EP1762644A1 - Procédé et dispositif pour le filage au fondu de fils - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif pour le filage au fondu de fils Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1762644A1
EP1762644A1 EP06018300A EP06018300A EP1762644A1 EP 1762644 A1 EP1762644 A1 EP 1762644A1 EP 06018300 A EP06018300 A EP 06018300A EP 06018300 A EP06018300 A EP 06018300A EP 1762644 A1 EP1762644 A1 EP 1762644A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
air
section
downpipe
shaft
flow
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP06018300A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1762644B1 (fr
Inventor
Armin Wirz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Maschinenfabrik Rieter AG
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Maschinenfabrik Rieter AG
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Publication of EP1762644A1 publication Critical patent/EP1762644A1/fr
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/08—Melt spinning methods
    • D01D5/088—Cooling filaments, threads or the like, leaving the spinnerettes
    • D01D5/092—Cooling filaments, threads or the like, leaving the spinnerettes in shafts or chimneys
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/08—Melt spinning methods
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/08—Melt spinning methods
    • D01D5/088—Cooling filaments, threads or the like, leaving the spinnerettes

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a melt spinning process for the production of filament yarns, in particular in the form of synthetic yarns having coarser titers (> 500 dtex) such as so-called BCF (Bulked Continuous Filament) for use in the form of carpet yarn, T & I (technical and industrial) yarns and tire cord.
  • BCF Binary Continuous Filament
  • T & I technical and industrial yarns and tire cord.
  • the invention also provides innovations in the corresponding devices and devices for the production.
  • BlasSWchte also called Blashunt or Anblashunt
  • thread trap tubes also called just downpipe or chute or spin shaft or shaft shaft
  • the invention is particularly intended for use in a plant where the cooling air is added to the filaments in a cross-flow cooling zone below the spinneret - see Fourné, page 348.
  • the preferred solution comprises a rectangular cross-air blower shaft - see Fourné, page 352.
  • Such solutions provide for the supply of conditioned air into the blower shaft. This step involves considerable costs. It is therefore important that the designed cooling effect is not distorted by uncontrollable air currents in the system.
  • the object of the invention is to achieve a sufficiently vortex-free air flow without backflow through the targeted guidance of the air flows and compliance with certain pressure curves throughout the blower shaft / downpipe system, so that the yarn formation is at least not significantly affected by these factors.
  • the filament bundles run in pairs through the downpipe usually to about 0.3 to 1 m below the downpipe end, where they ever merged into a closed thread become.
  • the individual threads have a lateral distance of about 30 to 100 mm from each other.
  • air is added to the process in large quantities to cool the extruded filaments. This takes place in the blower shaft (i, Fig. 1).
  • the air is, together with the filaments, passed from the spinning screens through the chute (k, Fig. 1) in the "first floor".
  • the amount of air depends essentially on the mass to be cooled - the throughput [kg / h]. Other parameters that affect the amount of air are the spun polymer, the filament titer and the spinning speed.
  • a drop tube with a rectangular cross-section has an inlet with the width H. If the outlet has the same width H, the distance of the outermost filaments L (left and right) to the corresponding side wall S from top to bottom is constantly larger. This creates in the vicinity of the side walls S ratios, which favor return flows R. Whether such backflow R arise in a particular case, depends on the operating conditions, eg. B. from the take-off speed of the filament bundles and / or from the amount of air supplied. For predetermined flow conditions it will be possible to have such backflows R by baffles W to prevent. The use of such baffles W is possible because the filament bundles (not shown in FIG.
  • the inlet width into the drafting system r (FIG. 1) is therefore narrower than the outlet width from the spinnerets. (Not shown).
  • the guide walls W would ideally be viewed from the front than ever to make a curve (without kink), which follow the optimal flow lines between the inlet width H and the narrow outlet width h.
  • these optimal ratios could only be achieved for a predetermined set of operating conditions, while in practice a downer has to operate with different sets of operating parameters. Below are various considerations for the practical design of a downpipe set up, this tube can be used flexibly enough for the intended operating range.
  • the blow-shaft / down-pipe system according to FIG. 1 is shown again schematically in FIG.
  • the current BlasSWchte 10 (Figure 2) for cross-flow cooling are usually rectangular in cross-section.
  • the front wall which is directly viewed in Figure 2, is normally equipped with service doors, which release the access to the interior of the blowing duct when opening. These doors are usually "porous" (air permeable) to allow some pressure or flow equalization between the interior of the blow duct 10 and the environment.
  • the rear wall which is not apparent in Figure 2, is permeable to air, to allow the entry of the cooling air into the cooling space below the spinnerets (not shown in Fig. 2, see Fourné, page 348 and 352).
  • the downpipe 12 adjoins, which usually has an upper part 14 with a constant cross-section and a lower part 16 with a taper.
  • the taper is formed by converging ("tapered") sidewalls 18, 20 with the back and front walls in approximately parallel (vertical) planes.
  • all walls of the downpipe are impermeable to air currents in order to shield the "air budget" within the pipe from interfering influences from the environment. In practice, however, it is often impossible to avoid smaller openings in the structure, which unwanted air currents enable. Ambient air can also enter between the blow duct 10 and the downpipe 12.
  • the threads 22, 24 run from the spinnerets in a straight line (seen from the front) down to the first thread guide (not shown) in the inlet part of the drafting system (r, Figure 1). As already explained, they are subjected to a Querblas Kunststoffkühlung in the blower shaft 10.
  • the down in the downpipe 12 Filamentbündel 22, 24 (dashed lines drawn center lines) each entrain a large amount of air from the blow shaft 10 with it - see Fourné, page 184 to 192, in particular page 191.
  • By the convergent (“conical") Shape of the lower part 16 of the downpipe is the cross section at the lower end 5 to 10 times smaller than at the upper end.
  • the cross-sectional profile from top to bottom preferably has no extensions, because the risk of boundary layer separation in the case of a cross-sectional widening is much higher than in the case of a taper.
  • the high air velocity at the lower end of the drop tube 12, which is generated at least in part as a side effect of the cross-sectional taper, may also interfere with the spin finish order in the inlet part of the drafting system (r, Fig. 1).
  • the individual filaments of a thread 22, 24 are evenly distributed over a larger area (only the centerline of each bundle is shown in FIG. 2). These filament bundles 22, 24 taper steadily and are combined at the lower end of the drop tube 12 into a compact thread.
  • the moving air in the blower shaft 10 and in the upper part 14 of the drop tube 12 in the interior of the filament bundles 22, 24 must therefore laterally exit from the tapering filament bundles 22, 24 in the lower part 16 of the drop tube 12. She has approximate the speed of the filaments and contributes to increase the average air velocity in this part of the downpipe 12 at.
  • FIG. 3 shows an improved arrangement for the blow duct 10 and the downpipe 12A.
  • the drop tube 12A is formed conically over its entire length, that the side walls 26, 28 converge down and taper the flow cross-section downwards. The distance of the outermost filaments to the side walls 26, 28 of the downpipe 12A is thus more or less constant. Vortex formation and backflow are inhibited over the entire length of the drop tube 12A.
  • This arrangement of the downpipe 12A has been used in the "Pathfinder" BCF system of Maschinenfabrik Rieter AG, but with relatively short downpipe lengths of approx. 2.5m. However, this tube length is not suitable / sufficient for all applications.
  • the cooling air supplied in the blowing duct 10 in the horizontal direction is also deflected downward in the case of FIG. 3 by the running filaments. It moves with the threads 22, 24 down through the drop tube 12A and exits at high speed at the lower end of the drop tube. This has a detrimental effect on the lubrication of the threads in the inlet part of the drafting part of the machine.
  • the strong pumping action of the downwardly moving threads 22, 24 may also generate a negative pressure at least in the lower part of the blow shaft 10.
  • air is sucked from the environment. The amount of air in the system is thereby increased uncontrollably. This "false air” is usually not conditioned and can make it impossible to maintain a constant temperature and humidity of the air in the blow shaft 10.
  • the air flowing into the blower shaft 10 also creates eddies and disturbs the smooth threadline.
  • the cross section at the lower end of the downpipe can be made smaller. However, this again leads to an increase in the exit velocity of the air at the lower end of the drop tube 12A and does not solve the problem with it.
  • a significant improvement can be achieved by making at least one wall of the downpipe over part of its length permeable to air. From the air-permeable wall elements flows from a part of the downwardly flowing air.
  • the main air flow in the downpipe is largely adapted by this measure the downwardly decreasing cross-section.
  • the air velocity in the downpipe thus does not rise to the lower end or only insignificantly.
  • a very slightly accelerated downward flow may be advantageous, since experience has shown that slightly accelerated flows are less prone to vortex formation.
  • the side openings in the downcomer may be attached to one or more sides over part or the entire length of the downcomer. They can also be designed completely around the circumference.
  • the arrangement according to the invention nevertheless differs from the DE-A-10323532 in that the cross section of the new downpipe tapers downwards.
  • FIG. 4B The back wall 30 (FIG. 4B) of the downcomer 12B - ie the downcomer wall on the same side as the blower duct wall with the openings for the blast air inlet into the blower shaft 10 - is in the lower portion 32, adjacent to the air or thread outlet 34, with Provided openings.
  • These openings are designed as side air outlets, ie the Rear wall 30 has now been made permeable to air. This preferably takes place in that the section 32 of the rear wall 30 is formed by a perforated plate.
  • the lateral openings could also be formed, for example, by a sieve. The openings should definitely prevent unwanted leakage of the threads from the drop tube 12B during piecing.
  • the sum of the flow-free surfaces generated by the openings in relation to the total area of the perforated section 32 of the rear wall 30 determines the so-called "porosity" of this wall section 32.
  • porosity determines the flow resistance to lateral flows in this section.
  • This resistance should be selected such that there is a slight overpressure (eg in the range of 0.1 to 3 Pascal, preferably in the range of 0.1 to 1 Pascal) at all points in the vicinity of the walls of the downpipe 12B with respect to the environment , This can be ensured that no ambient air penetrates into the downpipe 12B, wherein the cross-sectional taper also does not lead to an intolerable increase in the speed of the remaining air.
  • a slight overpressure eg in the range of 0.1 to 3 Pascal, preferably in the range of 0.1 to 1 Pascal
  • the porosity of the or a perforated section 32 is conveniently in the range 5 to 50% and preferably in the range 20 to 40%.
  • the total length of the perforated walls is preferably not more than 50% of the total length of the walls of the drop tube 12B.
  • Figures 5 and 6 show further embodiments for the formation of the drop tube 12C (Fig. 5) and 12D (Fig. 6), wherein in both embodiments depending on a porous portion 32 of the respective rear wall 30 (Fig. 5) and 30A (Fig 6).
  • the drop tube 12 C may be formed of an upper part 36 and a lower part 38.
  • the side walls 26A, 28A are configured to converge in the upper part 36 at a first cone angle, and in the lower part 38 at a second cone angle.
  • the "kink" between adjacent parts Therefore, in comparison to the arrangement according to FIG. 2, it can be reduced in size, which reduces the risk of boundary layer separation at these locations.
  • the lower part 38 comprises the porous portion 32 of the back wall 30, with the back wall 30 and the front wall 40 still standing in respective vertical planes.
  • the side walls 26A, 28A have remained unchanged with respect to the embodiment according to FIG.
  • the rear wall 30A and front wall 40A now also converge in the lower part 38 of the drop tube 12D in order to narrow the cross section of the drop tube 12D at the outlet 34A in the lower part 38 even further. Thereby, the risk of backflow and vortex formation in "dead corners" near the lower air outlet 34A can be further reduced.
  • the shape of the drop tube 12F is similar to the shape of the drop tube 12B (Fig. 4), particularly in that the walls 26, 28 also converge down the entire length of the drop tube 12F.
  • the front wall and rear wall 30B are also arranged in respective vertical planes in this case. Instead of a single perforated section 32 in the rear wall 30; As shown in FIG. 4, however, in the embodiment according to FIG. 7, a plurality (in this case, three) perforated sections 42, 44, 46 (FIG. 7B) are provided in the rear wall 308. This allows for further improvement of the flow conditions within the downcomer 12F by adjusting the lengths or porosity of the respective sections 42, 44, 46 to the flow conditions within the tube 12F.
  • the airflow exiting laterally from the drop tube 12F may be regulated as a whole or divided into partial flows by suitable means D1, D2, D3.
  • the appropriate means D1, D2, D3 include z. B: Flaps D1, D2, D3, fans V etc.
  • the laterally exiting air streams are introduced into a closed exhaust system 50 ( Figure 7B) and may individually with throttles D1, D2 and D3 are dosed. The air is sucked off by a fan V.
  • the whole device is thus less sensitive to pressure fluctuations in the vicinity of the downpipe 12F. Such disturbing pressure fluctuations can be in a building z. B. arise through the opening and closing of doors. With this embodiment, the pressure and velocity course in the drop tube 12F can be easily optimized.
  • the flow should be formed as stationary as possible and vortex-free. It is not just about the optimization of the flow, it is also boundary conditions such as the air velocity at the exit of the filaments at the lower end of the downpipe, the pressure curve in the whole system and to include the handling.
  • FIG. 9 Such an arrangement is shown schematically in FIG. 9, where the reference numeral 10 again designates the blow duct and the downpipe has an upper part 52 and a lower part 54.
  • the flow cross section in the upper part 52 is substantially constant over its length and approximately equal to the flow cross section at the transition from the blow shaft 10.
  • the flow cross section in the lower part 54 tapers down substantially equal to the previously known solutions, in connection with the figures 1 and 2 were declared.
  • the length L 1 of the upper part 52 is preferably not more than 10% of the total length of the drop tube.
  • the service door in the front wall of the blower shaft 10 can be designed with a relatively low porosity in order to minimize the incoming and outgoing air quantity at this point.
  • the doors of today conventional blast chutes 10 are normally designed with a porosity in the range 50%, d. H. Approximately 50% of the total area of the doors is released for the inflow and outflow of air.
  • a blower shaft 10 for use with a downer according to this invention preferably has service doors with a porosity not greater than 20% and typically in the range 4 to 8%.
  • the free flow openings are preferably distributed over the entire surface of the service doors.
  • FIG. 10 shows, with solid lines, a design which is basically identical to the embodiment according to FIG. 4, wherein the blowing shaft 10 is shown in FIG. 10 without shading.
  • dashed lines has been suggested that the side walls S of the downpipe 12 could be continued upward in the blow duct 10.
  • the blow duct 10 is partially tapered down and the downpipe 12 joins it without discontinuities in the cross-sectional profile.
  • the distance between the outermost filaments and the nearest wall S can therefore be kept exactly constant in this embodiment both partially in the blow duct 10 and in the downpipe 12.
  • the "flow kink" which normally appears at the wall transition between the blow duct 10 and the downpipe 12 can be avoided.
  • a downcomer 12 preferably has a length from the blow duct 10 to the air outlet 34 at the lower end of at least 2.5 m, preferably 3 to 5 m.
  • the air velocity at the outlet (lower end) 34 is between 0 and 7 m / sec, preferably between 2 and 4 m / sec.
  • the filament speed at the exit 34 from the downcomer 12 is normally 12 to 20 m / sec, preferably about 14 to 16 m / sec.
  • the embodiments according to the figures are all designed for spinning plants, the two threads per position, d. H. per downpipe.
  • the invention is applicable even if more than two threads per position, for. B. up to 12 threads per position, are provided. For this reason, the drop tube is rectangular in cross section.
  • partitions may be provided within the blow duct and the downcomer.
  • separate downcomers are provided so that the filament bundles pass in pairs through a downspout with the bundles of a pair adjacent the side walls. The maximum possible convergence of the sidewalls is then given by the path of the outermost filaments until merger. The same considerations determine the maximum possible convergence of the back and front walls of the downpipe.
  • filament bundles are preferably assigned in pairs to the drop tubes of a system, it is possible to assign several (at least two) bundle pairs to a common blow shaft.
  • Such an arrangement is shown schematically in Figure 11, wherein the use of reference numerals 10, 52, 54, 32 and 34 in Figure 11 corresponds to the use of the same characters in Figure 9.
  • the design principles according to this invention allow a downpipe design that provides a largely stationary, swirl-free air flow even at different air flow rates.
  • the downpipe can now be designed such that Grenz fürabitesen be prevented as far as possible.
  • Useful in this connection is a blow duct / downpipe design, in which over the entire length no sudden cross-sectional changes are present.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Spinning Methods And Devices For Manufacturing Artificial Fibers (AREA)
EP06018300A 2005-09-07 2006-09-01 Procédé et dispositif pour le filage au fondu de fils Active EP1762644B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102005042634A DE102005042634A1 (de) 2005-09-07 2005-09-07 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Filamentgarne mittels Schmelzspinnen

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1762644A1 true EP1762644A1 (fr) 2007-03-14
EP1762644B1 EP1762644B1 (fr) 2011-05-18

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EP06018300A Active EP1762644B1 (fr) 2005-09-07 2006-09-01 Procédé et dispositif pour le filage au fondu de fils

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1762644B1 (fr)
KR (1) KR20070028257A (fr)
CN (1) CN1928168A (fr)
AT (1) ATE510050T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102005042634A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2007028269A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102162146A (zh) * 2011-04-14 2011-08-24 张家港保税区炬德化纤有限公司 用于熔体丝条冷却的排风装置
JP2014145132A (ja) 2013-01-25 2014-08-14 Tmt Machinery Inc 紡糸巻取装置
CN104831378B (zh) * 2015-04-09 2017-05-31 无锡金通化纤有限公司 去除纤维丝条表面低分子附着物的装置及方法
CN106400141B (zh) * 2016-11-15 2019-05-07 东华大学 一种静压熔融纺丝装置
DE102021000149A1 (de) * 2021-01-15 2022-07-21 Oerlikon Textile Gmbh & Co. Kg Vorrichtung zum Schmelzspinnen und Abkühlen einer frisch extrudierten Filamentschar
CN113774499A (zh) * 2021-05-31 2021-12-10 浙江盛元化纤有限公司 一种可独立调节冷却风温度的分纤母丝纺丝装置及分纤母丝冷却方法
CN113758579B (zh) * 2021-09-26 2024-01-09 中国纺织科学研究院有限公司 一种用于检测纺丝组件温度的方法及纺丝设备
DE102024001684A1 (de) * 2024-05-23 2025-11-27 Oerlikon Textile Gmbh & Co. Kg Verfahren zur Druckluftsteuerung des Anlegevorgangs von einer Schmelzespinnvorrichtung

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1034166A (en) * 1963-11-08 1966-06-29 Du Pont Yarn-quenching apparatus
DE4104404A1 (de) 1990-02-22 1991-08-29 Barmag Barmer Maschf Blaskammer einer spinnanlage
EP0456496A2 (fr) * 1990-05-11 1991-11-13 Hoechst Celanese Corporation Procédé de filage de fibres synthétiques ayant une haute ténacité, un haut module et une faible rétraction
DE19514866A1 (de) 1994-05-02 1995-11-09 Barmag Barmer Maschf Vorrichtung zum Spinnen eines multifilen Chemiefadens
EP1173634A1 (fr) 1999-04-08 2002-01-23 Zimmer Aktiengesellschaft Systeme de refroidissement pour fils de filaments continus
JP2004323989A (ja) * 2003-04-22 2004-11-18 Toray Ind Inc 熱可塑性樹脂からなる繊維の紡糸方法および冷却装置
DE10323532A1 (de) 2003-05-24 2004-12-09 Saurer Gmbh & Co. Kg Schmelzspinnvorrichtung

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL272966A (fr) * 1961-01-09
GB1112725A (en) * 1966-07-18 1968-05-08 Du Pont Apparatus for cooling textile filaments
CH468482A (de) * 1967-05-01 1969-02-15 Inventa Ag Vorrichtung zur Verhinderung von Luftwirbelbildung im Spinnschacht
JPH10158920A (ja) * 1996-11-19 1998-06-16 Toray Eng Co Ltd 糸条冷却装置
DE10031105A1 (de) * 1999-07-02 2001-01-04 Barmag Barmer Maschf Schmelzspinnverfahren und Vorrichtung zu seiner Durchführung
DE10031106A1 (de) * 1999-07-02 2001-01-04 Barmag Barmer Maschf Schmelzspinnverfahren und Vorrichtung zum Schmelzspinnen
DE10046611A1 (de) * 1999-09-21 2001-03-29 Barmag Barmer Maschf Vorrichtung zum Abkühlen einer Filamentschar

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1034166A (en) * 1963-11-08 1966-06-29 Du Pont Yarn-quenching apparatus
DE4104404A1 (de) 1990-02-22 1991-08-29 Barmag Barmer Maschf Blaskammer einer spinnanlage
EP0456496A2 (fr) * 1990-05-11 1991-11-13 Hoechst Celanese Corporation Procédé de filage de fibres synthétiques ayant une haute ténacité, un haut module et une faible rétraction
DE19514866A1 (de) 1994-05-02 1995-11-09 Barmag Barmer Maschf Vorrichtung zum Spinnen eines multifilen Chemiefadens
EP1173634A1 (fr) 1999-04-08 2002-01-23 Zimmer Aktiengesellschaft Systeme de refroidissement pour fils de filaments continus
EP1173634B1 (fr) 1999-04-08 2004-06-02 Zimmer Aktiengesellschaft Systeme de refroidissement pour fils de filaments continus
JP2004323989A (ja) * 2003-04-22 2004-11-18 Toray Ind Inc 熱可塑性樹脂からなる繊維の紡糸方法および冷却装置
DE10323532A1 (de) 2003-05-24 2004-12-09 Saurer Gmbh & Co. Kg Schmelzspinnvorrichtung

Non-Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
"CHEMIEFASERN/TEXTILINDUSTRIE", June 1987, article "Blasschächte - Stand der Technik", pages: 542 - 550
"SYNTHETISCHE FASERN", CARL HANSER VERLAG, pages: 273 - 455
"TECHNISCHE STRöMUNGSLEHRE", vol. I, 1988, SPRINGER VERLAG, pages: 127
"ZEITSCHRIFT CHEMIEFA- SERN/TEXTILINDUSTRIE", April 1978, article "Fadenkühlung beim Schmelzspinnen", pages: 315 - 323

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE510050T1 (de) 2011-06-15
WO2007028269A1 (fr) 2007-03-15
DE102005042634A1 (de) 2007-03-08
CN1928168A (zh) 2007-03-14
EP1762644B1 (fr) 2011-05-18
KR20070028257A (ko) 2007-03-12

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