EP1707656A1 - Procédé et dispositif pour le fonctionnement d'un cantre pour une machine d'enroulage et cantre - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif pour le fonctionnement d'un cantre pour une machine d'enroulage et cantre Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1707656A1
EP1707656A1 EP05102526A EP05102526A EP1707656A1 EP 1707656 A1 EP1707656 A1 EP 1707656A1 EP 05102526 A EP05102526 A EP 05102526A EP 05102526 A EP05102526 A EP 05102526A EP 1707656 A1 EP1707656 A1 EP 1707656A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
thread
winding machine
winding
yarn
variable
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP05102526A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1707656B1 (fr
Inventor
Andreas Kleiner
Alfred Jakob
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Karl Mayer Textilmaschinen AG
Original Assignee
Benninger AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to EP05102526A priority Critical patent/EP1707656B1/fr
Application filed by Benninger AG filed Critical Benninger AG
Priority to ES05102526T priority patent/ES2302124T3/es
Priority to DE502005003902T priority patent/DE502005003902D1/de
Priority to PT05102526T priority patent/PT1707656E/pt
Priority to AT05102526T priority patent/ATE393846T1/de
Priority to KR1020077024478A priority patent/KR101167350B1/ko
Priority to US11/910,139 priority patent/US7770271B2/en
Priority to PCT/EP2006/060619 priority patent/WO2006103156A1/fr
Priority to JP2008503466A priority patent/JP2008534404A/ja
Priority to CN2006800096667A priority patent/CN101146940B/zh
Publication of EP1707656A1 publication Critical patent/EP1707656A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1707656B1 publication Critical patent/EP1707656B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
    • D02H—WARPING, BEAMING OR LEASING
    • D02H13/00—Details of machines of the preceding groups
    • D02H13/22—Tensioning devices
    • D02H13/24—Tensioning devices for individual threads

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and an arrangement for operating a creel for a winding system and a creel according to the preamble of the independent claims.
  • the thread tension of each thread should be able to be maintained at a particularly constant desired value under all operating conditions.
  • the method should be particularly suitable for winding systems with long thread lengths between creel and winding machine. The installation of an arrangement for operating the creel should continue to cause as little cost as possible.
  • Winding machines for example a cone warping machine with a warping drum, rotate at an angular velocity.
  • the angular velocity may be approximately constant in normal steady state operation and vary in non-stationary operating conditions.
  • the yarn is subjected to a variable braking force by means of at least one thread tensioner for producing a specific thread tension, which essentially corresponds to the initial thread tension.
  • each thread tensioner on the angular velocity of the winding machine.
  • the startup process is understood to mean that non-stationary operating state in which the winding machine accelerates from zero to steady state normal operation.
  • each thread tensioner has an associated drive motor.
  • a drive motor is activated.
  • each thread can be acted upon in a simple manner with the necessary braking force.
  • the angular velocity can be further measured by simple means.
  • This control has the advantage that each thread tensioner in all operating conditions, especially during the entire period of the startup process or stop process, are set accurately.
  • the control of the thread tensioner during the non-stationary operating states has the advantage over a control that a rocking or unfavorable stimulation of the threads is avoided.
  • each thread tensioner is controlled directly via the thread speed of the thread.
  • the input variable for the control of each thread tensioner is the thread speed.
  • the angular speed of the winding machine during the startup process and / or the stop process is measured continuously and converted into a yarn speed.
  • the layer thickness can be measured with a corresponding device. Since the layer thickness depends essentially on the type of yarn, it could also be calculated without measuring the layer thickness. To achieve accurate results could be in this Case also the contact pressure of the press roller to be involved.
  • the thread acceleration can be detected analogous to the thread speed.
  • the thread speed directly on the thread between the creel and winding machine.
  • the necessary braking force for controlling the thread tensioner can be calculated from the thread speed and thread tensioner-specific and in particular motor-specific parameters of the drive motor of the thread tensioner.
  • the engine inertia and the friction value of the drive motor come into consideration as control-relevant parameters for controlling the thread tensioner.
  • a disturbance variable feed-in with the thread speed as input variable can calculate a correction variable.
  • the values for the engine inertia, the friction value and advantageously also the torque constant of the drive motor can be detected in a simple manner.
  • the values for engine inertia, friction value and torque constant can be read from data sheets of the respective manufacturers. Costly measuring devices can be dispensed with. The Störgrössenkompensation can be done in a simple manner.
  • the drive motor can be torque-controlled, the mentioned control variable and the correction variable are as currents.
  • control of the thread tension during startup or stop of the winding machine can with a Control for the stationary phase (normal operation) of the winding machine can be combined.
  • the actual value of the thread tension of each thread is detected by a yarn tension sensor continuously during normal operation and regulated by means of a regulator to the desired value.
  • a regulation is for example in the EP-A-1 162 295 described. This combined control and regulation ensures an optimal yarn course of all yarns in all operating conditions.
  • the controller can use the thread speed curve to see which operating state (startup, normal operation, stop) is present.
  • start-up normal operation, stop
  • the control is either turned on or off.
  • the threads have rising thread speeds when the winding machine is started up (in this case, a constant acceleration is particularly preferably provided for the thread or for the winding machine).
  • a constant acceleration is particularly preferably provided for the thread or for the winding machine.
  • the controller is switched on. So can be changed easily from the controller to the control.
  • the changeover from control to regulation could also take place directly via the angular speed of the winding machine on the basis of certain end values.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to an arrangement, in particular a control and regulating arrangement, for operating a creel for a winding system, in particular a sewage treatment plant, with a creel with several winding units of a winding machine for co-winding a plurality of threads of the same or different genus of the winding units subtracted from.
  • the arrangement has a Störsstromssenaufscnies for Control of the thread train during the boot-up process and / or the stop process of the winding machine on the input side is in operative connection with a rotary encoder of the winding machine, which provides a signal for the angular velocity of the winding machine.
  • the variable angular velocity represents the disturbance variable.
  • the control and regulating arrangement can be used in particular for the previously described method for operating a creel for a winding system.
  • the disturbance variable connection could also be connected to a measuring device for measuring the thread speed of the threads, for example in the form of a deflecting roller.
  • the control and regulating arrangement can have a speed measuring device with which the thread speed of the threads can be measured.
  • the winding machine driven by the rotary encoder can provide a signal for the angular speed of the winding machine, which can be converted into the thread speed.
  • the thread speed could be detected directly.
  • a controller may be provided for controlling the thread tension during normal operation of the winding machine.
  • the combination of such a control arrangement with a control arrangement with a Störgrössungsaufscrien ensures a nearly optimal adjustment of the thread tension of each thread.
  • the thread tension of each thread can thus be kept at an approximately constant desired value for each operating state in a simple manner.
  • a summing device for generating the manipulated variable for the necessary braking force for controlling the thread tensioner, with which the correction variable output by the disturbance variable summation is summed with a desired value for the braking force of the thread tensioner (or subtracted, depending on the sign).
  • the summing device can also sum a controller correction variable which is output by the controller for regulating the thread tension during normal operation of the winding machine.
  • a control arrangement with a disturbance size control and a control arrangement can be provided with a controller.
  • These components can be networked together via a bus system, in particular a CAN and / or PROFI bus system.
  • the creel has a control arrangement for controlling the thread tension depending on the angular speed of the winding machine or the thread speed of the threads during a startup process and / or stop operation of the winding machine. Furthermore, it has a regulating arrangement with at least one controller for regulating the thread tension during stationary normal operation of the winding machine.
  • the control arrangement and the control arrangement are designed in such a way that the thread tension of each thread can be kept approximately constant with respect to a desired value with the aid of the thread tensioners which can be adjusted via their drive motors.
  • drive motors DC motors are particularly suitable.
  • Such thread tensioners may comprise at least one rotatable rotary body having an axis of rotation, wherein the thread for applying a braking force at least partially engages the peripheral region of the rotary body and wherein for adjusting the braking force of the rotary body can be driven via the respective drive motor.
  • Such thread tensioners are for example in the EP-A-950 742 or in the US 4,413,981 been described.
  • other thread tensioner such as thread tensioner with plate brakes, but also possibly ⁇ senvorspanner or Crepevorspanner be conceivable.
  • Thread tensioner with a rotating body have over friction brakes such as plate brakes the advantage that the inertia of the rotating body has a favorable (calming) effect on the threadline.
  • Thread tensioners with only one rotatable rotary body but are also particularly suitable because they have only a few control and control relevant parameters and thus are easy to handle.
  • Figure 1 shows a designated 1 winding system, such as a sewage treatment plant with a creel 2 and a winding machine 3, z. B. a cone warping machine.
  • the individual thread bobbins 4 are attached to winding units 7 of the creel and the jointly withdrawn threads 5 pass at least one thread tensioner (or thread brake) 6 to maintain a predetermined thread tension.
  • the example according to FIG. 1 shows a parallel gate.
  • the coils thereby form vertical and horizontal rows, wherein each vertical row forms a thread group on each gate side, the yarn running length of the winding unit to the winding machine is the same size.
  • the same principle can also be applied to any other type of gate, e.g. in a V-gate.
  • the threads of different types can each be exposed to an individual braking force.
  • the thread tension sensors 9 are preferably arranged for each individual thread.
  • the arrangement of the thread tension sensors at this point is not mandatory. In principle, it would be advantageous to introduce the thread tension sensors as close as possible to the winding point of the winding machine.
  • the threads After leaving the creel, the threads pass into the area of the winding machine 3 where they first pass through a flushing sheet 10, in which the threads are given their correct sequence. Subsequently, the threads are fed to the warper blade 11, in which they are brought together to be subsequently wound as a thread assembly 12 via a deflection and / or measuring roller 13 on the winding 15 and on the winding beam 14.
  • a control and regulating arrangement 17 is provided for the operation of the creel 2 for the winding system 1.
  • This arrangement 17 is connected to a rotary encoder 16 for the rotation of the winding machine 3.
  • the arrangement 17 receives on the input side a signal 29 from the rotary encoder 16 and signals 30 from the voltage sensors 9.
  • the arrangement 17 is connected to the thread tensioners 6, which are controlled and regulated by the control variable 32.
  • an input signal 29 for example, a signal for the angular velocity .DELTA. Can be provided.
  • Particularly suitable as an input signal 29 is a signal for the yarn speed v, which can be calculated, for example, from the angular velocity ⁇ and the measured thickness of the roll 15.
  • the thread speed v could also be measured directly with the aid of the deflection roller 13.
  • Fig. 2 shows, for example, how a unwound from a coil 4 Thread 5 passes through a thread tensioner 6.
  • the braking force is applied here by a disk brake 18 with two in the thread running direction successively arranged brake actuator units.
  • the disk brake is housed in a U-shaped vertical support profile, are arranged in the U-leg yarn guide eyelets for the passage of the thread 5.
  • Fig. 3 shows further details of the thread tensioner with the disk brake. Over each disk brake 18, an individual drive motor 20 is mounted directly in the support profile. This actuates an adjustment support 22, a pressure element 23 which loads or relieves the brake plates.
  • a particularly suitable thread tensioner 6 consists of only one rotatable rotary body, which is connected to a drive motor (not shown).
  • the rotary body is designed here as a yarn wheel 19, which has a radius r and a rotation axis R.
  • the thread 5 is wound several times around the roller 19. Of course, but can also satisfy a single winding.
  • the thread tension of the thread 5 is then measured.
  • the following description of the control and regulating arrangement refers to the thread tensioner according to Figures 4 and 5.
  • the structure and operation of such a yarn wheel is, for example, in the EP-A-950 742 described.
  • roller tensioners would be suitable in which the thread is guided over a nip between two rollers.
  • FIG. 6 shows a schematic block diagram with a control and regulating arrangement for operating the creel for the winding installation.
  • 26 denotes a controlled system for the thread.
  • a controller 25 controls the thread tension during stationary normal operation of the winding machine.
  • Such a rule method is for example from EP-A-1 162 295 known.
  • the continuously measured actual value 30 of the thread tension is compared in controller 25 with the corresponding setpoint value 31 and, when a deviation of the actual value from the setpoint value is detected, the thread tensioner is adjusted with the aid of the controller such that the actual value approaches the target value.
  • the controller 25 outputs on the output side a signal 36 which corresponds to a stationary current for driving the drive motor and a correction quantity 35 which detects and incorporates the deviation of the DESIRED value from the ACTUAL value.
  • a summing unit 40 the two signals 35 and 36 are added and provide for the steady-state normal operation, a manipulated variable 32 (actuating current) for the drive motor of a thread tensioner.
  • the described control method may be less suitable. This applies in particular to winding systems with large thread lengths.
  • a disturbance variable connection 24 is provided.
  • the measured thread speed v serves as the input signal 29 for the disturbance variable connection 24.
  • the disturbance variable circuit 24 supplies a correction variable (correction current) 34, which is subtracted from the nominal value or the current 36 in the summation unit 40.
  • the correction current 35 from the regulator 25 may be zero, for example.
  • FIG. 6 The influence of the withdrawal from a coil, for example a cross-wound bobbin, is further illustrated in FIG. 6 by FIG. One for the disturbance of the thread train by deduction of the coil provides an interference signal 33.
  • the purpose of the controller 25 is here in particular the adjustment of this influence.
  • FIG. 7 shows details of the disturbance variable connection 24.
  • the yarn speed v is converted into the rotational speed of the yarn wheel with the radius r.
  • a thread tensioner according to Fig. 4/5 is - in addition to the radius of the yarn wheel - characterized by parameters of the drive motor. Therefore, the motor inertia J, the friction kr and the torque constant of the motor Km are detected as control-relevant parameters.
  • a value for the acceleration of the thread is calculated.
  • the multiplier 53 (motor inertia J) will convert the acceleration in one value for one moment. This moment is added in a summing unit 41 with another moment, which was generated by friction of the drive motor. For this purpose, the rotational speed of the thread wheel is multiplied by the friction kr (multiplier 54). Finally, the sum of the moments over the multiplier 52 (torque constant 1 / Km) in a correction value 34 (correction current for a drive motor) is converted.
  • FIG. 8 shows a simplified block diagram for the controller 25.
  • the desired value 31 for the thread train is converted into a nominal current 36 for the drive motor of a thread tensioner via the multipliers 51 and 52 (51: radius r; 52: torque constant 1 / Km) converted.
  • the deviation of the nominal value 31 from the actual value 30 is formed with a summing unit 42 (the actual value here has a negative sign).
  • the yarn tension difference thus formed is converted by an integrator 43 and subsequently by the multipliers 51 (radius r) and 52 (torque constant 1 / Km) into a correction variable or a correction current 35.
  • Figures 9a and 9b show the course of the thread train during a stop and the associated course of the manipulated variable or the actuating current 32 for the drive motor of a thread tensioner.
  • the curve 29 shows the thread speed of the thread. This is substantially constant up to a time T 0 and goes to a standstill in an approximately straight line during a period of time ⁇ T. 31 denotes the predetermined desired value for the thread train.
  • the measured actual value 30 runs - due to the control - in a narrow band range along the constant nominal value.
  • the curve 30 shows, this is during the period .DELTA.T ratio close to the target line 31.
  • Figure 9 shows that from the time point T 0 for controlling the thread tensioner, an increased control current 32 is used to brake the drive motor.
  • FIG. 10 shows a highly schematized representation of a winding installation 1 which is controlled and regulated according to the method described above.
  • the thread tensioner 6 and the thread sensor 9 are divided relative to the left side (LS) and the right side (RS) of the creel.
  • the individual components are connected to one another via data lines 43 and 44, which operate, for example, according to the CAN bus principle.
  • the data line 45 which a programmable controller, the winding machine with a connect programmable logic controller (PLC) of a creel can be designed as a PROFI bus.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Tension Adjustment In Filamentary Materials (AREA)
  • Warping, Beaming, Or Leasing (AREA)
  • Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
  • Replacing, Conveying, And Pick-Finding For Filamentary Materials (AREA)
EP05102526A 2005-03-30 2005-03-30 Procédé et dispositif pour le fonctionnement d'un cantre pour une machine d'enroulage et cantre Expired - Lifetime EP1707656B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES05102526T ES2302124T3 (es) 2005-03-30 2005-03-30 Procedimiento y disposicion para el funcionamiento de una fileta de bobinas para una instalacion bobinadora asi como una fileta de bobinas.
DE502005003902T DE502005003902D1 (de) 2005-03-30 2005-03-30 Verfahren und Anordnung zum Betrieb eines Spulengatters für eine Wickelanlage sowie ein Spulengatter
PT05102526T PT1707656E (pt) 2005-03-30 2005-03-30 Método e sistema para o funcionamento de uma esquinadeira para um aparelho de bobinagem, bem como uma esquinadeira
AT05102526T ATE393846T1 (de) 2005-03-30 2005-03-30 Verfahren und anordnung zum betrieb eines spulengatters für eine wickelanlage sowie ein spulengatter
EP05102526A EP1707656B1 (fr) 2005-03-30 2005-03-30 Procédé et dispositif pour le fonctionnement d'un cantre pour une machine d'enroulage et cantre
US11/910,139 US7770271B2 (en) 2005-03-30 2006-03-10 Method and device for operating a creel designed for a winding system and corresponding creel
KR1020077024478A KR101167350B1 (ko) 2005-03-30 2006-03-10 권취 시스템을 위해 설계된 크릴을 작동시키는 방법과 장치그리고 대응 크릴
PCT/EP2006/060619 WO2006103156A1 (fr) 2005-03-30 2006-03-10 Procede et dispositif pour faire fonctionner un cantre destine a un systeme de bobinage et cantre correspondant
JP2008503466A JP2008534404A (ja) 2005-03-30 2006-03-10 巻取システムのために設計されたクリールを動作するための方法および装置ならびに対応するクリール
CN2006800096667A CN101146940B (zh) 2005-03-30 2006-03-10 卷绕设备的筒子架的运行方法和运行装置以及筒子架

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP05102526A EP1707656B1 (fr) 2005-03-30 2005-03-30 Procédé et dispositif pour le fonctionnement d'un cantre pour une machine d'enroulage et cantre

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1707656A1 true EP1707656A1 (fr) 2006-10-04
EP1707656B1 EP1707656B1 (fr) 2008-04-30

Family

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Family Applications (1)

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EP05102526A Expired - Lifetime EP1707656B1 (fr) 2005-03-30 2005-03-30 Procédé et dispositif pour le fonctionnement d'un cantre pour une machine d'enroulage et cantre

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US7770271B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1707656B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2008534404A (fr)
KR (1) KR101167350B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN101146940B (fr)
AT (1) ATE393846T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE502005003902D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2302124T3 (fr)
PT (1) PT1707656E (fr)
WO (1) WO2006103156A1 (fr)

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US20210188590A1 (en) * 2017-08-23 2021-06-24 Oerlikon Textile Gmbh & Co. Kg Method and device for texturing a synthetic thread
CN114145939A (zh) * 2021-11-12 2022-03-08 津市市人民医院 一种骨科患者躺卧用吊腿支架

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EP1961686B1 (fr) * 2007-02-20 2016-09-14 Iro Ab Système de surveillance et de règlage de tension de fil
ES2395870T3 (es) * 2010-09-10 2013-02-15 Karl Mayer Textilmaschinenfabrik Gmbh Máquina urdidora cónica y procedimiento para el funcionamiento de una máquina urdidora cónica
CN101984164B (zh) * 2010-11-19 2012-09-05 海宁安捷复合材料有限责任公司 一种纱架
EP2540881B1 (fr) * 2011-06-28 2013-07-31 Karl Mayer Textilmaschinenfabrik GmbH Ourdissoir d'échantillonnage
CN103088504B (zh) * 2011-10-28 2016-02-24 李雪明 球经整经机
DE102012005478A1 (de) * 2012-03-17 2013-09-19 Power-Heat-Set Gmbh Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Kontrolle und Regelung der Fadenspannung einer Vielzahl von Fäden auf einen vorgegebenen Wert
US9683316B2 (en) * 2012-04-13 2017-06-20 Columbia Insurance Company Methods and systems for regulating tension in warping
CN103132200A (zh) * 2013-03-19 2013-06-05 卡尔迈耶（中国）有限公司 张力器
KR101336009B1 (ko) * 2013-06-24 2013-12-17 (주)엠티에스 텐션조절이 가능한 와이어 공급장치
CN106978661A (zh) * 2016-01-19 2017-07-25 射阳县华瑞纺织机械有限公司 一种全自动直接整经机
TWI736630B (zh) * 2016-06-02 2021-08-21 美商應用材料股份有限公司 品質評估和修復站
CN106400244B (zh) * 2016-11-29 2019-02-12 江苏悦达家纺有限公司 可提高边纱张力的整经机
CN108217332A (zh) * 2018-01-25 2018-06-29 常州市第八纺织机械有限公司 一种主动送线装置及其控制方法
CN110230139A (zh) * 2019-04-09 2019-09-13 广东天海花边有限公司 一种对膜片纱线整经的花轴整经机
CN110685048B (zh) * 2019-09-30 2020-09-04 桐乡市恒达经编股份有限公司 一种化纤长丝的整经设备
EP4588872A3 (fr) * 2019-10-17 2025-08-27 RJS Corporation Système de cantre numérique
AT524284B1 (de) * 2020-10-15 2022-06-15 B & R Ind Automation Gmbh Parametrierung eines Zugkraftreglers

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US4819310A (en) * 1986-04-02 1989-04-11 Benninger Ag Apparatus for regulating the warp section tension during warping
US5027484A (en) * 1989-01-31 1991-07-02 Baba Sangyo Kikai Co., Ltd. Tension controller for warping machine and warping method
DE19521524A1 (de) * 1995-06-13 1996-12-19 Sucker Mueller Hacoba Gmbh Verfahren zum Steuern der Abzugsspannung eines Zettelbaumgestells
EP1162295A1 (fr) * 2000-05-17 2001-12-12 Benninger AG Méthode d'utilisation d'un cantre et cantre pour une machine d'enroulage
WO2003091136A2 (fr) * 2002-04-26 2003-11-06 Benninger Ag Dispositif de compensation de force electromagnetique servant a regler et controler la tension d'un fil, et systeme utilisant plusieurs desdits dispositifs pour controler la tension de chaque fil alimente d'un cantre

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20210188590A1 (en) * 2017-08-23 2021-06-24 Oerlikon Textile Gmbh & Co. Kg Method and device for texturing a synthetic thread
US11597624B2 (en) * 2017-08-23 2023-03-07 Oerlikon Textile Gmbh & Co. Kg Method and device for texturing a synthetic thread
CN114145939A (zh) * 2021-11-12 2022-03-08 津市市人民医院 一种骨科患者躺卧用吊腿支架
CN114145939B (zh) * 2021-11-12 2023-05-12 津市市人民医院 一种骨科患者躺卧用吊腿支架

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DE502005003902D1 (de) 2008-06-12
CN101146940B (zh) 2010-08-18
PT1707656E (pt) 2008-07-29
US7770271B2 (en) 2010-08-10
KR20070116148A (ko) 2007-12-06
CN101146940A (zh) 2008-03-19
WO2006103156A1 (fr) 2006-10-05
EP1707656B1 (fr) 2008-04-30
KR101167350B1 (ko) 2012-07-19
JP2008534404A (ja) 2008-08-28
ES2302124T3 (es) 2008-07-01
ATE393846T1 (de) 2008-05-15
US20080191085A1 (en) 2008-08-14

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