EP1758814A4 - Verkapselung für elektro-mechanische-mikrosysteme und herstellungsverfahren dafür - Google Patents

Verkapselung für elektro-mechanische-mikrosysteme und herstellungsverfahren dafür

Info

Publication number
EP1758814A4
EP1758814A4 EP05725682A EP05725682A EP1758814A4 EP 1758814 A4 EP1758814 A4 EP 1758814A4 EP 05725682 A EP05725682 A EP 05725682A EP 05725682 A EP05725682 A EP 05725682A EP 1758814 A4 EP1758814 A4 EP 1758814A4
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
packaging
methods
mechanical systems
making same
microelectric mechanical
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP05725682A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1758814A2 (de
Inventor
Paul A Kohl
Farrokh Ayazi
Paul Jayachandran Joseph
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Georgia Tech Research Institute
Georgia Tech Research Corp
Original Assignee
Georgia Tech Research Institute
Georgia Tech Research Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Tech Research Corp filed Critical Georgia Tech Research Institute
Publication of EP1758814A2 publication Critical patent/EP1758814A2/de
Publication of EP1758814A4 publication Critical patent/EP1758814A4/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B81—MICROSTRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY
    • B81C—PROCESSES OR APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
    • B81C1/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices or systems in or on a substrate
    • B81C1/00015—Manufacture or treatment of devices or systems in or on a substrate for manufacturing microsystems
    • B81C1/00261—Processes for packaging MEMS devices
    • B81C1/00333—Aspects relating to packaging of MEMS devices, not covered by groups B81C1/00269 - B81C1/00325
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W76/00—Containers; Fillings or auxiliary members therefor; Seals
    • H10W76/10—Containers or parts thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B81—MICROSTRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY
    • B81B—MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS, e.g. MICROMECHANICAL DEVICES
    • B81B7/00—Microstructural systems ; Auxiliary parts of microstructural devices or systems
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B81—MICROSTRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY
    • B81C—PROCESSES OR APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
    • B81C2201/00—Manufacture or treatment of microstructural devices or systems
    • B81C2201/01—Manufacture or treatment of microstructural devices or systems in or on a substrate
    • B81C2201/0101—Shaping material; Structuring the bulk substrate or layers on the substrate; Film patterning
    • B81C2201/0102—Surface micromachining
    • B81C2201/0105—Sacrificial layer
    • B81C2201/0108—Sacrificial polymer, ashing of organics
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B81—MICROSTRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY
    • B81C—PROCESSES OR APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
    • B81C2203/00—Forming microstructural systems
    • B81C2203/01—Packaging MEMS
    • B81C2203/0136—Growing or depositing of a covering layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B81—MICROSTRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY
    • B81C—PROCESSES OR APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
    • B81C2203/00—Forming microstructural systems
    • B81C2203/01—Packaging MEMS
    • B81C2203/0154—Moulding a cap over the MEMS device
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/50—Bond wires
    • H10W72/541—Dispositions of bond wires
    • H10W72/5449—Dispositions of bond wires not being orthogonal to a side surface of the chip, e.g. fan-out arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W74/00—Encapsulations, e.g. protective coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W90/00—Package configurations
    • H10W90/701—Package configurations characterised by the relative positions of pads or connectors relative to package parts
    • H10W90/751—Package configurations characterised by the relative positions of pads or connectors relative to package parts of bond wires
    • H10W90/756—Package configurations characterised by the relative positions of pads or connectors relative to package parts of bond wires between a chip and a stacked lead frame, conducting package substrate or heat sink

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Micromachines (AREA)
EP05725682A 2004-03-15 2005-03-15 Verkapselung für elektro-mechanische-mikrosysteme und herstellungsverfahren dafür Withdrawn EP1758814A4 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US55317804P 2004-03-15 2004-03-15
PCT/US2005/008664 WO2005089348A2 (en) 2004-03-15 2005-03-15 Packaging for micro electro-mechanical systems and methods of fabricating thereof

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1758814A2 EP1758814A2 (de) 2007-03-07
EP1758814A4 true EP1758814A4 (de) 2010-12-15

Family

ID=34994284

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP05725682A Withdrawn EP1758814A4 (de) 2004-03-15 2005-03-15 Verkapselung für elektro-mechanische-mikrosysteme und herstellungsverfahren dafür

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (2) US8476096B2 (de)
EP (1) EP1758814A4 (de)
JP (1) JP5133680B2 (de)
KR (1) KR101335163B1 (de)
CN (1) CN101094804B (de)
WO (1) WO2005089348A2 (de)

Families Citing this family (47)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2007222956A (ja) * 2006-02-21 2007-09-06 Seiko Epson Corp Memsデバイスおよびmemsデバイスの製造方法
US8062497B2 (en) 2006-03-28 2011-11-22 Imec Method for forming a hermetically sealed cavity
US7767484B2 (en) 2006-05-31 2010-08-03 Georgia Tech Research Corporation Method for sealing and backside releasing of microelectromechanical systems
DE602007006335D1 (en) * 2006-10-09 2010-06-17 Nxp Bv Resonator
US7847669B2 (en) * 2006-12-06 2010-12-07 Georgia Tech Research Corporation Micro-electromechanical switched tunable inductor
WO2009073692A1 (en) * 2007-12-03 2009-06-11 Kolo Technologies, Inc. Packaging and connecting electrostatic transducer arrays
EP2218094A1 (de) * 2007-12-03 2010-08-18 Kolo Technologies, Inc. Waferdurchgangsverbindungen eines elektrostatischen wandlers und anordnung
JP2009141036A (ja) * 2007-12-05 2009-06-25 Hitachi Media Electoronics Co Ltd パッケージ構造体
WO2009147556A2 (en) * 2008-05-27 2009-12-10 Nxp B.V. Microscopic structure packaging method and device with packaged microscopic structure
CN101633490B (zh) * 2008-07-25 2014-06-04 亚太优势微系统股份有限公司 具有微帽盖的元件、模组及其晶圆级封装方法
US8580596B2 (en) * 2009-04-10 2013-11-12 Nxp, B.V. Front end micro cavity
EP2266919A1 (de) * 2009-06-25 2010-12-29 Nxp B.V. MEMS-Vorrichtungen
DE102009029199A1 (de) * 2009-09-04 2011-03-10 Robert Bosch Gmbh Stressentkoppelte Aufbautechnik für substratlose Mold-Packages
KR101650893B1 (ko) * 2010-08-06 2016-08-25 스미토모 베이클리트 컴퍼니 리미티드 마이크로전자 어셈블리를 위한 폴리머 조성물
TWI455265B (zh) * 2010-11-01 2014-10-01 矽品精密工業股份有限公司 具微機電元件之封裝結構及其製法
DE102011007604A1 (de) * 2011-04-18 2012-10-18 Robert Bosch Gmbh Mikroelektromechanische Schalldetektionsvorrichtung sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung einer solchen
JP6034619B2 (ja) * 2011-08-22 2016-11-30 パナソニック株式会社 Mems素子およびそれを用いた電気機器
FR2980034B1 (fr) * 2011-09-08 2014-07-04 Commissariat Energie Atomique Procede de realisation d'une structure a cavite fermee hermetiquement et sous atmosphere controlee
SG11201402261SA (en) * 2011-12-07 2014-08-28 Georgia Tech Res Inst Packaging compatible wafer level capping of mems devices
EP2731130A1 (de) 2012-11-12 2014-05-14 Nxp B.V. Hohlraumgehäuse für eine integrierte Schaltung
WO2015042700A1 (en) 2013-09-24 2015-04-02 Motion Engine Inc. Mems components and method of wafer-level manufacturing thereof
WO2015003264A1 (en) 2013-07-08 2015-01-15 Motion Engine Inc. Mems device and method of manufacturing
WO2015013827A1 (en) 2013-08-02 2015-02-05 Motion Engine Inc. Mems motion sensor for sub-resonance angular rate sensing
JP6590812B2 (ja) 2014-01-09 2019-10-16 モーション・エンジン・インコーポレーテッド 集積memsシステム
US9416003B2 (en) * 2014-02-24 2016-08-16 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Semiconductor die with high pressure cavity
US9114976B1 (en) * 2014-03-07 2015-08-25 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited Semiconductor arrangement with stress release configuration
CN104934295A (zh) * 2014-03-18 2015-09-23 中芯国际集成电路制造(上海)有限公司 一种晶圆正面的保护方法
CN104934331A (zh) * 2014-03-18 2015-09-23 中芯国际集成电路制造(上海)有限公司 一种保护晶圆接合焊盘的方法
EP3126065B1 (de) 2014-03-31 2021-05-19 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Integrierter schaltungs-chip, ultraschallsonde, ultraschalldiagnosesystem und verfahren
WO2015154173A1 (en) 2014-04-10 2015-10-15 Motion Engine Inc. Mems pressure sensor
US11674803B2 (en) 2014-06-02 2023-06-13 Motion Engine, Inc. Multi-mass MEMS motion sensor
US9630835B2 (en) * 2014-08-25 2017-04-25 Texas Instruments Incorporated Wafer level packaging of MEMS
CA3004760A1 (en) 2014-12-09 2016-06-16 Motion Engine Inc. 3d mems magnetometer and associated methods
US20170314391A1 (en) * 2014-12-30 2017-11-02 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Subterranean formation characterization using microelectromechanical system (mems) devices
GB2548030B (en) 2014-12-30 2020-11-04 Halliburton Energy Services Inc Subterranean formation characterization using microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices
WO2016112463A1 (en) 2015-01-15 2016-07-21 Motion Engine Inc. 3d mems device with hermetic cavity
US9461005B2 (en) 2015-02-12 2016-10-04 Ampleon Netherlands B.V. RF package with non-gaseous dielectric material
DE102015223399B4 (de) * 2015-11-26 2018-11-08 Robert Bosch Gmbh Verfahren zum Verpacken mindestens eines Halbleiterbauteils und Halbleitervorrichtung
US9932224B2 (en) * 2015-12-17 2018-04-03 Globalfoundries Singapore Pte. Ltd. Semiconductor devices with cavities and methods for fabricating semiconductor devices with cavities
US10870575B2 (en) * 2018-06-29 2020-12-22 Infineon Technologies Dresden GmbH & Co. KG Stressed decoupled micro-electro-mechanical system sensor
DE102020102493A1 (de) 2020-01-31 2021-08-05 Tdk Corporation Die mit Gehäuse und Montageverfahren
US11180366B2 (en) 2020-03-23 2021-11-23 General Electric Company Methods for forming a MEMS device layer on an active device layer and devices formed thereby
CN112259528A (zh) * 2020-09-28 2021-01-22 立讯电子科技(昆山)有限公司 具有双面选择性电磁屏蔽封装的sip结构及其制备方法
KR102213908B1 (ko) 2020-10-28 2021-02-08 주식회사 삼정이엔씨 오일 회수기능을 구비하는 수소가스 충전기용 저온 냉각시스템
KR102231721B1 (ko) 2020-10-28 2021-03-25 김승섭 전자식 냉각밸브를 구비한 수소가스 충전기용 냉각시스템
KR102202439B1 (ko) 2020-10-28 2021-01-13 김승섭 수소가스 충전건 결빙 방지장치
KR102217530B1 (ko) 2020-10-28 2021-02-19 주식회사 삼정이엔씨 수소가스 충전기용 냉각장치 제어시스템

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20030183916A1 (en) * 2002-03-27 2003-10-02 John Heck Packaging microelectromechanical systems

Family Cites Families (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3639928A (en) * 1970-11-27 1972-02-08 Jefferson Chem Co Inc Accelerator combination for epoxy curing
JP2508046B2 (ja) * 1987-01-19 1996-06-19 株式会社島津製作所 液体試料導入装置
US6136212A (en) 1996-08-12 2000-10-24 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Polymer-based micromachining for microfluidic devices
JP3846094B2 (ja) * 1998-03-17 2006-11-15 株式会社デンソー 半導体装置の製造方法
US6159385A (en) * 1998-05-08 2000-12-12 Rockwell Technologies, Llc Process for manufacture of micro electromechanical devices having high electrical isolation
JP2000124470A (ja) * 1998-10-13 2000-04-28 Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc 微小真空容器及びその製造方法
US6596236B2 (en) * 1999-01-15 2003-07-22 Advanced Technology Materials, Inc. Micro-machined thin film sensor arrays for the detection of H2 containing gases, and method of making and using the same
US7091605B2 (en) * 2001-09-21 2006-08-15 Eastman Kodak Company Highly moisture-sensitive electronic device element and method for fabrication
US7153717B2 (en) * 2000-05-30 2006-12-26 Ic Mechanics Inc. Encapsulation of MEMS devices using pillar-supported caps
US7008812B1 (en) * 2000-05-30 2006-03-07 Ic Mechanics, Inc. Manufacture of MEMS structures in sealed cavity using dry-release MEMS device encapsulation
DE10054484A1 (de) * 2000-11-03 2002-05-08 Bosch Gmbh Robert Mikromechanisches Bauelement und entsprechendes Herstellungsverfahren
AUPR245301A0 (en) * 2001-01-10 2001-02-01 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd An apparatus (WSM06)
US6785458B2 (en) * 2001-02-11 2004-08-31 Georgia Tech Research Corporation Guided-wave optical interconnections embedded within a microelectronic wafer-level batch package
JP2002287043A (ja) * 2001-03-27 2002-10-03 Seiko Epson Corp 微細構造体および微細構造体の製造方法
FI114755B (fi) * 2001-10-01 2004-12-15 Valtion Teknillinen Menetelmä ontelorakenteen muodostamiseksi SOI-kiekolle sekä SOI-kiekon ontelorakenne
WO2003050854A2 (en) * 2001-12-12 2003-06-19 The Pennsylvania State University Chemical reactor templates: sacrificial layer fabrication and template use
US7045459B2 (en) * 2002-02-19 2006-05-16 Northrop Grumman Corporation Thin film encapsulation of MEMS devices
JP2006506236A (ja) * 2002-05-07 2006-02-23 カリフォルニア インスティチュート オブ テクノロジー 微小機械エネルギー、力及び質量の真空ベースセンサに使用する装置と方法
US6953985B2 (en) * 2002-06-12 2005-10-11 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Wafer level MEMS packaging
DE10227615A1 (de) * 2002-06-20 2004-01-15 Infineon Technologies Ag Schicht-Anordnung und Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Schicht-Anordnung
JP4574145B2 (ja) * 2002-09-13 2010-11-04 ローム・アンド・ハース・エレクトロニック・マテリアルズ,エル.エル.シー. エアギャップ形成
AU2003286572A1 (en) * 2002-10-23 2004-05-13 Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey Processes for hermetically packaging wafer level microscopic structures
US6979872B2 (en) * 2003-05-13 2005-12-27 Rockwell Scientific Licensing, Llc Modules integrating MEMS devices with pre-processed electronic circuitry, and methods for fabricating such modules
US6936491B2 (en) * 2003-06-04 2005-08-30 Robert Bosch Gmbh Method of fabricating microelectromechanical systems and devices having trench isolated contacts
US7078796B2 (en) * 2003-07-01 2006-07-18 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Corrosion-resistant copper bond pad and integrated device
US7335972B2 (en) * 2003-11-13 2008-02-26 Sandia Corporation Heterogeneously integrated microsystem-on-a-chip
US7936497B2 (en) * 2004-09-27 2011-05-03 Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. MEMS device having deformable membrane characterized by mechanical persistence
TWI302813B (en) * 2006-01-11 2008-11-01 Via Tech Inc Circuit board and electronic assembly

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20030183916A1 (en) * 2002-03-27 2003-10-02 John Heck Packaging microelectromechanical systems

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
LEBOUITZ K S ET AL: "Vacuum encapsulation of resonant devices using permeable polysilicon", MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS, 1999. MEMS '99. TWELFTH IEEE INTERNA TIONAL CONFERENCE ON ORLANDO, FL, USA 17-21 JAN. 1999, PISCATAWAY, NJ, USA,IEEE, US, 17 January 1999 (1999-01-17), pages 470 - 475, XP010321680, ISBN: 978-0-7803-5194-3 *
WU XIAOQUN ET AL.: "Fabrication of Microchannels using Polynorbonene photosensitive sacrificial materials", JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 150, no. 9, 30 July 2003 (2003-07-30), pages H205 - H213, XP002605445, DOI: 10.1149/1.1596955 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20100307786A1 (en) 2010-12-09
US8405170B2 (en) 2013-03-26
CN101094804A (zh) 2007-12-26
EP1758814A2 (de) 2007-03-07
CN101094804B (zh) 2011-12-28
WO2005089348A3 (en) 2007-06-21
KR101335163B1 (ko) 2013-12-02
JP2007529333A (ja) 2007-10-25
KR20070005674A (ko) 2007-01-10
HK1110061A1 (en) 2008-07-04
US20070273013A1 (en) 2007-11-29
US8476096B2 (en) 2013-07-02
JP5133680B2 (ja) 2013-01-30
WO2005089348A2 (en) 2005-09-29

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DK1799583T3 (da) Ikke-genlukkelig emballage til sundhedsfarlige produkter
EP2022729A4 (de) Verpackung für stabförmige rauchartikel und zuschnitt dafür
EP2294134A4 (de) Biologisch abbaubare verpackungsfolie
FI20070973A0 (fi) Menetelmä pakkauksen muodostamiseksi ja pakkaus
EP2117953A4 (de) Verpackungsfolien
EP2065185A4 (de) Haftende verpackungsfolie
DK1732825T3 (da) Emballage
EP1920919A4 (de) Geschichtetes verpackungsmaterial
FR2907102B1 (fr) Boite d'emballage
SE0600649L (sv) Anordning och metod att förflytta förpackningsbehållare
FR2857943B1 (fr) Caisse de conditionnement pour cubitainer
DK1639201T3 (da) Varmebehandlet emballage dannet af fiberbaseret emballeringsmateriale
EP1819611A4 (de) Verpackung für ein objekt für den einmaligen gebrauch
EP1759996A4 (de) Füll-/verpackungsmaschine
EP2023649A4 (de) Kapselungsstruktur für einen elektromechanischen akustischen wandler
FR2869592B1 (fr) Emballage operculable
FR2873103B1 (fr) Emballage pour lot d'articles
FR2909976B1 (fr) Emballage formant presentoir
FR2903777B1 (fr) Nuancier sensoriel de materiaux d'emballage
FR2893012B1 (fr) Emballage pour serrure
FR2849641B3 (fr) Emballage pour la distribution de sacs
FR2875587B1 (fr) Emballage auto-refrigerant
NO20053731D0 (no) Formstiv pakkboks for pakking av komprimerbare materialer
UA11371S (uk) Обгортка для упакування цукерок
FR2877919B3 (fr) Caisse d'emballage

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20060912

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Extension state: AL BA HR LV MK YU

DAX Request for extension of the european patent (deleted)
PUAK Availability of information related to the publication of the international search report

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009015

RIC1 Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant

Ipc: B81C 1/00 20060101ALI20101018BHEP

Ipc: B81B 7/00 20060101AFI20070117BHEP

A4 Supplementary search report drawn up and despatched

Effective date: 20101111

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 20110505

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN

18D Application deemed to be withdrawn

Effective date: 20131217