Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
  • D04H3/02—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of yarns or filaments
  • D04H3/04—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of yarns or filaments in rectilinear paths, e.g. crossing at right angles
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
  • B01D39/10—Filter screens essentially made of metal
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
  • B22F3/002—Manufacture of articles essentially made from metallic fibres
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H13/00—Other non-woven fabrics
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
  • D04H3/002—Inorganic yarns or filaments

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a fiber medium comprising non bond or
• individual fibers and filamentary objects and more in particular to a heat resistant fiber medium comprising heat resistant fibers and filamentary objects, such as metal and/or ceramic fiber medium comprising metal and/or ceramic fibers and filamentary objects such as metal wires.
• Fiber media are well known in the art nowadays. Fiber media which comprise individual fibers, being fibers not incorporated in the medium by means of yarns used to provide media, have been subjected to a mechanical or chemical treatment in order to anchor the fibers to each other, so providing a fiber medium.
• a disadvantage of such fiber medium is that its mechanical strength, either in thet>lane of the medium, or perpendicular to the surface of the medium, is determined to a large extent by the type and performance of this anchoring of the fibers in the medium.
• the fibers are anchored to each other in the medium by means of mechanical treatment, such as e.g. air jet or water jet felting, or needle punching, such treatments usually cause spots where less fiber material is present, or where even holes are made in the fiber web.
• mechanical treatment such as e.g. air jet or water jet felting, or needle punching
• such treatments usually cause spots where less fiber material is present, or where even holes are made in the fiber web.
• woven , braided or knitted fabrics may be incorporated in the medium, e.g. during the needling operation as an insert between stacked layers of fiber web prior to needling.
• the medium can be however significantly porous and permeable to air or liquid.
• Metal fiber media comprising non thermally connected metal fibers are known in the art, e.g. from WO9918393A1.
• Metal fiber media comprising non thermally connected metal fibers typically comprise discontinuous fibers or "staple" fibers, connected though each other by using textile processes and therefore have a reduced mechanical strength as compared to the strength of continuous fibers.
• the strength of the medium is determined by the degree of mechanical anchoring of the fibers. Due to the mechanical action necessary to anchor the metal fibers in the metal fiber fleece, some sort of perforation is created, causing holes with varying dimensions to the fleece. Due to these holes or perforations, the porosity of such non sintered metal fiber web typically becomes too large and/or too inhomogeneous. The latter is especially a disadvantage in case the medium is to be used as a filter material.
• Inhomogeneous porosity may cause a filter rating out of the desired range.
• a fiber web comprising not bond fibers is described in EP1143055.
• a metal fiber web is positioned between two woven wire meshes, which meshes are connected to each other.
• a disadvantage is however that still fiber migration may occur, as well as that bending of such is product is complicated by the presence of two parallel layers of woven metal mesh
• thermally treated metal fiber media are widely known in the art, such as from EP329863B1.
• sintered metal fiber media are well known for a very diverse range of applications, such as filter media, acoustic muffling and many more.
• fiber web may be provided by chemically or thermally bonding the fibers to each other in the fiber medium.
• rolling between heated drums, applying adhesive liquids and many more treatments may be used to anchor the fibers to each other and thus in the medium.
• a disadvantage of such thermally or chemically bonded media is the decrease in permeability to air or liquid due to the increase of the density of the fiber media. Also, in case of thermal treatment of the fibers, the fibers may loose to some extent their resilient behavior due to relaxation of the fibers under increased temperature..
• Thermally treated metal fiber media with additional metal grids are also known, such as from US5679441 and DE10250716.
• metal fiber media with thermally connected metal fibers have the disadvantage that the metal fibers have a less resilient behavior. Further, the metal fiber medium is made more dense and heavier, as the metal fibers are to be sufficiently bound to each other in order to make the medium mechanically stable. As an other disadvantage, in case a metal fiber medium is envisaged having metal fibers being coated with a coating, e.g. a catalytic coating, such coatings usually do not withstand the sintering operation. As a result, a much more difficult coating operation of the sintered metal fiber medium is required.
• a coating e.g. a catalytic coating
• a fiber medium as subject of the invention has the features as set out in the first claim. Advantageous embodiments are further set out in the dependent claims.
• a fiber medium as subject of the invention comprises a fiber web having a first outer surface and a second outer surface.
• the medium further comprises a first group of essentially parallel filamentary objects and a second group of essentially parallel filamentary objects, which filamentary objects of the first group of filamentary objects cross at least some of the filamentary objects of the second group of filamentary objects at overlap points.
• the first group of filamentary objects is present at the first outer surface
• the second group of filamentary objects is present at the second outer surface
• at least at some of the overlap points, the crossing filamentary objects are attached to each other through the fiber web creating attached overlap points.
• the filamentary objects are attached to each other at all of the overlap points.
• the term "filamentary object” is to be understood as an object consisting of one or more filaments, being a long thin flexible object having a relatively small cross section as compared to its length.
• a filamentary object may be a metal wire, a cord or strand of metal wires, a polymer filamentary object such as a polymer monofilament, a multifilament yarn comprising metal filaments or polymer filaments or a yarn comprising metal or polymer staple fibers.
• the term "essentially parallel" is to be understood as that the filamentary objects extend in substantially the same direction.
• the term "attach” is to be understood in its broadest sense. It means that two filamentary objects are joined or made fast one to the other at the overlap point where they cross, in such a way that they are immobilized one relative to the other. This may be done by tying them to each other using a tie wire, by gluing, soldering, brazing, welding or any similar means to join the filamentary objects.
• overlap point is meant the point where a filamentary object from the first group of filamentary objects crosses a filamentary object from the second group of filamentary objects.
• fiber web is to be understood as a web of non bond fibers.
• the web may be obtained by carding operation, air laid down, wet laid down or any other known technique as known in the art.
• An untreated web of random oriented fibers is preferred.
• the web may be provided by laying bundles of fibers one beside the other. It is understood that the fiber web may be provided as a stack of several layers of fibers. In case in some of the layers the fibers have a preferred orientation, this preferred orientation may vary between the different layers.
• the thickness of the fiber web may vary over a large extent, e.g. between 0.05mm and 10mm. Preferably the thickness of the web is between 0.2mm and 5mm. The web thickness is measured according to the standard EN ISO 9073-2.
• the weight of the fiber web may vary over a large extent, e.g. between 50 g/m 2 and 5000 g/m 2 . Preferably the weight of the web is between 100 g/m 2 and 3000 g/m 2 .
• the porosity of the fiber web may vary over a large extent, e.g. between 50% and 99%. Preferably the porosity of the web is between
• SF specific weight per m 3 of alloy out of which the metal fibers of the metal fiber medium are provided.
• the filamentary objects are attached to each other through the fiber web.
• this tying may be done in many different ways.
• the filamentary objects may be glued to each other, e.g. using contact adhesive, thermosetting adhesive, hot-setting adhesive or alike. It is understood that possibly some pressure may be used in order to bond the filamentary objects one to the other , through the fiber web. Alternatively they may be thermally bond, e.g. by melting the polymer material in case the filamentary objects are polymer filamentary objects. Also in this case it is understood that possibly some pressure may be used in order to bond the filamentary objects one to the other , through the fiber web. As an other alternative, the two filamentary objects may be attached to each other using a tie wire. In case the filamentary objects are provided using metal material, e.g.
• metal wires, strands, cords filamentary yarns or staple yarns can be done by means of e.g. spot welding or by soldering, in case the type of fibers in the web allow the use of such applicable temperatures.
• heat resistant fibers such as metal fibers, glass fibers or ceramic fibers, such tying is possible.
• the fibers of the fiber web are so-to-say squeezed between the filamentary objects from the first and second group of filamentary objects.
• An other advantage of the fiber medium as subject of the invention is that the product can be made very cost-effective, providing a medium in which the fibers are prevented to leave the medium during use.
• any type of fibers may be used, either as staple fibers or filamentary fibers.
• organic or inorganic fibers such as polymer fibers, ceramic fibers, C-fibers, metal fibers or glass fibers may be used.
• heat resistant fibers such as glass fibers, metal fibers or ceramic fibers such as Nextel®-fibers may be used.
• the metal fibers are for example made of steel such as stainless steel.
• Preferred stainless steel alloys are AISI 300 or AISI 400-serie alloys, such as AISI 316L or AISI 347, or alloys comprising Fe, Al and Cr, and 0.05 to 0.3 % by weight of Yttrium, Cerium, Lanthanum, Hafnium or
• Titanium such as e.g. DIN 1.4767 alloys or Fecralloy ® are used. Also Copper or Copper-alloys, or Titanium or Titanium alloys may be used.
• the metal fibers can also be made of Nickel or a Nickel alloy or Aluminum or Aluminum-alloys.
• Metal fibers may be made by any presently known metal fiber production method, e.g. by bundle drawing operation, by coil shaving operation as described in JP3083144, by wire shaving operations (such as steel wool) or by a method providing metal fibers from a bath of molten metal alloy.
• the fibers may be chopped or broken, and may be substantially straight or provided with undulation or so-called 'crimp'.
• coating may be applied to the fiber medium as subject of the invention, after such fiber medium as subject of the invention is provided.
• the fibers used to provide the fiber web are characterized in having an equivalent diameter D and an average fiber length L.
• equivalent diameter of a fiber is meant the diameter of an imaginary circle having the same surface as the surface of a radial cross section of the fiber.
• the equivalent diameter D of the fibers is less than 100 ⁇ m such as less than 65 ⁇ m, more preferably less than 36 ⁇ m such as 35 ⁇ m, 22 ⁇ m or 17 ⁇ m. Possibly the equivalent diameter of the fibers is less than 15 ⁇ m, such as 14 ⁇ m, 12 ⁇ m or 11 ⁇ m, or even more less than 9 ⁇ m such as e.g. 8 ⁇ m, 7 ⁇ m, 6 ⁇ m, 5 ⁇ m, or even less.
• the fibers all have an individual fiber length. As some distribution on these fiber lengths may occur, due to the method of manufacturing the fibers, the fibers have an average fiber length L. This length is determined by measuring a significant number of fibers, according to appropriate statistical standards. Possibly, the fibers used are filamentary as well, having an L being endlessly large, this is more than 10000 times the equivalent diameter.
• the average fiber length of the fibers may be however be smaller than 200mm, e.g. smaller than 100mm.
• the fiber medium as subject of the invention is characterized in that the average fiber length L is larger than the shortest distance between adjacent attached overlap points.
• L is more than 1.5 the shortest distance between adjacent attached overlap points. It was found that this decreases the possible fiber migration of the fiber medium to a large extent.
• the properties of the metal fibers from a particular metal fiber layer may differ from the metal fibers from the other metal fiber layers.
• the filamentary objects as part of the metal fiber medium as subject of the invention may be provided using e.g. polymer or metallic material.
• the filamentary objects may be provided of steel such as stainless steel, low carbon steel of high carbon steel.
• Possible stainless steel alloys are AISI 300 or AISI 400-serie alloys, such as AISI 316L or AISI 347, or alloys comprising Fe, Al and Cr, and 0.05 to 0.3 % by weight of Yttrium, Cerium, Lanthanum, Hafnium or Titanium, such as e.g. DIN 1.4767 alloys or Fecralloy ® .
• Titanium alloys may be used.
• the dimensions of the filamentary objects may be chosen in function of the required strength and other mechanical properties. It is understood that the dimensions and properties, such as composition, mechanical and surface properties, of the filamentary objects present on the first surface of the fiber medium may be different from the dimensions and properties of the filamentary objects present on the second surface of the fiber medium. Also within the first or second group of filamentary objects, the dimensions and properties may differ.
• the filamentary objects are metal cords or strands, or yarns comprising filaments or staple fibers
• the cord-, strand - or yarn construction, thickness, fineness and composition can be chosen and may vary to a large extent.
• the filamentary objects may have a cross section which can vary to a large extent.
• Such cross section may be substantially circular, or profiled, e.g. square, rectangular, l-profiled, oval, or any other shape.
• the presence of profiled filamentary objects may influence the bending behavior and mechanical properties in a given direction of the fiber medium as subject of the invention.
• the diameter of the filamentary objects may vary over a large extent, e.g. between 0.05mm and 2mm.
• the diameter of the circular cross section is between 0.1mm and 1mm.
• the filamentary objects may be provided as substantially straight filamentary objects, or they may be provided with a deformation, such as an undulation.
• this undulation may be coplanar with the surfaces of the fiber medium, or the undulation may be substantially perpendicular to the surface of the fiber medium.
• the filamentary objects of one group of filamentary objects may be provided with a number of bulges, pointing away from the surface of the fiber web at which side it is present.
• the bulges may have a dimension which corresponds with the dimension of the filamentary object present at the opposite side of the fiber web.
• the filamentary objects are attached to each other trough the fiber web is such a way that the second filamentary object is so-to-say sunk in the bulge of the first filamentary object. This results in a more firm clamping of the fibers at the overlap point between the two filamentary objects.
• both filamentary objects may be provided with a bulge, which corresponds to each other, so the bulge of the first filamentary object is sunk in the bulge of the second filamentary object and vice versa, which even further increases the clamping of the fibers.
• the filamentary objects from the first and second group may be provided with a bulge at the overlap points, in such a way that the bulges points towards the surface of the fiber web.
• the filamentary objects can be attached to each other at the locations of the bulges, which provides more space for the fibers in the fiber medium.
• the bulged filamentary objects may be attached to the overlapping filamentary object at other locations than the bulge.
• Each of the groups of filamentary objects comprises filamentary objects being substantially parallel to each other.
• the distances between the filamentary objects of one group of filamentary object may vary between filamentary objects of this group.
• the distances between the filamentary objects of the first group of filamentary object may be different from the distances between the filamentary objects of the second group.
• the filamentary objects of the first and the second group cross each other at the overlap points.
• the angle " between the direction of the filamentary objects of this first and second group may range from 0° to
• the use of angles smaller from 90° may provide anisotropic properties to the fiber medium as subject of the invention.
• the filamentary objects may cross over their whole length, or may cross only at particular overlap points in case at least one of the filamentary objects comprises an undulation. It is understood that in case the filamentary objects cross over their whole length, and substantially parallel fiber bundles are used as web, the orientation of the parallel fiber bundle and the direction of the filamentary objects is not to be identical. Possibly, additional filamentary objects may be present in the fiber medium, which are not attached to the fiber web.
• the fiber medium as subject of the invention may be used for may different applications, such as e.g. filtration purposes, for filtering solid particles from fluids such as gasses or liquids, separating liquids from gas streams (so-called demisting), as carrier of catalytic material, for use in catalytic converters, as burner membranes, noise damping or EMI-shielding applications, or as electrodes such as e.g. in fuel cells or batteries
• FIGURE 1a and FIGURE 1b, FIGURE 2a, FIGURE 2b, FIGURE 3a, FIGURE 3b, FIGURE 4, FIGURE 5a, FIGURE 5b, FIGURE 6, FIGURE 7, FIGURE 8 and FIGURE 9 are schematically views of fiber media as subject of the invention.
• FIGURE 1a A schematically view of a fiber medium 100 as subject of the invention is shown in FIGURE 1a and FIGURE 1b.
• FIGURE 1a is a top view of the fiber medium 100
• FIGURE 1b is a cross section of the fiber medium according to the plane AA'.
• the fiber medium 100 comprises a fiber web 101, e.g. a web with a weight of 500 g/m 2 provided out of coil shaved metal fibers from Fecralloy ® alloy, this is an alloy comprising Fe, Al , Cr and Yt.
• the fibers have a substantially rectangular cross section and are characterized by an equivalent diameter of 35 ⁇ m. the fibers have an average fiber length of approximately 50mm.
• the metal fiber web is provided by means of an air laid down process.
• the fibers may be coated with a noble metal coating layer, e.g. being provided with a Pt-coating having a thickness of less than 1 ⁇ m.
• a group of filamentary objects 121 are present, spaced one from the other using a distance D1 of 5mm.
• a group of filamentary objects 131 are present, spaced one from the other using a distance D2 of 5mm.
• the filamentary objects 121 and 131 are e.g. low carbon steel wires, having a substantially circular cross section with a diameter of 0.1mm.
• the filamentary objects 121 and 131 are attached to each other by spot welding the wires through the metal fiber web. As shown in FIGURE 1a, in this embodiment at all overlap points, the filamentary objects are attached to each other by spot welding.
• the coating may no longer have its original appearance. However, on the surface of the fibers not located in the welding zone, the coating remains unchanged.
• a fiber web comprising metal fibers and ceramic fibers may be used, e.g. fiber web comprising 50% volume metal fibers, and 50% volume ceramic Nextel®-fibers.
• both filamentary objects 121 and 131 are polyamide monofilaments having a diameter of 0.1 mm . At the overlap points 140, the polyamide filaments are thermally fused to each other.
• filamentary objects 121 and 131 may be a high carbon or low carbon steel metal cord with an optical diameter of 0.1mm, a stainless steel metal multifilament fiber yarn with fibers of equivalent diameter 12 ⁇ m and a yarn fineness of 1000 Tex or a stainless steel spun yarn with fibers of equivalent diameter 12 ⁇ m and a yarn fineness of 1000 Tex.
• Such filamentary objects may be attached by spot welding provided a fiber web is used which may resist the temperatures as occurs during spot welding.
• filamentary objects 121 and 131 being a polymer, e.g. polyamide or polyester, multifilament yarn or spun yarn with fineness of 120 Tex may be used. Such filamentary objects may be attached by thermo fusing.
• FIGURE 2a A schematically view of a fiber medium 200 as subject of the invention is shown in FIGURE 2a and FIGURE 2b.
• FIGURE 2a is a top view of the fiber medium 200
• FIGURE 2b is a cross section of the fiber medium according to the plane BB'.
• the fiber medium 200 comprises a fiber web 201, being similar as the ones in the embodiments as shown in FIGURE 1a and FIGURE 1b.
• a group of filamentary objects 221 are present, spaced one from the other using a distance D1 of 5mm.
• a group of filamentary objects 231 are present, spaced one from the other using a distance D2 of 10mm.
• the filamentary objects 221 and 231 are Sn-coated low carbon steel wires, having a substantially circular cross section with a diameter of 0.1mm.
• the filamentary objects 221 and 231 are attached to each other by soldering the wires through the fiber web using a soldering material as indicated 241, e.g. a Sn-alloy, provided a fiber web is used which may resist the temperatures as occurs during soldering.
• a soldering material e.g. a Sn-alloy
• both filamentary objects 221 and 231 are polyamide monofilaments having a diameter of 0.1mm .
• the filamentary objects 221 and 231 either polymer or metal objects, may be glued to each other through the fiber web 201 are to each other, using a contact glue, e.g. cyanoacrylate.
• FIGURE 3a top view
• FIGURE 3b cross section according to the plane CC
• the filamentary objects 331 and 321, each present at a side 330, respectively 320, of the fiber web 301 may be attached to each other at the overlap points 340 by means of a tie wire 350.
• the fiber web 301 and the filamentary objects 321 and 331 may be similar to the ones as in the embodiments shown in FIGURE 1a and FIGURE 1 b or FIGURE 2a and FIGURE 2b.
• FIGURE 4 An other embodiment of a fiber medium 400 as subject of the invention is shown in FIGURE 4, being a top view of the fiber medium 400. Also here, at both sides 420 and 430 of a fiber web 401, a group of filamentary objects 421 , respectively 431 are present. At the overlap points 440 of the filamentary objects 431 and 421, the filamentary objects 431 and 421 are attached to each other by a means as described for the embodiments as shown in FIGURE 1a and FIGURE 1b, FIGURE 2a and FIGURE 2b or FIGURE 3a and FIGURE 3b.
• the filamentary objects 431 and 421 may be similar to the filamentary objects as described for the embodiments as shown in FIGURE 1a and FIGURE 1b, FIGURE 2a and FIGURE 2b or FIGURE 3a and FIGURE 3b.
• FIGURE 1a In contrast to the embodiments of FIGURE 1a, FIGURE 1b, F2a,
• FIGURE 2b , FIGURE 3a and FIGURE 3b where the filamentary objects are essentially perpendicular or under an angle ⁇ equal to 90°, in the embodiment of FIGURE 4, the directions of first group of filamentary objects 421 and the second group of filamentary objects 431 at overlap points 440 are under an angle ⁇ smaller than 90°, e.g.
• FIGURE 5a An other embodiment of a fiber medium 500 as subject of the invention is shown in FIGURE 5a, being a top view of the fiber medium 500. Also here, at both sides 520 and 530 of a fiber web 501, a group of filamentary objects 521, respectively 531 are present. Both groups of filamentary objects are substantially parallel. Due to the undulation of the filamentary objects, overlap points 540 are obtained. At the overlap points 540 of the filamentary objects 531 and 521 , the filamentary objects 531 and 521 are attached to each other by a means as described for the embodiments as shown in FIGURE 1a and FIGURE 1b, FIGURE 2a and FIGURE 2b or FIGURE 3a and FIGURE 3b.
• the filamentary objects 531 and 521, and the fiber web 501 may be similar to the ones as described for the embodiments as shown in FIGURE 1a and FIGURE 1b, FIGURE 2a and FIGURE 2b or FIGURE 3a and FIGURE 3b.
• the overlap points between filamentary objects 521 and 531 are provided due to the undulated shape of the filamentary objects.
• the undulations and the location of the filamentary objects is chosen in such a way that the undulations of filamentary objects 521 and filamentary objects 531 cross each other. It is understood that the undulations are coplanar with the surface of the medium 500.
• FIGURE 5b an other embodiment of the present invention is shown.
• a group of filamentary objects 521, respectively 531 are present at both sides 520 and 530 of a fiber web 501. Both groups of filamentary objects are substantially parallel. As the filamentary objects are all substantially parallel, filamentary objects of the first and the second group overlap over substantially the whole length. At several points, the filamentary objects 531 and 521 are attached to each other by a means as described for the embodiments as shown in FIGURE 1a and FIGURE 1b, FIGURE 2a and FIGURE 2b or FIGURE 3a and FIGURE 3b.
• the filamentary objects 531 and 521, and the fiber web * 501 may be similar to the ones as described for the embodiments as shown in FIGURE 1a and FIGURE 1b, FIGURE 2a and FIGURE 2b or FIGURE 3a and FIGURE 3b.
• FIGURE 6 An other embodiment of a fiber medium 600, 700 and 800 as subject of the invention are shown in FIGURE 6, FIGURE 7 respectively
• FIGURE 8 being a top view of the fiber medium, and a detail of an overlap point.
• a group of filamentary objects is present at both sides of a fiber web.
• the filamentary objects are attached to each other by a means as described for the embodiments as shown in FIGURE 1a and FIGURE 1b, FIGURE 2a and FIGURE 2b or FIGURE 3a and FIGURE 3b.
• the filamentary objects and the fiber webs may be similar to ones as described for the embodiments as shown in FIGURE 1a and FIGURE 1 b, FIGURE 2a and FIGURE 2b or FIGURE 3a and FIGURE 3b.
• filamentary objects 621 are present at a first side 620 at a first side 620.
• filamentary objects 631 are present, which have a bulge 670 pointing away from the surface of this side 630 of the fiber web 601.
• the filamentary object 621 is so-to-say sunk in the concave curve of the bulge 670 of filamentary object 631.
• the fibers of the fiber web 601 are clamped to a larger extent between the filamentary objects 621 and 631. It was found that the fiber web 601 may be densified to some extent.
• filamentary objects 721 are present, which have a bulge 780 pointing away from the surface of this side 720 of the fiber web 701.
• filamentary objects 731 are present, which have a bulge 770 pointing away from the surface of this side 730 of the fiber web 701.
• the concave curve of the bulge 780 of filamentary object 721 is so-to-say sunk in the concave curve of the bulge 770 of filamentary object 731.
• the fibers of the fiber web 701 are clamped to a larger extent between the filamentary objects 721 and 731.
• the fiber web 701 may be densified to some extent.
• filamentary objects 821 are present, which have a bulge 880 pointing towards the surface of this side 820 of the fiber web 801.
• filamentary objects 831 are present, which have a bulge 870 pointing towards the surface of this side 830 of the fiber web 801.
• the convex curve of the bulge 880 of filamentary object 821 is attached to the convex curve of the bulge 870 of filamentary object 831.
• the bulges are attached to each other so-to- say 'top-to-top'.
• the fibers of the fiber web 801 are clamped to a less extent between the filamentary objects 821 and 831. It was found that the fiber web 801 has more the tendency to keep its resiliency.
• FIGURE 9a top view
• FIGURE 9b cross section according to the plane DD'
• FIGURE 9c cross section according to the plane EE'
• the filamentary objects 931 and 921, each present at a side 930, respectively 920, of the fiber web 901 may be attached to each other at the overlap points 940 by a " means as described for the embodiments as shown in FIGURE 1a and FIGURE 1b, FIGURE 2a and FIGURE 2b or FIGURE 3a and FIGURE 3b.
• the metal fiber web 901 may be similar to the fiber webs as described for the embodiments shown in FIGURE 1a and FIGURE 1b, FIGURE 2a and FIGURE 2b or FIGURE 3a and FIGURE 3b.
• the filamentary objects 921 present at the first outer surface 920 of the fiber web 901 are rectangular profiled filamentary objects, such as rectangular profiled metal wires, out of low carbon steel and having a long side of approximately 2mm and a shortest side of about 0.2mm.
• the filamentary objects 931 present at the first outer surface 930 of the metal fiber web 901 are l-profiled filamentary objects, such as l-profiled metal wires, out of low carbon steel and having outer dimensions of 3mm by 2mm, and a flange thickness of 0.3mm.
• the metal fiber medium 900 has the possibility of bending to in the direction according to the plane DD', as shown in FIGURE 9b and indicated with arrow 970. In the opposite direction, this is according to the plane EE' as shown in FIGURE 9c, the metal fiber medium 900 is substantially stiff due to the presence of l-profiled filamentary objects 921.

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