Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/14—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving low temperature properties
  • C10L10/16—Pour-point depressants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/08—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/14—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving low temperature properties
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M163/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a compound of unknown or incompletely defined constitution and a non-macromolecular compound, each of these compounds being essential
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/1625—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/1633—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10L1/1641—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds from compounds containing aliphatic monomers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/1802—Organic compounds containing oxygen natural products, e.g. waxes, extracts, fatty oils
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
  • C10L1/191—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters of di- or polyhydroxyalcohols
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
  • C10L1/2431—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium sulfur bond to oxygen, e.g. sulfones, sulfoxides
  • C10L1/2437—Sulfonic acids; Derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfonamides, sulfosuccinic acid esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
  • C10L1/2493—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium compounds of uncertain formula; reactions of organic compounds (hydrocarbons, acids, esters) with sulfur or sulfur containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
  • C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/40—Fatty vegetable or animal oils
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/40—Fatty vegetable or animal oils
  • C10M2207/402—Castor oils
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2219/02—Sulfur-containing compounds obtained by sulfurisation with sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds
  • C10M2219/024—Sulfur-containing compounds obtained by sulfurisation with sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds of esters, e.g. fats
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
  • C10M2219/046—Overbased sulfonic acid salts
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/20—Metal working

Definitions

• the invention relates to motor fuels or additives for motor fuels that improve combustion engine performance in terms of efficiency and emissions.
• the invention may also relate to lubricants or additives for lubricants that improve performance of both ferrous and non-ferrous metal components of engines, guns, or other machinery.
• the invention may also relate to cutting fluids or additives for cutting fluids used in machining and fabricating, as well as mining and other similar cutting, shearing, and grinding applications that benefit from ease of cutting and lower temperatures.
• the invention may also act as an enhancer of pour point depressant additives for fuels, oils, esters, grease, pasty compounds such as cosmetics, as well as other fluids and semi-solids.
• the present invention comprises a composition of matter that improves combustion performance and reduces harmful emissions from combustion engines when added to fuels for said engines, or that improves lubricant performance when added to lubricants for metals.
• Preferred embodiments comprise polyalphaolefin (PAO), a calcium source, and one or more plant oils (liquid vegetable/plant fats, carboxylic esters) blended together as an additive for fuels and lubricants.
• Said plant oil components may be derived, for example, from beans, seeds, roots, or other vegetable and plant portions, and may include, for example, castor oil, jojoba oil, rape seed (canola) oil, palm oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, soybean oil, and soybean oil methyl and ethyl ester.
• the preferred composition of matter comprises a calcium source, PAO, castor oil, jojoba oil, and soy methyl (or ethyl) ester and/or canola oil.
• another preferred composition of matter comprises a calcium source, PAO 5 castor oil, and jojoba oil, with or without soy methyl or ethyl ester, blended together for addition to preferably a soy-based fuel or soy-containing fuel, for example, soy methyl (or ethyl) ester "biodiesel.”
• the fuel based on or containing said soy-based esters preferably contains a pour point depressant, or, most preferably, the additive is formulated for addition to the pour point depressant that is then added to a biodiesel.
• a preferred method comprises reducing harmful emissions, particularly NOx, from vehicles and stationary engines, by adding the invented composition of matter to stationary and non-stationary combustion engine fuels, including diesel fuel, gasoline fuel, two-stroke cycle fuel, aviation fuels, and ship fuels.
• stationary and non-stationary combustion engine fuels including diesel fuel, gasoline fuel, two-stroke cycle fuel, aviation fuels, and ship fuels.
• the inventor believes that embodiments of the invented additive may work well to meet the EPA mandates for 2006 regarding ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel and gasoline fuels to enhance combustion, improve lubrication/anti-wear properties, and reduce a variety of toxic emissions.
• the inventor also expects that embodiments of the invented additive will be effective in ethanol E85 fuel that is currently sold in some regions, which fuel is approximately 85 % ethanol.
• Embodiments of the invented composition of matter may work well as an additive in lubricants for ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, composites, and other substances, for example, liquid or solid lubricants and greases or anti-corrosion treatments for guns and other machinery.
• the composition of matter also may be used in cuttings fluids.
• Embodiments of the invented additive may work well to meet mandates for including biodiesel in conventional petroleum diesel fuels, by means of the additive supplementing/enhancing pour point depression most preferably via addition to a conventional pour point depressant used in the biodiesel or less preferably via direct addition to the biodiesel preferably already containing pour point depressant.
• embodiments of the invented additive may be used in combination with conventional pour point depressants that are in and of themselves not effective, or minimally effective, for lowering the pour point of bean oils, seed oils, animal oils, esters, and other oils, fuels including such oils, and other fuels.
• the combination of the additive plus conventional pour point depressants greatly suppresses pour point in the above-mentioned oils and fuels, for example, making handling and storage of these substances much easier and feasible even in cold climates.
• embodiments of the invention may help maintain a softer more pliable solid at lower temperatures.
• the inventor also envisions that the invented composition of matter may be used in other materials that are currently in use or that may be in use in the future.
• Various embodiments of the invented composition may be formulated for use alone, blended into fuels, lubricants, treatments, or cutting oils, or blended into additives or pour point depressants for said fuel, lubricants, treatments, or cuttings.
• Various embodiments of the invented composition may be used to treat various surfaces and improve combustion and/or operation of combustion engines. In this way, machinery and equipment operates with less wear and failure and with more efficiency. Combustion engines operate with less wear and failure, more efficiency, and/or lower pollutant emissions.
• embodiments of the invented composition of matter reduce harmful emissions from combustion fuels a surprising amount. NOx, VOCs, HC, smoke, and odor are reduced, even with small amounts of the composition of matter added to the fuels under study.
• the inventor believes that there is a synergistic effect from the . invented composition of matter, specifically, treatment of the metal engine surfaces and improvement of combustion characteristics that together result in greatly improved and cleaner engine performance.
• the immediate effect is seen in terms of reduced harmful and unpleasant emissions, and the longer-term effect is seen in that metal surfaces appear to be changed, at least temporarily, so that an engine run with the invented additive in its fuel continues to exhibit improved performance (compared to pre-additive operation) even when changed back to the original (pre-additive) fuel.
• the preferred embodiments include polyalphaolefin (PAO); a calcium source; and preferably a plurality of plant oil components (liquid vegetable/plant fats, carboxylic esters), for example, from bean oils, seed oils, or root oils. These preferred components are discussed below.
• PAO polyalphaolefin
• a calcium source preferably a plurality of plant oil components (liquid vegetable/plant fats, carboxylic esters), for example, from bean oils, seed oils, or root oils.
• the calcium source is preferably a liquid and may be a calcium sulfonate, such as an overbased calcium sulfonate, but the inventor envisions that other calcium- containing molecules may be used.
• Many calcium sulfonates and overbased calcium sulfonates are known (see, for example, U.S. Patent 5,505,867 Related Art), and are available commercially, for example, from Crompton Corporation/Great Lakes Corporation (Chemtura).
• Particularly preferred calcium sources are C-400TM or C- 400-CTM overbased calcium sulfonates from Crompton Corporation/Great Lakes Corporation (Chemtura).
• C-400TM and C-400-CTM have been found to be excellent calcium sources in the form of liquids that do not exhibit calcium particle size problems by plugging fuel filters.
• plant oils liquid vegetable/plant fats, carboxylic esters
• plant oils are bean, seed and root oils or derivatives thereof, and, most preferably, are castor oil, jojoba, and one or more oils selected from the following group: a soy oil or ester (ethyl, methyl, or other esters, most preferably soy methyl ester), canola (rape seed) oil or ester (preferably, rape seed methyl, ethyl or other esters), palm oil, coconut, and sunflower oil.
• the oil(s) selected from said group may be selected for obtaining the desired flow characteristics for the additive and/or for the desired lubrication, combustion, emissions, and pour point effects.
• soy methyl ester While the inventor prefers soy methyl ester, one or more of the other oils may be substituted for, or added with, the soy methyl ester, preferably with the sum of the oils from this listed group (a soy oil/ester, canola (rape seed) oil/ester, palm oil, coconut, and sunflower oil) being present in an amount of about 5 - 45 LV % of the additive.
• a soy oil/ester canola (rape seed) oil/ester, palm oil, coconut, and sunflower oil
• a wide range of formulations are expected to be effective for the additive, for example, within the following ranges: Group 1 : Calcium component, 10 - 60 LV-%, such as Calcium sulfonate, including overbased calcium sulfonate; Group 2: Polyalphaolefms, 0.1 - 50 LV-%; Group 3: Castor oil or castor oil derivative, 0.1 - 40 LV-% such as castor oil and/or sulfated castor oil;
• Group 4 Jojoba Oil or similar wax oil/ester, 0.1 - 30 LV-%
• Group 5 Soy oil/ester, canola oil/ester, palm oil, coconut, and/or sunflower oil, 5 - 45 LV%
• exceptions may include, for example, cases wherein the other four component groups are combined, with or without a pour point depressant, and added to biodiesel fuel, in which case the percentage of Group 5 in the "additive" may not be present (0.0 LV%) but, in the final biodiesel-plus-additive composition, may be very high, for example, 80 LV% or more).
• the preferred additive may be said to be: 10 - 60 LV-% Group 1, 0.1 - 50 LV-% Group 2; and 5.2 - 89.9 LV% plant oil or mixture of plant oils from Groups 3-5.
• Group 5 is not included in the additive, one may describe the preferred additive as: 10 - 60 LV-% Group 1, 0.1 - 50 LV-% Group 2; and 0.2 - 89.9 LV% plant oil or mixture of plant oils from Groups 3-4.
• ranges are expected to be: 25 - 45 LV% Group 1 com ⁇ onent(s); 15 - 40 LV% Group 2 component(s); 10 - 20 LV% Group 3 component(s); 1-5 LV% Group 4 component(s); and 5 - 45 LV% Group 5 component(s).
• the blending process is best done by adding Group 4 to the Group 1 component(s), and blending these two components/groups very well before adding any other groups. After blending the first two groups, the Group 2 and 3 component(s), and finally the Group 5 component(s) may be added.
• a thorough blending of these components, before any other components are added, is believed by the inventor to be very important to keeping all the components of the additive in solution or suspension, and in keeping the additive in proper solution or suspension with the oil, fuel, or lubricant into which the additive is placed. While the components may be at a range of temperatures during the blending process, it is preferred that the components be blended at about room temperature up to about 100 - 140 degrees F.
• the preferred five-group additive of calcium sulfonate, PAO, Castor oil, jojoba oil, and soy methyl ester and/or canola oil may be mixed with components of other "groups" or "families", thus forming a "blended additive".
• a blended additive may consist of, for example, 80 - 99.99 LV-% of the five group combination and 20 - 0.01 LV-% of "additional components.”
• the “additional components” may range from a significant portion of the product (at about 20 LV-%, for example) to a very small portion of the product (at about 0.01 LV-%, for example).
• components that may be added to the "five-group additive" to form a “blended additive” include, but are not limited to, a pour point suppressant, wintergreen oil, dyes, oil, various esters, and/or various conventional additive packages for fuels or for lubricants. Further, the five-group additive or the blended additive may be added/blended with other materials, preferably lube oil or fuels, which themselves may already contain other "additives.”
• Effective concentrations of the five-group additive, or the blended additive, in conventional lube oils are believed to be 0.002- 20.0 LV-% five-group or blended additive (0.03 - 20 LV-% being typical) with 99.998 - 80 LV-% lube oil (99.97 - 80 LV-% being typical), for example.
• Effective concentrations of the five-group additive, or the blended additive, in combustion engine fuels are believed to be 0.002 - 5.0 LV-% five-group or blended additive (0.03 - 5 LV-% being typical) with 99.998
• polyalphaolefm compounds will be effective as "Group 2" in the preferred additives.
• Specific examples of polyalphaolefm compounds that have been effective in the below-described tests and examples are SYNTONTM PAOs (such as SYNTON-40TM and SYNTON-80TM) available from Crompton Corporation/Great Lakes Corporation (Chemtura), and DURAS YNTM PAO' s available from BP Amoco.
• This formulation was blended by the methods described above, added to diesel fuel and to gasoline, and run in a variety of engines, as noted in the table below.
• Tests 1 - 9 were performed under no-load conditions, with diesel fuel plus the additive (in a concentration of 1 ounce of additive in 12 gallons of conventional, commercial diesel fuel) compared to the same engine operating on only the diesel fuel.
• Tests 10 and 11 were performed under no-load conditions, with gasoline plus the additive (in a concentration of 1 ounce of additive in 18 gallons of conventional 87 octane, commercial gasoline) compared to the same engine operating with only the gasoline. All emissions results were obtained by means of an analyzer in the vehicle tailpipe, such as a FerretTM , SunTM, or ECOMTM analyzer.
• Test No. 4 was done in a Cummins B Series Turbo Diesel, starting with conventional, commercial #2 diesel (Test No. 1), followed by: the same diesel combined with additive (Test No. 2), diesel with 2% bio-diesel additive and 1 ounce/10 gallons additive (Test No. 3), diesel with 5% bio-diesel additive and 1 ounce/ 10 gallons additive (Test No. 4), and the fuel of Test No. 4 with an additional 1 ounce of additive per 10 gallons of fuel.
• VOCs volatile organic compounds
• PAO and soy methyl ester and/or canola oil may be important to smoke emissions, NOx, and VOCs, and that there is a synergistic effect when said PAO and soy ester and/or canola oil are combined with the other components to greatly improve the performance of the invented additive.
• Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 using the same fuel treated with an embodiment of the invented additive at a treatment rate of one fluid ounce of the additive to ten gallons of gasoline, and Experiment 3 and Experiment 4 at a treatment rate of 1 ounce of the same additive per 15 gallons of gasoline.
• the data supports NOx reduction by using an embodiment of the invention. This data also suggests a tradeoff between NOx and CO emissions, wherein an extremely large decrease in NOx is achieved in Experiments 1 and 2, but with an increase in CO. Experiments 3 and 4 illustrate an excellent NOx decrease with an acceptable CO increase.
• composition of the additive was Calcium Sulfonate 40%, Jojoba Oil 2%, Castor Oil 20%, PAO 20% s Soy Methyl Ester 18%
• Lawn Mower Stanley riding lawn mower with Briggs & Stratton 21HP two cylinder engine Procedures & Measurements:
• Polyalphaolefm 30 LV%
• Jojoba Oil 1 LV%
• Condition B used 100% gasoline with an octane rating of 87 (Not treated with any embodiment of the invented additive). Condition A ran for 2910 seconds Condition B ran for 2715 seconds
• Composition of Additive according to one embodiment of the invention: Calcium Sulfonate: 40 LV% PAO: 20 LV% Castor Oil: 20 LV% Jojoba Oil: 1 LV% Soy methyl ester: 19 LV% Equaling 100 LV% Additive
• Condition A hand-loaded cartridge (described above) was fired and velocity measured.
• Condition B identical to Condition A above except the cartridges were first put in the above-described Additive and the Additive with cartridges "soaking" therein were heated to 200 degrees F. After several minutes at 200 degrees F, the cartridges were removed, wiped clean, cooled, hand-loaded, and fired. Results:
• Condition A 2768 feet per second.
• Condition B 2916 feet per second.
• 2916 / 2768 1.0535 -- approximately a 5.4 % increase in muzzle velocity.
• EXAMPLE G Mini-Masonry Chain Saw
• Composition of Additive according to one embodiment of the invention: Calcium sulfonate: 40 LV% PAO: 20 LV% Castor Oil: 20% Jojoba Oil: 1 LV% Soy Methyl Ester: 19 LV% Equaling 100 LV % Additive
• Condition B The saw was used to remove mortar between bricks on an existing wall, as in Condition A. Water, treated with PB 10 sulfur chlorinated water-soluble cutting oil, was used as a coolant. Treatment rates: 1 oz per gallon of water
• Condition C The saw was used to remove mortar between bricks on an existing wall, as in Conditions A and B. Water, treated with the Condition B water soluble cutting oil and the Additive listed above, was used as a coolant. Treatment rates: 1 oz of the Additive was added to 4 oz PB 10. One ounce of the blend of Additive plus PB-10 was added per gallon of water. Results:
• Additive plus Water Soluble Oil resulted in a temperature 70 degrees F lower than Condition A, and a temperature 39 degrees F lower than Condition B.
• the additive is formulated for addition to one of the preferred five basic groups described above, for example, to soy methyl ester ("biodiesel"), that component may or may not be in the additive.
• biodiesel soy methyl ester
• PAO, calcium sulfonate, castor oil, jojoba oil, and soy methyl ester may be added to biodiesel (soy methyl ester preferably with pour point depressant and/or other additives) or to a pour point depressant or other additive package that will subsequently be added to biodiesel.
• the preferred groups minus the soy methyl ester may be blended to formulate an additive that may be added to the biodiesel or to the pour point depressant or other additive package for biodiesel.
• an additive that may be added to the biodiesel or to the pour point depressant or other additive package for biodiesel.
• that component need not necessarily be included in the original additive formulation. Note that this may apply to "biological diesels" other than soy methyl ester biodiesel, for example, canola-based diesel.
• an additive of PAO, calcium sulfonate, castor oil, and jojoba oil is especially beneficial as a pour point suppression enhancer in biodiesel. This is especially important in view of the fact that conventional pour point depressants typically fail to reduce pour point to an acceptable level.
• the additive described in the test below when combined with a conventional pour point depressant and then added to biodiesel, resulted in a pour point of less than -20 degrees F.
• Embodiments of the invention may greatly assist in storage, handling and blending of the biodiesel, as well as of the resulting blends, in order to achieve the desired environmental and agricultural-economy benefits of biodiesel.
• Preferred ranges of components for pour point depressant enhancement are: 10 - 60 LV-% Group 1, 0.1 - 50 LV-% Group 2; and 5.2 - 89.9 LV% plant oil or mixture of plant oils from Groups 3-5. In most embodiments, ranges are expected to be: 25 - 45 LV% Group 1 com ⁇ onent(s); 15 - 40 LV% Group 2 component(s); 10 - 20 LV% Group 3 component(s); 1-5 LV% Group 4 com ⁇ onent(s); and 5 - 45 LV% Group 5 component(s).
• Group 5 may be excluded from the formula for the additive, for example, when the additive is later added to soy methyl ester biodiesel (see earlier comments relating to Group 5 being left out of additive for later addition to a group five-based diesel)).
• a pour point depressant is added to the other 4 - 5 groups (Groups 1-4, or Groups 1-5), in an amount of approximately 1 - 10 LV% of the additive prior to addition to the bulk biodiesel.
• the blending process is best done by adding Group 4 to the Group 1 component(s), and blending these two components/groups very well before adding any other groups.
• the Group 2 and 3 component(s) may be added, (optionally) the Group 5 component(s), and the pour point depressant may be added.
• High-shear, extended blending (for example, 4 hours or greater), and/or heating (100 - 140 degrees F) may be needed to properly blend the components.
• the preferred pour point enhancement additive which comprises Groups 1 - 4, optionally Group 5, and preferably a plant-oil-based pour point depressant (Rho-Max 10 - 310, currently available from RHOMAX in Montreal, and reported to be a rapeseed oil derivative being the one preferred by the inventor), has been found to be effective in lowering the pour point of biodiesel lower than with the same pour point depressant alone.
• Said additive should be added to the biodiesel (soy methyl ester biodiesel or other biological diesels or blends thereof) in amounts ranging from about 1 fluid ounce to 10 gallons to 1 fluid ounce to 2 gallons (0.08 - 0.4 LV-%).
• the "bulk” fuel in this example is bulk soy methyl ester herein, and is called “Biodiesel” and "B-100” (meaning 100% soy methyl ester). Two samples were used: Sample A: B-100
• Sample B B-100 plus an embodiment of the invented additive plus conventional pour point depressant (Rho-Max 10 - 310).
• the embodiment of the invented additive consisted of (LV-%):
• Sample A became cloudy at about 25 degrees F and turned to a solid at
• Sample B showed some clouding at -10 degrees F, but continued to pour well at
• the inventor believes the additive to be highly effective as an enhancer for pour point depressant over a wide range of concentrations.
• one fluid ounce of the additive added to 10 gallons B-100 biodiesel resulting in the treated biodiesel being liquid at 20 - 25 degrees F.
• one fluid ounce of the additive added to 5 gallons B-100 biodiesel resulting in the treated biodiesel being liquid at 10 degrees F.
• one fluid ounce of the additive added to 2 gallons B-100 biodiesel resulting in the treated biodiesel being liquid at minus 20 degrees F.
• EXAMPLES OF TARGETED FORMULAS The additive formula may be adapted to target specific applications. 1. For example, it is envisioned that an excellent formula for miles per gallon improvement of gasoline or diesel, wherein NOx' reduction is not a concern, may be:
• an especially-effective formula may be:
• an especially-effective formula may be:
• an especially- effective formula may be:
• the invented additive composition for motor fuels, metal lubricants, or cutting fluids may be described as comprising a polyalphaolefin (PAO) component; a calcium source; and at least one plant oil or mixture of plant oils; wherein the PAO component is present in 0.1 - 50 LV%, the calcium source is present in 10 - 60 LV%, and said at least one plant oil or mixture of plant oils is present as 0.2 - 89.9 LV% of the additive.
• PAO polyalphaolefin
• the invented additive composition for motor fuels, metal lubricants, or cutting fluids may be described as comprising:
• 0.1 - 40 LV-% castor-derived oil selected from the group consisting of castor oil and sulfated castor oil;
• LV-% plant oil selected from the group consisting of soy oil/ester, canola oil/ester, palm oil, coconut, and sunflower oil; wherein said overbased calcium sulfonate, polyalphaolefin, castor-derived oil, jojoba oil, and plant oil are blended together to form 100 LV% of said additive.
• the invented composition for motor fuels, metal lubricants, or cutting fluids may be described as comprising: an additive comprising a polyalphaolefin (PAO) component; a calcium source; and at least one plant oil or mixture of plant oils; wherein the PAO component is present as 15 - 40 LV%, the calcium source is present in 25 - 45 LV%, and said at least one plant oil or mixture of plant oils is present in 15 - 60 LV% of the additive; and wherein said additive is blended with said motor fuel in a proportion of 0.002 - 5.0 LV % additive and 99.998 - 95 LV-% fuel.
• PAO polyalphaolefin
• an invented pour point depression enhancement composition for biodiesel fuel may be described as comprising: an additive comprising a polyalphaolefin (PAO) component; a calcium source; at least one plant oil or mixture of plant oils; and a diesel pour point depressant; wherein the PAO component is present in 15 - 40 LV%, the calcium source is present in 25 - 45 LV%, said at least one plant oil or mixture of plant oils is present in 15 - 60 % LV% of the additive; and wherein said pour point depressant is blended into said additive ranging from 99 parts of said additive and 1 part said pour point depressant to 90 parts said additive andlO parts said pour point depressant, said parts being measured by liquid volume.
• PAO polyalphaolefin
• Embodiments of invented methods may be described as a method of lowering pour point in a biodiesel comprising: blending an additive into biodiesel comprising: depression enhancement composition as in Claim 25, wherein 100 LV-% of said additive comprises 15 - 40 LV% polyalphaolefin, 25 - 45 LV% overbased calcium sulfonate, and 15 - 60 % LV% at least one plant oil or mixture of plant oils.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
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• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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• 2005
  • 2005-12-14 EA EA200701285A patent/EA200701285A1/ru unknown
  • 2005-12-14 MX MX2007007055A patent/MX2007007055A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2005-12-14 BR BRPI0517173-3A patent/BRPI0517173A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2005-12-14 WO PCT/US2005/045354 patent/WO2006065958A2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2005-12-14 CA CA002590891A patent/CA2590891A1/en not_active Abandoned
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  • 2005-12-14 JP JP2007546884A patent/JP2008523237A/ja active Pending
  • 2005-12-14 EP EP05826615A patent/EP1824949A2/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2005-12-14 CN CNA2005800483561A patent/CN101124304A/zh active Pending
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• 2007
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