Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
  • A61B8/44—Constructional features of the ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic diagnostic device
  • A61B8/4444—Constructional features of the ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic diagnostic device related to the probe
  • A61B8/445—Details of catheter construction
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
  • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
  • A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
  • A61F2/2427—Devices for manipulating or deploying heart valves during implantation
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
  • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
  • A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
  • A61F2/2412—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
  • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
  • A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
  • A61F2/2427—Devices for manipulating or deploying heart valves during implantation
  • A61F2/243—Deployment by mechanical expansion
  • A61F2/2433—Deployment by mechanical expansion using balloon catheter
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for suturing wounds; Holders or packages for needles or suture materials
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/068—Surgical staplers, e.g. containing multiple staples or clamps
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/34—Trocars; Puncturing needles
  • A61B17/3468—Trocars; Puncturing needles for implanting or removing devices, e.g. prostheses, implants, seeds, wires
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/00234—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for minimally invasive surgery
  • A61B2017/00238—Type of minimally invasive operation
  • A61B2017/00243—Type of minimally invasive operation cardiac
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/00234—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for minimally invasive surgery
  • A61B2017/00238—Type of minimally invasive operation
  • A61B2017/00243—Type of minimally invasive operation cardiac
  • A61B2017/00247—Making holes in the wall of the heart, e.g. laser Myocardial revascularization
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
  • A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
  • A61B2017/22097—Valve removal in veins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
  • A61B2018/00315—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body for treatment of particular body parts
  • A61B2018/00345—Vascular system
  • A61B2018/00351—Heart
  • A61B2018/00392—Transmyocardial revascularisation
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
  • A61B8/12—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves in body cavities or body tracts, e.g. by using catheters
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F2230/00—Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
  • A61F2230/0002—Two-dimensional shapes, e.g. cross-sections
  • A61F2230/0004—Rounded shapes, e.g. with rounded corners
  • A61F2230/0006—Rounded shapes, e.g. with rounded corners circular

Definitions

• the present invention relates generally to methods and systems for cardiovascular surgery. More particularly, the invention relates to methods and systems for the repair, removal, and/or replacement of heart valves, and also for providing temporary valves and/or distal embolic protection during cardiovascular surgery.
• a diseased or damaged heart valve such as annuloplasty (contracting the valve annulus), quadrangular resection (narrowing the valve leaflets), commissurotomy (cutting the valve commissures to separate the valve leaflets), or decalcification of valve and annulus tissue.
• the diseased heart valve may be replaced by a prosthetic valve. Where replacement of a heart valve is indicated, the dysfunctional valve is typically removed and replaced with either a mechanical or tissue valve. Tissue valves are often preferred over mechanical valves because they typically do not require long-term treatment with anticoagulants.
• a number of different strategies have been used to repair or replace a defective heart valve.
• Open-heart valve repair or replacement surgery is a long and tedious procedure and involves a gross thoracotomy, usually in the form of a median sternotomy.
• a saw or other cutting instrument is used to cut the sternum longitudinally and the two opposing halves of the anterior or ventral portion of the rib cage are spread apart.
• a large opening into the thoracic cavity is thus created, through which the surgeon may directly visualize and operate upon the heart and other thoracic contents.
• the patient must be placed on cardiopulmonary bypass for the duration of the surgery.
• Open-chest valve replacement surgery has the benefit of permitting the direct implantation of the replacement valve at its intended site.
• Minimally invasive percutaneous valve replacement procedures have emerged as an alternative to open-chest surgery. Unlike open-heart procedures, this procedure indirect and involves intravascular catheterization from a femoral artery to the heart. Because the minimally invasive approach requires only a small incision, it allows for a faster recovery for the patient with less pain and bodily trauma. This, in turn, reduces the medical costs and the overall disruption to the life of the patient.
• the use of a minimally invasive approach introduces new complexities to surgery. An inherent difficulty in the minimally invasive percutaneous approach is the limited space that is available within the vasculature.
• minimally invasive heart surgery offers a surgical field that is only as large as the diameter of a blood vessel. Consequently, the introduction of tools and prosthetic devices becomes a great deal more complicated.
• the device must be dimensioned and configured to permit it to be introduced into the vasculature, maneuvered therethrough, and positioned at a desired location. This may involve passage through significant convolutions at some distance from the initial point of introduction. Accordingly, while heart valve surgery produces beneficial results for many patients, numerous others who might benefit from such surgery are unable or unwilling to undergo the trauma and risks of current techniques.
• the present invention provides methods and systems for performing cardiovascular surgery, wherein access to the heart or great vessels is provided through the apical area of the heart.
• the apical area of the heart is generally the blunt rounded inferior extremity of the heart formed by the left and right ventricles. In normal healthy humans, it generally lies behind the fifth left intercostal space from the mid-sternal line.
• the unique anatomical structure of the apical area permits the introduction of various surgical devices and tools into the heart without significant disruption of the natural mechanical and electrical heart function. Because the methods and systems of this invention permit direct access to the heart and great vessels through the apex, it is not limited by the size constraints which are presented by percutaneous surgical methods.
• apical access to the heart permits greater flexibility with respect to the types of devices and surgical methods that may be performed in the heart and great vessels. Accordingly, it is one object of this invention to provide methods and devices for the repair, removal, and/or replacement of heart valves by access through the apical area of the heart.
• a method for delivering a prosthesis to a target site in or near a heart is provided.
• the method comprises introducing a delivery device in the heart at or near the apex of the heart, wherein the delivery device includes a prosthesis, advancing the prosthesis to the target site, and disengaging the prosthesis from the delivery device at the target site for implantation.
• the present invention also provides valve replacement systems for delivering a replacement heart valve to a target site in or near a heart.
• the valve replacement system comprises a trocar or other suitable device to penetrate the heart at or near the apex of the heart, a delivery member that is movably disposed within the trocar, and a replacement cardiac valve disposed on the delivery member.
• the valve replacement system may be used to deliver a variety of prosthetic heart valves, including stented and stentless tissue valves.
• the delivery member may further comprise mechanical or inflatable expanding members to facilitate implantation of the prosthetic valve at the target site.
• an imaging system may be provided to view the operating field. The imaging system may be used at any time or throughout the duration of the surgery. Imaging systems are well-known to one of skill in the art and include transesophageal echo, transthoracic echo, intravascular ultrasound imaging (IVUS), or an injectable dye that is radiopaque. Cinefluoroscopy may also be utilized.
• the imaging system is deliverable through a catheter or cannula to the operating field.
• an ultrasound transducer may be located on the delivery member at one or both sides of the expandable balloon.
• the ultrasound transducer may be located on the balloon of the delivery member.
• the method and system may further comprise means to remove at least a portion of the patient's heart valve by a cutting tool that is disposed on the delivery member.
• the cutting tool may be made of an electrically conductive metal that provides radiofrequency energy to the cutting tool for enhanced valve removal.
• the high frequency energy ablation is well known in the art.
• the methods and devices of the present invention may be adapted to provide a valve decalcification system, wherein the delivery member is capable of providing the dissolution solution to the treatment site by access through the apical area of the heart.
• the delivery member may be a catheter that is configured with means to both introduce and remove the dissolution solution to the treatment site.
• the delivery member may also provide means for isolating the treatment site to prevent the dissolution solution from entering into the patient's circulatory system.
• Such means for isolating the treatment site may include a barrier, such as a dual balloon system on the catheter that inflate on both sides of the treatment site.
• the present invention also provides for devices and methods for providing distal embolic protection. More particularly, the invention provides a filter for trapping embolic material while concurrently providing a temporary valve in the same device. The presence of a valve in a filter assembly prevents flush back of embolic material and debris, while still allowing fluid flow into the filter during surgery.
• valve-filter combination may be compressed and expanded to allow entry into small blood vessels or other body cavities.
• a valve-filter assembly is implanted in the heart or great vessel of the heart, downstream from the surgical site.
• FIG. 1 is a partial front view of a patient's chest showing a replacement valve delivery device introduced into the apex of the heart through the fifth intercostal space.
• FIG. 2 depicts a trocar of the replacement valve delivery device penetrating the apex of the heart and into the left ventricle.
• FIG. 3 shows a balloon expandable delivery member being introduced into the left ventricle through trocar positioned at the apex of the heart.
• FIG. 4 depicts a balloon expandable member being advanced toward the aortic valve.
• FIG. 5 shows the placement of the balloon expandable member within a stenotic aortic valve.
• FIG. 6 shows the expanded balloon expandable member within a stenotic aortic valve.
• FIG. 1 is a partial front view of a patient's chest showing a replacement valve delivery device introduced into the apex of the heart through the fifth intercostal space.
• FIG. 2 depicts a trocar of the replacement valve delivery device penetrating the a
• FIG. 7 shows the insertion of a replacement valve delivery member having a prosthetic replacement valve disposed around a balloon expandable member through the apex of the heart.
• FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the replacement valve delivery member positioned within the aorta.
• FIG. 9 depicts the expansion of the prosthetic replacement valve by the balloon of the replacement valve delivery member.
• FIG. 10 shows a fully-expanded and deployed prosthetic replacement valve and a disengaged replacement valve delivery member.
• FIG. 11 is a partial cross-sectional view of the heart showing the prosthetic replacement valve positioned at the aorta.
• FIG. 12 shows one embodiment of the delivery member for use in a valve replacement system.
• FIG. 13 shows one embodiment of a valve-filter assembly, positioned in the aorta, downstream of the aortic valve.
• FIGS. 1 through 13 show an embodiment of the method and systems for the repair, removal, and/or replacement of heart valves, and also for providing distal embolic protection and a temporary valve during cardiovascular surgery.
• FIG. 1 is a partial front view of the chest (11 ) of a patient (10) and shows the position of the valve replacement system (29) in relation to other anatomical landmarks, such as the sternum (13), xiphoid (14), ribs (15), and heart (12).
• the valve replacement system (29) is depicted as entering the body cavity through the fifth intercostal space (16) and through the apex of the heart (12).
• the valve replacement system (29) may enter the body cavity through various other locations (17A, 17B and 17C) in the chest (11 ).
• the valve replacement system comprises a trocar or other suitable device for penetrating the apical area of the heart and a delivery member and a replacement prosthetic valve disposed on the delivery member.
• the methods and systems of the present invention may be used to implant a variety of prosthetic heart valve assemblies known in the art, including stented and stentless tissue valves.
• Stented valves may be expandable by mechanical or balloon expansion devices, or they may be self-expanding.
• Self-expanding stents may be constructed from metal alloys, such as Nitinol, described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,451 ,025, incorporated herein by reference.
• the methods and devices of the present invention may also be used to implant a stentless prosthetic heart valve.
• the delivery member is adapted to position the tissue valve at the target site and the deliver member further comprises a means to suture or staple the tissue valve to the valve annulus.
• suitable prosthetic valves are disclosed in the following commonly owned patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,682,559; 5,480,424; 5,713,950; 5,824,063; 6,092,529; 6,270,526; 6,673,109; 6,719,787; 6,719,788; and 6,719,789, incorporated herein by reference. Examples of other valve assemblies suitable for use in connection with the present invention are described in U.S. Pat.
• Trocars suitable for use in connection with the present invention typically comprise a hollow lumen and a first and second ends.
• the first end comprises a means for penetrating the heart tissue and the second end comprises a port through which the delivery member may be introduced into the hollow lumen of the trocar and into the heart.
• FIG. 2 depicts a trocar penetrating through the apex (18) of the heart (12).
• the moving direction of the trocar (31 ) is indicated by the arrow (19).
• the trocar (31) can enter either the right ventricle (20) or the left ventricle (21).
• the trocar (31) To access the aortic or mitral valve, the trocar (31) would preferably pass through the left ventricle (21 ). This yields direct access to the aortic or mitral valve. To access the pulmonary or tricuspid valve, the trocar (31) would preferably pass through the right ventricle (20).
• the trocar further comprises a valve disposed within the lumen. The valve is designed to reduce significant backflow of blood out of the heart after the trocar is inserted into the beating heart, while at the same time permitting the introduction of the delivery member and other surgical devices in through the trocar.
• Other suitable trocars and devices are well known in the art and are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
• the delivery member of the valve replacement system is adapted to deliver the prosthetic valve to the site of implantation, through the apical area of the heart.
• the delivery member is a rod comprising a mechanical expansion and contracting device.
• the mechanical expansion and contracting device may comprise a plurality of hollow wires in a circular arrangement, a grip handle, and a cylinder comprising outwardly angled holes along its perimeter.
• the prosthetic valve is disposed around the mechanical expansion members in a contracted state and delivered to the target site for implantation.
• the mechanical expansion and contracting device for implanting the prosthetic valve assembly may include a hollow tube surrounded by a plurality of wall panels connected to a plurality of spring loaded pins extending from the exterior of the tube to a central plate at the interior of the tube.
• the central plate has spiral shaped edges, such that rotation of the central plate pushes the pins radially outward.
• the delivery member may be a hollow tube having an expandable member, such as a balloon.
• FIG. 3 depicts a delivery member (40) having a balloon (41 ) being inserted through the apex (18) and into the left ventricle (21 ) and advancing towards the native aortic valve (23) of the heart (12).
• the balloon (41 ) Once the balloon (41 ) is placed within the aortic valve (23), it may be inflated to widen a stiff or narrowed heart valve (stenotic heart valve) and improving blood flow through the heart and to the rest of the body. This allows the heart to pump more effectively and reduces pressures in the heart and lungs.
• Previous methods for performing valvuloplasty required the insertion of a catheter at the femoral artery, which is then guided through the heart and positioned through the diseased heart valve.
• FIG. 4 shows a close-up view of the delivery member (40) and balloon (41) advancing toward the aortic valve (23) where aortic stenosis is evident.
• the aortic valve has a plurality of valve leaflets (24).
• the delivery member (40) comprises a tip or distal attachment (42) adapted to receive a variety of auxiliary devices to assist in the valve replacement procedure.
• auxiliary devices may include a distal embolic protection assembly, a temporary valve, an imaging system, a valve removal system, a valve decalcification system.
• FIG. 5 shows a balloon (41 ) positioned in the aorta (22) and within the aortic valve (23) and aortic valve annulus (25).
• the balloon (41) is depicted as inflating in a radial direction as indicated by the arrows (58) to compress the valvular leaflets (24) against walls of the aorta (22).
• the balloon (41) is fully inflated to widen a stenotic aortic valve (23) by pressing the leaflets (24) against the aortic vails.
• An inner element (59) may also be used for inserting a guidewire for controlling tip deflection or a fluid infusion conduit for balloon inflation.
• FIG. 7 shows the insertion of the delivery member (40) having a balloon expansion member (41).
• a collapsed replacement prosthetic valve (51) is disposed on the balloon expansion member (41 ) and is introduced into the port (32) of the trocar (31).
• the delivery member (40) is depicted as passing through the apex (18) of the heart (12).
• FIGS. 8-9 show expansion of the balloon (41) positioned within the native aortic valve (23).
• FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the replacement valve delivery member (40) comprising a balloon (41) and a replacement valve (51) disposed on an unexpanded balloon (41).
• the replacement valve (51) is depicted here as being positioned within the aortic valve (23).
• FIG. 9 depicts the radial expansion (52) of the balloon (41) causing the replacement valve (51) to press against the aortic valve leaflets (24) of the aortic valve (23) against the annulus (25).
• FIG. 10 shows the deployed valve in its fully expanded state.
• the replacement prosthetic valve (51 ) comprises a base ring (57) and a support structure or stent (54) with tabs (56) to support the tissue valve (55).
• the balloon (41) is then deflated and the delivery member (40) is withdrawn from the body in the direction indicated by the arrow (53).
• FIG. 11 shows the implanted replacement valve (51 ) positioned in the aortic valve position.
• Imaging systems An imaging system to view the operating field may be used at any time or throughout the duration of the surgery. Imaging systems are well-known to one of skill in the art and include transesophageal echo, transthoracic echo, intravascular ultrasound imaging (IVUS), or an injectable dye that is radiopaque. Cinefluoroscopy may also be utilized.
• the imaging system is deliverable through a catheter or cannula to the operating field.
• Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) uses high-frequency sound waves that are sent with a device called a transducer. The transducer may be coupled to the delivery member of the present invention. In this arrangement, the sound waves bounce off of the walls of the vessel or heart and return to the transducer as echoes.
• a delivery member may include at least one ultrasound transducer to provide an image of the target site before, during, and after valve implantation.
• FIG. 12 shows another embodiment of the delivery member of present invention.
• the delivery member comprises an inner member (49A) that is retractable within the lumen of an outer member (49B).
• the distal end (44) of the inner member (49A) is exposed past the end (45) of the outer member (49B).
• the distal end (44) of the inner member comprises an expandable balloon (41 ) in fluid communication with the fluid infusion mechanism (48) and the handle (43) of the delivery member, by which the balloon (41 ) may be either inflated or deflated.
• the inner member (49A) of the delivery member (40) further comprises ultrasound transducers (47) adjacent to the expandable balloon (41) and a tip or distal attachment (42) which is adapted to receive a variety of auxiliary devices to assist in the valve replacement procedure.
• auxiliary devices may include a distal embolic protection assembly, a temporary valve, an imaging system, a valve removal system, a valve decalcification system. While ultrasound transducers disclosed here are located adjacent to the balloon, it is appreciated that the ultrasound transducer may be placed at any location on the delivery member, on the balloon, and/or on the tip or distal attachment.
• valve Removal Systems also provides a method or system for removing the valve with a valve removal device by access through the apical area of the heart.
• the valve removal may be accomplished as taught in co- pending U.S. Patent Applications, Serial Nos. 10/375,718 and 10/680,562, which are incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety.
• the method may further comprise the step of removing at least a portion of the patient's heart valve by means of a cutting tool that is disposed on the delivery member.
• the cutting tool may be made of an electrically conductive metal that provides radiofrequency energy to the cutting tool for enhanced valve removal. The high frequency energy ablation is well known in the art.
• the delivery member includes cutting means comprising a plurality of jaw elements, each jaw element having a sharp end enabling the jaw element to cut through at least a portion of the native valve.
• the cutting means comprises a plurality of electrode elements, wherein radiofrequency energy is delivered to each electrode element, enabling the electrode element to cut through at least a portion of the native valve.
• the cutting means comprises a plurality of ultrasound transducer elements, wherein ultrasound energy is delivered to each transducer element enabling the transducer element to cut through at least a portion of the native valve.
• Atherosclerotic plaques and lesions are a major component of cardiovascular disease.
• cardiovascular diseases which are associated with calcified atherosclerotic plaques and lesions.
• Such methods include mechanical removal or reduction of the lesion, such as bypass surgery, balloon angioplasty, mechanical debridement, atherectomy, and valve replacement.
• Calcified atherosclerotic plaques and lesions may also be treated by chemical means which may be delivered to the affected area by various catheter devices. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,562,020 to Constantz et al.
• vascular calcified lesions by using an acidic dissolution solution and a catheter fluid delivery system capable of localized flushing a vascular site.
• Suitable catheter devices include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,562,020, which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety.
• the methods and devices of the present invention may be adapted to provide a valve decalcification system, wherein the delivery member is capable of providing the dissolution solution to the treatment site by access through the apical area of the heart.
• Suitable dissolution solutions are known in the art and are generally characterized as those which are capable of increasing the proton concentration at the treatment site to a desired level sufficient to at least partially dissolve the mineral component of a calcified atherosclerotic lesion.
• the delivery member may be a catheter that is configured with means to both introduce and remove the dissolution solution to the treatment site. ' The delivery member may also provide means for isolating the treatment site to prevent the dissolution solution from entering into the patient's circulatory system. Such means for isolating the treatment site may include a barrier, such as a dual balloon system on the catheter that inflate on both sides of the treatment site.
• the present invention provides a means of providing a temporary valve either before or concomitantly with the delivery of a replacement heart valve.
• the delivery member comprises a temporary valve, which may be deployed at a desired location in a collapsed state, expanded and secured to the walls of a heart or blood vessel, and then re-collapsed and removed from the body after completion of the valve replacement surgery.
• the temporary valve may be provided as a tip attachment to a deliver member comprising the replacement valve.
• the temporary valve may be disposed on a separate delivery member in a manner similar to the replacement heart valve.
• the temporary valve is deployed at a location that is sufficiently close to the non-functioning valve.
• the location of the temporary valve may be placed either upstream or downstream of the non-functioning valve.
• valve-filter assembly is provided. This valve-filter assembly may be implanted downstream from the site before surgery is to be performed. A preferred embodiment of the valve-filter assembly is depicted in FIG. 13, which shows a valve-filter assembly (61) positioned in the aorta (22) and downstream of the aortic valve (23).
• the temporary valve-filter assembly (61 ) is comprised of a temporary valve (62) and a filter (63) extending therefrom.
• the valve-filter assembly provides distal embolic protection and may be delivered by a catheter or cannula or any conventional method to the downstream side of the native aortic valve (23).
• the temporary valve-filter assembly is positioned at a desired location (64), it is deployed to serve the dual functions of a temporary check valve and a filter to capture any loose emboli or debris during surgery.
• a valve is included in the distal embolic protection assembly to provide the dual function of acting as a temporary valve during valve replacement surgery and preventing embolic material from escaping out from the filter.
• Adding a one-way valve at the inflow of a filter prevents embolic material from escaping, thus reducing the incidence of embolization and blockage.
• a valve would concurrently provide a temporary valve for use during valve surgery.
• Combining both a filter and a valve in the same arrangement also creates a more compact device allowing more space for conducting other procedures. In aortic repair and replacement surgeries, for example, there is limited space in between the aortic valve and the innominate branch. Combining a filter and a valve in a compact device allows more space for devices used for the valve repair or replacement procedure.
• a difficulty inherent in the percutaneous implantation of valve-filter devices, as described above, is the limited amount of space that is available within the vasculature.
• the device must be dimensioned and configured to permit it to be introduced into the vasculature, maneuvered therethrough and positioned downstream of the treatment site. This may involve passage through significant convolutions at some distance from the initial point of introduction. Once in position, the device must be deployable to a sufficiently large cross-section to effectively strain substantially all of the blood passing therethrough without unacceptably reducing its flow rate. Additionally, the use or the presence of such device must not interfere with the treatment of the vasculature site, nor may the treating device interfere with the function of the embolic capture device. Moreover, it is crucial that material captured by the filters described above are contained and not allowed to leave the proximity of the filter.
• the filter of the valve-filter assembly may be a mesh of any size and shape required to trap all of the embolic material while still providing sufficient surface area for providing satisfactory blood flow during use.
• the filter may be a sheet or bag of different mesh sizes. In a preferred embodiment, the mesh size is optimized taking into consideration such factors as flow conditions, application site, size of filter bag, and rate of clotting.

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• 2004
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• 2005
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