EP1782437B1 - Materiaux magnetorheologiques a facteur de commutation eleve et leur utilisation - Google Patents

Materiaux magnetorheologiques a facteur de commutation eleve et leur utilisation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1782437B1
EP1782437B1 EP05782479A EP05782479A EP1782437B1 EP 1782437 B1 EP1782437 B1 EP 1782437B1 EP 05782479 A EP05782479 A EP 05782479A EP 05782479 A EP05782479 A EP 05782479A EP 1782437 B1 EP1782437 B1 EP 1782437B1
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Prior art keywords
materials according
magnetorheological materials
particles
mrf
magnetorheological
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EP1782437A1 (fr
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Holger Böse
Alexandra-Maria Trendler
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/44—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of magnetic liquids, e.g. ferrofluids
    • H01F1/447—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of magnetic liquids, e.g. ferrofluids characterised by magnetoviscosity, e.g. magnetorheological, magnetothixotropic, magnetodilatant liquids

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to high switching factor magnetorheological materials, and more particularly to high switching factor magnetorheological fluids (MRF), and their use.
  • MRF high switching factor magnetorheological fluids
  • MRF are materials that change their flow behavior under the influence of an external magnetic field.
  • electrorheological fluids are usually non-colloidal suspensions of particles which can be polarized in a magnetic or electric field in a carrier liquid which optionally contains further additives.
  • MRF brakes and different vibration and shock absorbers Mark R. Jolly, Jonathan W. Bender, and J. David Carlson, Properties and Applications of Commercial Magnetorheological Fluids, SPIE 5th Annual Int Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, San Diego, CA, March 15, 1998 ). In the following some special properties of MRF and their influenceability are described.
  • MRF are mostly non-colloidal suspensions of magnetizable particles, from about one micron to one millimeter in size in a carrier liquid.
  • the MRF can also additives such.
  • the particles are ideally homogeneous and isotropically distributed, so that the MRF has a low dynamic basis viscosity ⁇ o [measured in Pa.s] in the magnet-free space.
  • ⁇ o measured in Pa.s
  • the dynamic viscosity of an MRF is determined with a rotational viscometer.
  • the shear stress ⁇ [measured in Pa] is measured at different magnetic field strengths and given shear rate D [in s -1 ].
  • the changes in the flow behavior of the MRF depend on the concentration and type of magnetizable particles, their shape, size and size distribution; but also the properties of the carrier liquid, the additional additives, the applied field, the temperature and other factors.
  • the mutual interrelations of all these parameters are extremely complex, so that individual improvements of an MRF with respect to a specific target size have been the subject of investigations and optimization efforts again and again.
  • B ⁇ r ⁇ ⁇ O ⁇ H
  • ⁇ r relative permeability of the medium whose magnetic flux density is to be determined
  • ⁇ o 4 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 10 -7
  • V ⁇ s / A ⁇ m absolute permeability.
  • the switching factor w D can thus be considered as a measure of the feasibility of a magnetic excitation in a rheological state change of the MRF.
  • a "high" switching factor means that a small change in the magnetic flux density B results in a large change in the shear stress ⁇ B / ⁇ O or the dynamic viscosity ⁇ B / ⁇ O in the MRF.
  • MRF spherical particles of carbonyl iron
  • MRF magnetizable substances and mixtures of substances known. That's how it describes WO 02/45102 A1 an MRF with a mixture of high-purity iron particles and ferrite particles, in order to simultaneously optimize the properties of the MRF with and without a magnetic field. No information is given on the particle shape and size. Furthermore, there are numerous patents on specific particle geometries and distributions.
  • US 6,610,404 B2 describes a magnetorheological material of magnetic particles with defined geometric features such as cylinder or prism shapes, among others. The production of such particles is very expensive. For strongly asymmetric particles, a high base viscosity of the MRF is also to be expected.
  • US 6,395,193 B1 and WO 01/84568 A2 Magnetorheological compositions are described with nonspherical magnetic particles, but these are not combined with spherical magnetic particles.
  • a magnetorheological composition which contains soft magnetic spherical carbonyl iron particles (1 - 10 microns) and hard magnetic iron oxide or chromium dioxide particles (0.1 - 1 micron).
  • magnetorheological materials in particular MRF, with two types of magnetisable particles are proposed, wherein the first particle fraction p consists of irregularly shaped non-spherical particles and the second fraction q consists of spherical particles.
  • the combination of irregularly shaped non-spherical particles and spherical particles in the carrier medium surprisingly achieves both a low base viscosity without field and a high shear stress in the external magnetic field. That is, the magnetorheological materials of the invention have an exceptionally high switching factor.
  • the production of the irregular is shaped particle fraction p little expensive and thus extremely inexpensive.
  • the average particle size of the fraction p is equal to or greater than that of the fraction q. The use of irregularly shaped, non-spherical particles thus creates a significant cost advantage compared to the production of known materials.
  • the mean particle size of the fraction p preferably has at least twice the average particle size of the fraction q. Furthermore, it is favorable if the average particle sizes of the fractions p and q are between 0.01 ⁇ m and 1000 ⁇ m, preferably between 0.1 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m.
  • a further advantageous embodiment of the magnetorheological materials according to the invention provides that the volume ratio of fractions p and q is between 1:99 and 99: 1, preferably between 10:90 and 90:10.
  • the magnetizable particles of soft magnetic particles according to the state made of engineering.
  • the magnetisable particles both from the amount of soft magnetic metallic materials such as iron, cobalt, nickel (even in non-pure form) and alloys thereof such as iron-cobalt, iron-nickel; magnetic steel;
  • mixed ferrites such as MnZn, NiZn, NiCo, NiCuCo, NiMg or CuMg ferrites.
  • the magnetizable particles can also consist of iron carbide or iron nitride particles and of alloys of vanadium, tungsten, copper and manganese as well as of mixtures of the mentioned particle materials or of mixtures of different magnetizable types of solids.
  • the soft magnetic materials may also be present all or partially in contaminated form.
  • carrier liquids and fats, gels or elastomers are considered.
  • carrier liquids the liquids known from the prior art, such as water, mineral oils, synthetic oils, such as polyalphaolefins, hydrocarbons, silicone oils, esters, polyethers, fluorinated polyethers, polyglycols, fluorinated hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, fluorinated silicones, organically modified silicones and copolymers thereof or mixtures of these liquids.
  • inorganic particles such as SiO 2 , TiO 2 , iron oxides, layered silicates or organic additives and combinations thereof may be added to the suspension to reduce sedimentation.
  • a further advantageous embodiment of the magnetorheological materials according to the invention provides that the inorganic particles are at least partially organically modified.
  • the suspension contains particulate additives such as graphite, perfluoroethylene or molybdenum compounds such as molybdenum disulfite and combinations thereof in order to reduce abrasion phenomena.
  • the suspension for use in the surface treatment of workpieces may contain special abrasive and / or chemical caustic additives, e.g. Corundum, cerium oxides, silicon carbide or diamond contains.
  • the proportion of magnetizable particles between 10 and 70 vol .-%, preferably between 20 and 60 vol .-%, is; the proportion of the carrier medium is between 20 and 90% by volume, preferably between 30 and 80% by volume, and the proportion of nonmagnetizable additives is between 0.001 and 20% by mass, preferably between 0.01 and 15 mass% (based on the magnetizable solids), is.
  • the invention further relates to the use of the materials described in more detail above.
  • magnetorheological materials according to the invention provides for their use in adaptive shock and vibration dampers, controllable brakes, clutches and in sports or training equipment. Special materials can also be used for the surface treatment of workpieces.
  • the magnetorheological materials can also be used to generate and / or display haptic information such as characters, computer-simulated objects, sensor signals or images, in haptic form, for simulating viscous, elastic and / or viscoelastic properties or the consistency distribution of an object, in particular for training purposes. and / or research and / or for medical applications.
  • haptic information such as characters, computer-simulated objects, sensor signals or images, in haptic form, for simulating viscous, elastic and / or viscoelastic properties or the consistency distribution of an object, in particular for training purposes. and / or research and / or for medical applications.
  • MRF magnetorheological fluid
  • the rheological and magnetorheological measurements were carried out in a Searle Systems MCR 300 from Paar Physica.
  • the rheological properties were carried out without applied magnetic field in a measuring system with coaxial cylinder geometry, while the measurements were carried out in the magnetic field in a plate-plate arrangement perpendicular to the field lines.
  • illustration 1 shows the shear stress ⁇ O as a function of the shear rate D for the inventive MRF 3 and the two comparative approaches MRF 1 and MRF 2 without applied magnetic field. It can be seen that the flow curve of the MRF 3 according to the invention is below that of MRF 1 and MRF 2 at all shear rates outside the quasistatic range (D> 1 s -1 ). This means that the MRF 3 according to the invention has the lowest dynamic basic viscosity ⁇ O in magnetic-field-free space at a fixed shear rate D in comparison with the other approaches (compare equation (1) of the description).
  • the MRF 3 according to the invention has higher shear stresses ⁇ B over the entire measuring range than the comparative batch MRF 2, which contains only irregularly shaped iron particles (p).
  • the MRF 3 according to the invention has the highest shear stresses ⁇ B overall in the magnetic field in comparison with the lugs MRF 1 and MRF 2 without particle mixtures.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Soft Magnetic Materials (AREA)

Claims (19)

  1. Matériaux magnétorhéologiques constitués d'au moins un support véhiculaire non magnétisable et de particules magnétiques douces magnétisables qui y sont contenues, caractérisés en ce qu' ils contiennent comme particules au moins deux fractions de particules magnétisables p et q, la fraction p étant formée de particules non sphériques et la fraction q de particules sphériques, dans lesquels :
    la taille particulaire moyenne de p est supérieure à celle de q.
  2. Matériaux magnétorhéologiques selon la revendication 1, caractérisés en ce que la taille particulaire moyenne de la fraction p présente de préférence au moins le double de la valeur de la taille particulaire moyenne de la fraction q.
  3. Matériaux magnétorhéologiques selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisés en ce que les tailles particulaires moyennes des fractions p et q se situent entre 0,01 µm et 1000 µm, de préférence entre 0,1 µm et 100 µm.
  4. Matériaux magnétorhéologiques selon une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes, caractérisés en ce que le rapport volumique des fractions p et q se situe entre 1:99 et 99:1, de préférence entre 10:90 et 90:10.
  5. Matériaux magnétorhéologiques selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisés en ce que les particules magnétisables sont choisies parmi des matériaux métalliques magnétiques doux, en particulier parmi le fer, le cobalt, le nickel (également sous la forme impure) et des alliages de ceux-ci, tels que des alliages de fer-cobalt, de fer-nickel ; d'acier magnétique ; de fer-silicium et/ou de leurs mélanges.
  6. Matériaux magnétorhéologiques selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisés en ce que les particules magnétisables sont choisies parmi des matériaux céramiques de type oxyde magnétiques doux, en particulier parmi des ferrites cubiques, des perowskites et des grenats de formule générale :

            MO · Fe2O3

    avec un ou plusieurs métaux du groupe M, soit Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ti, Cd ou Mg et/ou leurs mélanges.
  7. Matériaux magnétorhéologiques selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisés en ce que les particules magnétisables sont choisies parmi les ferrites mixtes, telles que des ferrites de MnZn, NiZn, NiCo, NiCuCo, NiMg, CuMg et/ou leurs mélanges.
  8. Matériaux magnétorhéologiques selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisés en ce que les particules magnétisables sont choisies parmi le carbure de fer ou le nitrure de fer, ainsi que parmi les alliages de vanadium, de tungstène, de cuivre et de manganèse et/ou leurs mélanges.
  9. Matériaux magnétorhéologiques selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisés en ce que les particules magnétisables se présentent sous une forme pure et/ou contaminée.
  10. Matériaux magnétorhéologiques selon une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes, caractérisés en ce que le support véhiculaire est choisi parmi
    - des liquides véhiculaires comme l'eau, les huiles minérales, les huiles synthétiques, telles que les polyalphaoléfines, les hydrocarbures, les huiles de silicone, les esters, les polyéthers, les polyéthers fluorés, les polyglycols, les hydroacarbures fluorés, les hydrocarbures halogénés, les silicones fluorées, les silicones modifiées organiquement, ainsi que leurs copolymères ou leurs mélanges liquides,
    - des graisses ou des gels, ou
    - des élastomères.
  11. Matériaux magnétorhéologiques selon une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes, caractérisés en ce qu'ils contiennent, comme additifs, des agents dispersants, des anti-oxydants, des agents antimoussants et/ou des agents anti-usure.
  12. Matériaux magnétorhéologiques selon une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes, caractérisés en ce qu'ils contiennent comme autres additifs, pour réduire la sédimentation, des particules inorganiques, telles que SiO2, TiO2, des oxydes de fer, des silicates stratifiés ou des adjuvants organiques, ainsi que leurs combinaisons.
  13. Matériaux magnétorhéologiques selon la revendication 12, caractérisés en ce que les particules inorganiques sont au moins en partie modifiées organiquement.
  14. Matériaux magnétorhéologiques selon une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes, caractérisés en ce qu'ils contiennent comme autres additifs, pour réduire les phénomènes d'abrasion, des additifs particulaires comme le graphite, le perfluoréthylène ou des composés de molybdène, tels que le disulfure de molybdène, ainsi que leurs combinaisons.
  15. Matériaux magnétorhéologiques selon une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes, caractérisés en ce qu'ils contiennent comme autres additifs, pour usage pour le traitement de surface de pièces, des adjuvants à effet abrasif et/ou à attaque chimique, par exemple le corindon, les oxydes de cérium, le carbure de silicium et/ou le diamant.
  16. Matériaux magnétorhéologiques selon une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes, caractérisés en ce que
    - la fraction des particules magnétisables se situe entre 10 et 70 % en volume, de préférence entre 20 et 60 % en volume,
    - la fraction du support véhiculaire se situe entre 20 et 90 % en volume, de préférence entre 30 et 80 % en volume,
    - la fraction des additifs se situe entre 0,001 et 20 % en masse, de préférence entre 0,01 et 15 % en masse (par rapport aux solides magnétisables).
  17. Utilisation des matériaux magnétorhéologiques selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 16, dans des amortisseurs de chocs et d'oscillations adaptatifs, des freins pouvant être commandés, des couplages, ainsi que des appareils de sport ou d'entraînement.
  18. Utilisation des matériaux magnétorhéologiques selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 16, pour le traitement de surface de pièces.
  19. Utilisation des matériaux magnétorhéologiques selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 16, pour la génération et/ou la représentation d'informations haptiques, telles que des caractères, des objets simulés par ordinateur, des signaux de capteurs ou des images ; pour la simulation de propriétés visqueuses, élastiques et/ou visco-élastiques ou de la distribution de consistance d'un objet, en particulier à des fins d'entraînement et/ou de recherche et/ou pour des applications médicales.
EP05782479A 2004-08-27 2005-08-25 Materiaux magnetorheologiques a facteur de commutation eleve et leur utilisation Expired - Lifetime EP1782437B1 (fr)

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DE102004041650A DE102004041650B4 (de) 2004-08-27 2004-08-27 Magnetorheologische Materialien mit hohem Schaltfaktor und deren Verwendung
PCT/EP2005/009193 WO2006024455A1 (fr) 2004-08-27 2005-08-25 Materiaux magnetorheologiques a facteur de commutation eleve et leur utilisation

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EP1782437B1 true EP1782437B1 (fr) 2010-02-17

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US (1) US7897060B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1782437B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE458256T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE102004041650B4 (fr)
WO (1) WO2006024455A1 (fr)

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WO2006024455A1 (fr) 2006-03-09
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US7897060B2 (en) 2011-03-01
DE102004041650A1 (de) 2006-03-02
ATE458256T1 (de) 2010-03-15
EP1782437A1 (fr) 2007-05-09

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