherapy.
  • ROFERON ® -A (Roche) is the recombinant form of interferon alpha-2a.
  • Pegasys ® (Roche) is the pegylated (i.e. polyethylene glycol modified) form of interferon alpha-2a.
  • Interferon alpha-2b is the recombinant form of Interferon alpha-2b
  • PEG-INTRON ® is the pegylated form of interferon alpha-2b.
  • Other forms of interferon alpha, as well as interferon beta, gamma, tau and omega are currently in clinical development.
  • INFERGEN interferon alphacon-1 by InterMune
  • OMNIFERON natural interferon
  • ALBUFERON Human Genome Sciences
  • REBIF interferon beta- la
  • Ares-Serono Omega Interferon by BioMedicine
  • Oral Interferon Alpha by Amarillo Biosciences
  • interferon gamma interferon tau
  • interferon gamma- lb by InterMune
  • Combination therapy with an alpha interferon and ribavirin is a common antiviral therapy.
  • the combination of interferon and ribavirin has been reported to be effective in the treatment of interferon na ⁇ ve patients (for example, Battaglia, A.M. et al.,
  • REBETOL ® (Ribavirin, USP) capsules is available from Schering Corporation. REBETOL ® (Schering Corporation) has also been approved in combination with
  • Substrate-based NS3 protease inhibitors for example, Attwood et al., Antiviral peptide derivatives, PCT WO 98/22496, 1998; Attwood et al., Antiviral
  • Non-substrate-based inhibitors for example, 2,4,6-trihydroxy-3-nitro- benzamide derivatives (for example, Sudo K. et al., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1997, 238, 643-647; Sudo K. et al. Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy, 1998, 9, 186), including RD3-4082 and RD3-4078, the former substituted on the amide with a 14 carbon chain and the latter processing a para- phenoxyphenyl group; (5) Thiazolidine derivatives which show relevant inhibition in a reverse- phase HPLC assay (for example Sudo K.
  • NS3 inhibitors for example, those based on the macromolecule elgin c, isolated from leech (for example, Qasim M.A. et al., Biochemistry, 1997, 36, 1598-1607);
  • Helicase inhibitors for example Diana G.D. et al., Compounds, compositions and methods for treatment of hepatitis C, U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,358; Diana G.D.
  • Inhibitors of IRES-dependent translation for example, Ikeda N et al., Agent for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis C, Japanese Patent Pub. JP- 08268890; Kai Y. et al. Prevention and treatment of viral diseases, Japanese Patent Pub.
  • Nuclease-resistant ribozymes for example Maccjak, D. J. et al., Hepatology 1999, 30, abstract 995).
  • Nucleoside analogs have also been developed for the treatment of viral infections. Examples include the following. Idenix Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. discloses branched nucleosides, and their use in the treatment of HCV and flaviviruses and pestiviruses in US Patent Publication No. 2003/0050229 Al and US Patent Publication No. 2003/0060400 Al, which correspond to International Publication Nos. WO 01/90121 and WO 01/92282.
  • a method for the treatment of hepatitis C infection (and flaviviruses and pestiviruses) in humans and other host animals is disclosed in the Idenix publications that includes administering an effective amount of a biologically active 1', 2 ', 3' or 4' -branched ⁇ -D or ⁇ -L nucleosides or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, administered either alone or in combination, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. See also U.S . Patent Publication Nos. 2004/0006002 and 2004/0006007 as well as WO 03/026589 and WO 03/026675. Idenix Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. also discloses in US Patent Publication No.
  • WO 02/18404 (PCT/EP01/09633; published August 21, 2001); WO 02/100415 and WO 02/094289, filed by F. Hoffmann- La Roche AG discloses various nucleoside analogs for the inhibition of viral RNA replication.
  • Pharmasset Limited discloses various nucleosides and antimetabolites for the treatment of a variety of viruses, in WO 02/32920, WO 01/79246, WO 02/48165, WO 03/068162, WO 03/068164 and 2004/013298.
  • Merck & Co., Inc. and Isis Pharmaceuticals disclose in US Patent Publication No. 2002/0147160 and the corresponding International Patent Publication Nos.
  • WO 02/057425 (PCT/US02/01531; filed January 18, 2002) and WO 02/057287 (PCT/US02/03086; filed January 18, 2002) various nucleosides, and in particular several pyrrolopyrimidine nucleosides, for the treatment of vimses whose replication is dependent upon RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. See also WO 03/068244, WO 2004/003138, WO 2004/007512, and WO 2004/009020. US Patent Publication No. 2003/028013 Al as well as International Patent Publication Nos.
  • WO 03/051899, WO 03/061576, WO 03/062255 WO 03/062256, WO 03/062257, and WO 03/061385, filed by Ribapharm, also are directed to the use of certain nucleoside analogs to treat viral infections.
  • Miscellaneous compounds including, for example, 1-amino- alkylcyclohexanes (for example, U.S. Patent No. 6,034,134 to Gold et al.), alkyl lipids (for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,757 to Chojkier et al.), vitamin E and other antioxidants (for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,757 to Chojkier et al.), squalene, amantadine, bile acids (for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,964 to Ozeki et al.), N- (phosphonoacetyl)-L-aspartic acid (for example, U.S. Pat. No.
  • IDN-6556 by Idun Pharma. XTL-002 by XTL., HCV/MF59 by Chiron, CINACIR by NABI, LEVOVIRIN by ICN, VIRAMIDINE by ICN, ZADAXIN (thymosin alfa-1) by Sci Clone, CEPLENE (histamine dihydrochloride) by Maxim, VX 950 / LY 570310 by Vertex/Eli Lilly, /ISIS 14803 by Isis Pharmaceutical/Elan, IDN-6556 by Idun Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and JTK 003 by AKROS Pharma.
  • Hosts including humans, infected with a coronavims, togaviras and/or picomavirus or another organism replicating through a RNA-dependent RNA viral polymerase, can be treated by administering to the patient an effective amount of the active compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrag or salt thereof in the presence of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • the active materials can be administered by any appropriate route, for example, orally, parenterally, intravenously, intradermally, sucutaneously, or topically, in liquid or solid form.
  • a preferred dose of the compound for a coronavims, togavims and/or picomavims will be in the range from about 1 to 50 mg/kg, preferably 1 to 20 mg/kg, of body weight per day, more generally 0.1 to about 100 mg per kilogram body weight of the recipient per day.
  • the effective dosage range of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodmgs can be calculated based on the weight of the parent nucleoside to be delivered. If the salt or prodrug exhibits activity in itself, the effective dosage can be estimated as above using the weight of the salt or prodrug, or by other means known to those skilled in the art.
  • the compound is conveniently administered in unit any suitable dosage form, including but not limited to one containing 7 to 3000 mg, preferably 70 to 1400 mg of active ingredient per unit dosage form.
  • An oral dosage of 50-1000 mg is usually convenient.
  • the active ingredient should be administered to achieve peak plasma concentrations of the active compound of from about 0.2 to 70 ⁇ M, preferably about 1.0 to 10 ⁇ M. This may be achieved, for example, by the intravenous injection of a 0.1 to 5% solution of the active ingredient, optionally in saline, or administered as a bolus of the active ingredient.
  • concentration of active compound in the drag composition will depend on absorption, inactivation and excretion rates of the drug as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art.
  • dosage values will also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions, and that the concentration ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed composition.
  • the active ingredient may be administered at once, or may be divided into a number of smaller doses to be administered at varying intervals of time.
  • a preferred mode of administration of the active compound is oral.
  • Oral compositions will generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They may be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets.
  • the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules.
  • Pharmaceutically compatible inding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can e included as part of the composition.
  • the tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or com starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
  • a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin
  • an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating
  • dosage unit form When the dosage unit form is a capsule, it can contain, in addition to material of the above type, a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil.
  • dosage unit forms can contain various other materials which modify the physical form of the dosage unit, for example, coatings of sugar, shellac, or other enteric agents.
  • the compound can be administered as a component of an elixir, suspension, syrup, wafer, chewing gum or the like.
  • a syrup may contain, in addition to the active compounds, sucrose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyes and colorings and flavors.
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug or salts thereof can also be mixed with other active materials that do not impair the desired action, or with materials that supplement the desired action, such as antibiotics, antifungals, anti- inflammatories, or other antivirals, including other nucleoside compounds.
  • Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, subcutaneous, or topical application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antiacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose.
  • a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents
  • antiacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens
  • antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite
  • the parental preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposale syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
  • preferred carriers are physiological saline or phosphate buffered saline (PS).
  • the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems, biodegradale, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • Liposomal suspensions including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antiodies to viral antigens are also preferred as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,522,811 (which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
  • liposome formulations may be prepared by dissolving appropriate lipid(s) (such as stearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, stearoyl phosphatidyl choline, arachadoyl phosphatidyl choline, and cholesterol) in an inorganic solvent that is then evaporated, leaving behind a thin film of dried lipid on the surface of the container.
  • An aqueous solution of the active compound or its monophosphate, diphosphate, and/or triphosphate derivatives is then introduced into the container.
  • the container is then swirled by hand to free lipid material from the sides of the container and to disperse lipid aggregates, thereby forming the liposomal suspension.
  • the nucleosides of the present invention can be synthesized by any means known in the art.
  • the synthesis of the present nucleosides can be achieved by either alkylating the appropriately modified sugar, followed by glycosylation or glycosylation followed by alkylation of the nucleoside, though preferably alkylating the appropriately modified sugar, followed by glycosylation.
  • the following non-limiting embodiments illustrate some general methodology to obtain the nucleosides of the present invention.
  • R 1 is H, phosphate or phosphonate (including mono-, di-, or triphosphate or a stabilized phosphate prodrug); optionally substituted acyl (including lower acyl); optionally substituted alkyl (including lower alkyl); optionally substitoted sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl such as methanesulfonyl; optionally substitoted aryl; optionally substituted benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substitoents as described in the definition of an aryl given herein; optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid derivative; a carbohydrate; a peptide; cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group
  • X is O, S, SO 2 , CH 2 , or CHOH; m is 0, 1 or 2;
  • R 13 is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, aryl or aralkyl;
  • A is H, OH, C M alkyl, halo, azido, cyano, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, Br-vinyl, 2-Br- ethyl, -C(O)O(alkyl), -C(O)O(lower alkyl), -O(acyl), -O(lower acyl), -O(alkyl), -O(alkenyl), CF 3 , NO 2 , NH 2 , -NH(lower alkyl), -NH(acyl), -N(lower alkyl) 2 , or -N(acyl) 2 ; and
  • the key starting material for this process is an appropriately substituted lactone.
  • the lactone may be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard epimerization, substitution and cyclization techniques.
  • the lactone optionally can be protected with a suitable protecting group, preferably with an acyl or silyl group, by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • the protected lactone can then be coupled with a suitable coupling agent, such as an organometallic carbon nucleophile like a Grignard reagent, an organolithium, lithium dialkylcopper or R 6 -SiMe 3 in TAF with the appropriate non-protic solvent at a suitable temperature, to give the l'-alkylated sugar.
  • a suitable coupling agent such as an organometallic carbon nucleophile like a Grignard reagent, an organolithium, lithium dialkylcopper or R 6 -SiMe 3 in TAF with the appropriate non-protic solvent at a suitable temperature
  • an acylated sugar can be coupled to a silylated base with a Lewis acid such as tin tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride, or trimethylsilyltriflate in the appropriate solvent at a suitable temperature.
  • a Lewis acid such as tin tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride, or trimethylsilyltriflate
  • the nucleoside can be deprotected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • the l'-C-branched ribonucleoside is desired. The synthesis of a ribonucleoside is shown in Scheme 1. Alternatively, dexoyribonucleoside is desired.
  • the formed ribonucleoside an optionally be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, and then the 2' -OH can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent.
  • the 2'- OH can be activated to facilitate reduction as, for example, via the Barton reduction.
  • the key starting material for this process is an appropriately substitoted hexose.
  • the hexose can be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard epimerization (as, for example, via alkaline treatment), substitution and coupling techniques.
  • the hexose can be protected selectively to give the appropriate hexa- furanose, as taught by Townsend, Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides, Plenum Press, 1994.
  • the l'-OH optionally can be activated to a suitable leaving group such as an acyl group or a halogen via acylation or halogenation, respectively.
  • the optionally activated sugar can then be coupled to the base by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Townsend, Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides, Plenum Press, 1994.
  • an acylated sugar can be coupled to a silylated base with a Lewis acid, such as tin tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride, or trimethylsilyltriflate in an appropriate solvent at a suitable temperature.
  • a halo-sugar can be coupled to a silylated base in the presence of trimethylsilyltriflate.
  • the l'-CH 2 -OH if protected, selectively can be deprotected by methods well known in the art.
  • the resultant primary hydroxyl can be reduced to give the methyl, using a suitable reducing agent.
  • the hydroxyl can be activated prior to reduction to facilitate the reaction, i.e., via the Barton reduction.
  • the primary hydroxyl can be oxidized to the aldehyde, then coupled with a carbon nucleophile such as a Grignard reagent, an organolithium, lithium dialkylcopper or R 6 -SiMe 3 in TAF with an appropriate non-protic solvent at a suitable temperature.
  • a carbon nucleophile such as a Grignard reagent, an organolithium, lithium dialkylcopper or R 6 -SiMe 3 in TAF with an appropriate non-protic solvent at a suitable temperature.
  • the l'-C-branched ribonucleoside is desired. The synthesis of a ribonucleoside is shown in Scheme 2.
  • deoxyribonucleoside is desired.
  • the formed ribonucleoside optionally can be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, and then the 2'-OH can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent.
  • the 2'- OH can be activated to facilitate reduction as, for example, via the Barton reduction.
  • L-enantiomers corresponding to the compounds of the invention can be prepared following the same general methods (1 or 2), beginning with the corresponding L-sugar or nucleoside L-enantiomer as the starting material.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 5 , and R' are all as defined above; X is as defined above; Base is as defined in the specification; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrag thereof; and all tautomeric, enantiomeric and stereoisomeric forms thereof.
  • the key starting material for this process is an appropriately substitoted sugar with a 2' -OH and 2'-H, with an appropriate leaving group (LG), such as an acyl or halogen group, for example.
  • LG leaving group
  • the sugar can be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard epimerization, substitution, oxidation and/or reduction techniques.
  • the substituted sugar can then be oxidized with an appropriate oxidizing agent in a compatible solvent at a suitable temperature to yield the 2' -modified sugar.
  • Possible oxidizing agents are Jones' reagent (a mixture of chromic and sulfuric acids), Collins' reagent (dipyridine Cr(VI)oxide), Corey's reagent (pyridinium chlorochromate), pyridinium dichromate, acid dichromate, potassium permanganate, MnO 2 , ruthenium tetroxide, phase transfer catalysts such as chromic acid or permanganate supported on a polymer, Cl 2 -pyridine, H 2 O 2 -ammonium molydate, NarO 2 -CAN, NaOCl in HOAc, copper chromate, copper oxide, Raney nickel, palladium acetate, Meerwin-Pondorf- Verley reagent (aluminum t-utoxide with another ketone) and N-bromosuccinimide.
  • Jones' reagent a mixture of chromic and sulfuric acids
  • Collins' reagent dipyridine Cr(VI)oxide
  • Corey's reagent
  • an organometallic carbon nucleophile such as a Grignard reagent, an organolithium, lithium dialkylcopper or R -SiMe 3 in TAF with the ketone and an appropriate non-protic solvent at a suitable temperature, yields the 2'-alkylated sugar.
  • the alkylated sugar optionally can be protected with a suitable protecting group, preferably with an acyl or silyl group, by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons,
  • an acylated sugar can be coupled to a silylated base with a Lewis acid, such as tin tetrachloride, titanium, tetrachloride, or trimethylsilyltriflate in an appropriate solvent at a suitable temperature.
  • a halo-sugar can e coupled to a silylated base in the presence of trimethylsilyltriflate.
  • the nucleoside can be deprotected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • the 2' -C-branched ribonucleoside is desired, the synthesis of which is shown in Scheme 3.
  • a deoxyribonucleoside is desired.
  • the formed ribonucleoside can optionally be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, and then the 2' -OH can e reduced with a suitable reducing agent.
  • the 2' -OH can be activated to facilitate reduction, such as, for example, by the Barton reduction.
  • the key starting material for this process is an appropriately substitoted nucleoside with a 2' -OH and 2'-H.
  • the nucleoside can be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard coupling techniques.
  • the nucleoside optionally can be protected with suitable protecting groups, preferably with acyl or silyl groups, by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • the appropriately protected nucleoside then can be oxidized with an appropriate oxidizing agent in a compatible solvent at a suitable temperature to yield the 2' -modified sugar.
  • Possible oxidizing agents include Jones' reagent (a mixture of chromic and sulfuric acids), Collins' reagent (dipyridine Cr(VI)oxide), Corey's reagent (pyridinium chlorochromate), pyridinium dichromate, acid dichromate, potassium permanganate, MnO 2 , ruthenium tetroxide, phase transfer catalysts such as chromic acid or permanganate supported on a polymer, Cl 2 -pyridine, H 2 O 2 -ammonium molydate, NarO 2 - CAN, NaOCl in HO Ac, copper chromate, copper oxide, Raney nickel, palladium acetate,
  • nucleoside can e deprotected y methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • a 2' -C-branched ribonucleoside is desired, the synthesis of which is shown in Scheme 4.
  • the deoxyribonucleoside may be desired.
  • the formed ribonucleoside optionally may be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, and then the 2'-OH can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent.
  • the 2'- OH can be activated to facilitate reduction such as, for example, by the Barton reduction.
  • the L-enantiomers are desired.
  • These L- enantiomers corresponding to the compounds of the invention may be prepared following the same general methods given above, but beginning with the corresponding L-sugar or nucleoside L-enantiomer as the starting material.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 5 , and R' are all as defined above; X is as defined above; Base is as defined in the specification; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrag thereof; and all tautomeric, enantiomeric and stereoisomeric forms thereof.
  • the key starting material for this process is an appropriately substitoted sugar with a 3' -OH and a 3'-H, with an appropriate leaving group (LG) such as, for example, an acyl group or a halogen.
  • LG leaving group
  • the sugar can be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard epimerization, substitution, oxidation and/or reduction techniques.
  • the substitoted sugar then can be oxidized by an appropriate oxidizing agent in a compatible solvent at a suitable temperature to yield the 3 '-modified sugar.
  • Possible oxidizing agents include Jones' reagent (a mixture of chromic and sulfuric acids), Collins' reagent (dipyridine Cr(VI)oxide), Corey's reagent (pyridinium chlorochromate), pyridinium dichromate, acid dichromate, potassium permanganate,
  • phase transfer catalysts such as chromic acid or permanganate supported on a polymer, Cl 2 -pyridine, H 2 O 2 -ammonium molydate, NarO - CAN, NaOCl in HOAc, copper chromate, copper oxide, Raney nickel, palladium acetate, Meerwin-Pondorf-Verley reagent (aluminum t-utoxide with another ketone) and N- bromosuccinimide.
  • an organometallic carbon nucleophile such as a Grignard reagent, an organolithium, lithium dialkylcopper or R 6 -SiMe 3 in TAF with the ketone and an appropriate non-protic solvent at a suitable temperature, yields the 3'-C-branched sugar.
  • the 3 '-C-branched sugar optionally can e protected with a suitable protecting group, preferably with an acyl or silyl group, by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • the optionally protected sugar can then be coupled to the base by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught y Townsend, Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides, Plenum Press, 1994.
  • an acylated sugar can e coupled to a silylated base with a Lewis acid, such as tin tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride, or trimethylsilyltriflate in an appropriate solvent at a suitable temperature.
  • a halo-sugar can be coupled to a silylated base in the presence of trimethylsilyltriflate.
  • the nucleoside can be deprotected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • the 3 '-C-branched ribonucleoside is desired, the synthesis of which is shown in Scheme 5.
  • a deoxyribonucleoside is desired.
  • the formed ribonucleoside can optionally be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, and then the 2' -OH can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent.
  • the 2'- OH can be activated to facilitate reduction, such as, for example, by the Barton reduction.
  • the key starting material for this process is an appropriately substitoted nucleoside with a 3'-OH and 3'-H.
  • the nucleoside can be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard coupling techniques.
  • the nucleoside can be optionally protected with suitable protecting groups, preferably with acyl or silyl groups, by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • the appropriately protected nucleoside can then be oxidized with the appropriate oxidizing agent in a compatible solvent at a suitable temperature to yield the 2' -modified sugar.
  • Possible oxidizing agents include Jones' reagent (a mixture of chromic and sulfuric acids), Collins' reagent (dipyridine Cr(VI)oxide), Corey's reagent (pyridinium chlorochromate), pyridinium dichromate, acid dichromate, potassium permanganate, MnO 2 , ruthenium tetroxide, phase transfer catalysts such as chromic acid or permanganate supported on a polymer, Cl 2 -pyridine, H2 ⁇ 2 -ammonium molybdate,
  • nucleoside can be deprotected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • the 3 '-C-branched ribonucleoside is desired, the synthesis of which is shown in Scheme 6.
  • a deoxyribonucleoside is desired.
  • the formed ribonucleoside can optionally be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al.,
  • the 2' -OH can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent.
  • the 2'- OH can be activated to facilitate reduction, such as, for example, by the Barton reduction.
  • the L-enantiomers are desired.
  • These L- enantiomers corresponding to the compounds of the invention may e prepared following the same general methods given above, but beginning with the corresponding L-sugar or nucleoside L-enantiomer as the starting material.
  • Example 1 CC 50 and EC 50 Test Results for ⁇ -D-2' -C-methyl-adenosine (Compound A) and ⁇ -D-2' -C-methyl-2-amino adenosine (Compound B)
  • Cell lines utilized include MT-4 for HIV; Vero 76, African green monkey kidney cells for SARS-CoV; BHK for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Viras; Sb-1 for poliovims Sabin type-1; CVB-2, CVB-3, CVB-4, and CVA-9 for Coxsackievimses B-2, B-3, B-4 and A- 9; and REO-1 for double-stranded RNA viruses.
  • Example 9 CC 50 Test Results for ⁇ -D-2' -C-methyl-adenosine (Compound A), ⁇ -D-2' - C-methyl-2-amino adenosine (Compound B), and ⁇ -D-2' -C-methyl-2-amino-6- cyclopropyl adenosine(Compound K)
  • BVDV bovine viral diarrhea viras
  • YFV yellow fever viras
  • WNV West Nile virus
  • CVB-2 Coxsackie B-2 virus
  • Sb-1 Sabin type 1 poliomyelitis viras
  • REO double-stranded RNA Reoviras.
  • Example 10 CC 50 Test Results for ⁇ -D-2' -C-methyl-guanosine (Compound C), ⁇ -D- 2'-C-methyl-l-(methyl-2-oxo-2-phenyl ethyl)guanosine (Compound L), and ⁇ -D-2'-C- methyl-6-chloro guanosine (Compound D)
  • Example 14 CC50 Test Results for ⁇ -D-2' -C-methyl-cytidine (Compound G), 3'-0- valinyl ester of ⁇ -D-2' -C-methyl-cytidine dihydrochloride salt (Compound M), and ⁇ -D- 2'-C-methyl-uracil (Compound N)

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Abstract

L'invention se rapporte à des méthodes et à des compositions pharmaceutiques permettant de traiter un hôte, en particulier un patient humain infecté par un coronavirus, un togavirus ou un picornavirus, les méthodes décrites consistant à administrer à cet hôte une dose efficace d'un composé décrit, ou d'un sel, d'un ester ou d'un promédicament de ce composé. Ce composé peut être administré seul, en combinaison avec un autre pentofuranonucléoside, éventuellement substitué, ou en combinaison avec un autre agent anti-coronavirus, anti-togavirus et/ou anti-picornavirus.
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