Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
  • G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
  • G01N33/56983—Viruses
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/005—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from viruses
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/08—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from viruses
  • C07K16/10—RNA viruses
  • C07K16/112—Retroviridae (F), e.g. leukemia viruses
  • C07K16/114—Lentivirus (G), e.g. human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], feline immunodeficiency virus [FIV] or simian immunodeficiency virus [SIV]
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2740/00—Reverse transcribing RNA viruses
  • C12N2740/00011—Details
  • C12N2740/10011—Retroviridae
  • C12N2740/15011—Lentivirus, not HIV, e.g. FIV, SIV
  • C12N2740/15022—New viral proteins or individual genes, new structural or functional aspects of known viral proteins or genes
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
  • G01N2333/005—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from viruses
  • G01N2333/08—RNA viruses
  • G01N2333/15—Retroviridae, e.g. bovine leukaemia virus, feline leukaemia virus, feline leukaemia virus, human T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma virus
  • G01N2333/155—Lentiviridae, e.g. visna-maedi virus, equine infectious virus, FIV, SIV
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N2469/00—Immunoassays for the detection of microorganisms
  • G01N2469/20—Detection of antibodies in sample from host which are directed against antigens from microorganisms

Definitions

• the invention is related to the detection of antibodies directed to Feline Immunodeficiency Virus.
• Feline immunodeficiency virus formerly called feline T- lymphotrophic lentivirus
• FIV infects cats to produce an AIDS-like syndrome.
• FIV is morphologically and pathologically similar to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), it has been shown to be antigenically distinct from HIV.
• a cat Like HIV, once a cat becomes infected with FIV, the disease progresses from a primary infection (viraemia, fever, general lymphadenitis) to a lengthy asymptomatic phase, followed by severe impairment in immune function caused by a reduction in CD4 lymphocytes, and resulting in heightened susceptibility to secondary infections and ultimately death.
• a primary infection viralemia, fever, general lymphadenitis
• a lengthy asymptomatic phase followed by severe impairment in immune function caused by a reduction in CD4 lymphocytes, and resulting in heightened susceptibility to secondary infections and ultimately death.
• FIV has been classified as a member of the subfamily Lentiviridae in the family Retroviridae, the family that includes human and simian immunodeficiency viruses, equine infectious anaemia, maedi visna of sheep and caprinearthritis encephalitis viruses (CAEV).
• the genome of FIV is organized like other lentiviruses with three long open reading frames corresponding to gag, pol and env (Talbott et ah, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (1989) 86:5743; Olmsted et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (1989) 86:2448).
• the gag gene codes for the major structural components of the virus
• the env gene codes for the envelope glycoprotein
• the pol gene codes for the polymerase protein.
• the gag gene is expressed as a 55 kD polyprotein that is processed into three subunits: a pi 5 matrix protein, a p24 capsid protein, and a plO nucleocapsid protein.
• the pol gene encodes three proteins: the protease, reverse transcriptase and a ⁇ l4.6 protein of unknown function. Autoprocessing by the protease portion of the gene gives rise to all three proteins of the pol region. Additionally, the protease is responsible for the processing of the gag precursor.
• the pol gene is expressed as a gag-pol fusion protein.
• the envelope gene is expressed as a 160 kD glycoprotein, gpl60.
• the antigenicity of the FIV core proteins is similar to other lentiviruses.
• the virus replicates optimally in blood mononuclear cells and has a tropism for T-lymphocytes, peritoneal macrophage, brain macrophage and astrocytes.
• the genetic material of FIV is composed of RNA and the production of a DNA copy of the viral RNA is an essential step in the replication of FFV in the host. This step requires the enzyme reverse transcriptase that is carried into the host by the invading virus.
• the DNA version of the viral genome is inserted into the genetic material of infected host cells in which it continues to reside as a provirus. This provirus is replicated every time the cell divides and can code for the production of new virus particles. Cells infected with FIV remain infected for the duration of their lifespan.
• the invention is directed to FIV gag polypeptides.
• the invention is directed to a method for determining whether an animal is infected with FIV by detecting the presence of FIV antibodies in a biological sample from the animal.
• the invention is also directed to a devices and kits for detecting FIV antibodies in a sample.
• the devices and kits include an FIV gag polypeptide immobilized on a solid phase.
• the kit includes a specific binding partner for an FIV antibody conjugated to a label.
• polypeptide refers to a compound of a single chain or a complex of two or more chains of amino acid residues linked by peptide bonds.
• the chain(s) may be of any length.
• a protein is a polypeptide, and the terms are used synonymously. Also included within the scope of the invention are functionally equivalent variants and fragments of FIV polypeptides.
• the polypeptide is capable of binding one or more antibodies specific for the polypeptide.
• Polypeptides derived from FIV include any region of the of the FIV proteome including for example, portions of the gag and env regions and mimitopes thereof.
• SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:4 are derived from the native FIV gag p24.
• SEQ ID NO:5 through SEQ ID NO: 9 are derived from the native FIV gag pl5.
• Binding specificity refers to the substantial recognition of a first molecule for a second molecule, for example a polypeptide and a polyclonal or monoclonal antibody, or an antibody fragment (e.g. a Fv, single chain Fv, Fab', or F(ab')2 fragment) specific for the polypeptide.
• a second molecule for example a polypeptide and a polyclonal or monoclonal antibody, or an antibody fragment (e.g. a Fv, single chain Fv, Fab', or F(ab')2 fragment) specific for the polypeptide.
• a “specific binding pair” is a set of two different molecules, where one molecule has an area on its surface or in a cavity that specifically binds to, and is therefore complementary to, an area on the other molecule.
• “Specific binding partner” refers to one of these two complementarity binding molecules.
• “Specific binding pair” may refer to a ligand and a receptor, for example. In another example, the specific binding pair might refer to an immunological pair, for example an antigen and antibody.
• substantially bind refers to an amount of specific binding or recognizing between molecules in an assay mixture under particular assay conditions.
• substantial binding relates to the difference between a first molecule's incapability of binding or recognizing a second molecule, and the first molecules capability of binding or recognizing a third molecule, such that the difference is sufficient to allow a meaningful assay to be conducted distinguishing specific binding under a particular set of assay conditions, which includes the relative concentrations of the molecules, and the time and temperature of an incubation.
• one molecule is substantially incapable of binding or recognizing another molecule in a cross-reactivity sense where the first molecule exhibits a reactivity for a second molecule that is less than 25%, preferably less than 10%, more preferably less than 5% of the reactivity exhibited toward a third molecule under a particular set of assay conditions, which includes the relative concentration and incubation of the molecules.
• Specific binding can be tested using a number of widely known methods, e.g, an immunohistochemical assay, an enayme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a radioimmunoassay (RIA), or a western blot assay.
• felids Animals infected with FIV are felids, which is to be understood to include all members of the order Felidae, including domestic cats, lions, tigers, jaguars, leopards, puma, ocelots, etc.
• felid cat or "animal” is a reference to all felids.
• a "biological sample” refers to a sample from an animal subject including saliva, whole blood, serum, plasma or other sample known to contain FIV antibodies
• a "label” is any molecule that is bound (via covalent or non-covalent means, alone or encapsulated) to another molecule or solid support and that is chosen for specific characteristics that allow detection of the labeled molecule.
• labels are comprised of, but are not limited to, the following types: particulate metal and metal-derivatives, radioisotopes, catalytic or enzyme-based reactants, chromogenic substrates and chromophores, fluorescent and chemiluminescent molecules, and phosphors.
• the utilization of a label produces a signal that may be detected by means such as detection of electromagnetic radiation or direct visualization, and that can optionally be measured.
• the label employed in the current invention could be, but is not limited to: alkaline phosphatase; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ("G6PDH”); horse radish peroxidase (HRP); chemiluminescers such as isoluminol, fluorescers such as fluorescein and rhodamine compounds; ribozymes; and dyes.
• the label can directly produce a signal, and therefore additional components are not required to produce a signal.
• a label may need additional components, such as substrates or co-enzymes, in order to produce a signal.
• the suitability and use of such labels useful for producing a signal are discussed in U.S. Patent No.
• Solid phase means a porous or non-porous water insoluble material, such as a support or surface.
• the support can be hydrophilic or capable of being rendered hydrophilic and includes inorganic powders such as silica, magnesium sulfate, and alumina; natural polymeric materials, particularly cellulosic materials and materials derived from cellulose, such as fiber containing papers, e.g., filter paper, chromatographic paper, etc.; synthetic or modified naturally occurring polymers, such as nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, poly (vinyl chloride), polyacrylamide, cross linked dextran, agarose, polyacrylate, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(4-methylbutene), polystyrene, polymethacrylate, poly(ethylene terephthalate), nylon, poly(vinyl butyrate), etc.; either used by themselves or in conjunction with other materials; glass available as Bioglass, ceramics, metals, and the like. Natural or synthetic assemblies such as liposomes, phospholipid vesicles, and cells can also be employed.
• inorganic powders such as silica, magnesium sul
• Binding of sbp members to a support or surface may be accomplished by well-known techniques, commonly available in the literature. See, for example, "Immobilized Enzymes,” Ichiro Ch ⁇ bata, Halsted Press, New York (1978) and Cuatrecasas, J. Biol. Chem., 245:3059 (1970).
• the surface can have any one of a number of shapes, such as strip, rod, particle, including bead, and the like.
• the polypeptides of the invention include a N-terminal cysteine residue to assist in binding the polypeptides to the solid phase.
• an FIV pi 5 or p24 polypeptide of SEQ ID. NOS: 1-9 is immobilized on a suitable solid support.
• the biological sample is brought into contact with the polypeptide, to which the anti-FIV antibodies bind, if such antibodies are present in the sample.
• the binding may be detected by using a second molecule that specifically binds the sample antibodies.
• the second molecule may be labeled as described herein, or may be include another moiety capable of binding to a label.
• a detection reagent includes an FIV protein that is the same or similar to that which is used to capture anti-FIV antibodies (if present).
• the detection reagent is an anti-cat IgG antibody.
• the antibody is conjugated to a label. Following the removal of unbound sample antibody and detection reagent from the solid phase, the presence of the label can be detected.
• “Functional equivalent” or “Functionally equivalent” refers to polypeptides related to or derived from the FIV gag polypeptide sequences where the amino acid sequence has been modified by a single or multiple amino acid substitution, insertion, deletion, and also sequences where the amino acids have been chemically modified, such as amino acid analogs, but which nonetheless retain substantially equivalent function.
• Functionally-equivalent variants may occur as natural biological variations or may be prepared using known techniques such as chemical synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, random mutagenesis, or en2ymatic cleavage and/or ligation of amino acids. Thus, modification of the amino-acid sequence to obtain variant sequences may occur so long as the function of the polypeptide is not affected.
• FIV functionally-equivalent variants within the scope of the invention may comprise conservatively substituted sequences, meaning that one or more amino acid residues of the FIV polypeptide are replaced by different residues that do not alter the secondary and/or tertiary structure of the FIV polypeptide.
• Such substitutions may include the replacement of an amino acid by a residue having similar physicochemical properties, such as charge density, size, configuration, or hypdrophilicity/hydrophobicity.
• substitutions could include substituting one aliphatic residue (He, VaI, Leu, or Ala) for another, or substitution of basic residues Lys and Arg, acidic residues GIu and Asp, amide residues GIn and Asn, hydroxyl residues Ser and Tyr, or aromatic residues Phe and Tyr.
• Conservative variants can generally be identified by modifying a polypeptide sequence of the invention and evaluating the antigenic activity of the modified polypeptide using, for example, an immunohistochemical assay, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a radioimmunoassay (RIA), or a western blot assay. Further information regarding the making of phenotypically silent amino acid exchanges may be found in Bowie et ah, Science 247:1306-1310 (1990).
• variants include amino and/or carboxyl terminal fusions, for example achieved by addition of amino acid sequences of any number of residues, as well as intrasequence insertion of one or more amino acids.
• amino acid sequences added may be those derived from the whole or parts of other polypeptides or proteins, or may be those provided in the corresponding positions in the FIV envelope or viral protein.
• Longer peptides may comprise multiple copies of one or more of the polypeptide sequences.
• multiple copies of the polypeptides may be coupled to a polyamino acid backbone, such as a polylysine backbone to form multiple antigen peptides (MAPs).
• MAPs multiple antigen peptides
• Deletional amino acid sequence variants are those in which one or more amino acid residues are removed from the sequence. Insertional variants exist when one or more amino acids are integrated into a predetermined site in the protein, although random insertion is an option with suitable screening of the resulting product. In all cases, these and other FIV variants used retain substantially the same antigenicity of the FIV polypeptides. Other variants are also contemplated, including those where the amino acid substitutions are made in the area outside the antibody recognition regions of the protein. Fusion proteins comprising two or more polypeptide sequences of FIV are also within the scope of the invention provided the sequences provide the appropriate antigenicity. Such polypeptides will generally correspond to at least one epitope or mimitope that is characteristic of FIV.
• the epitope or mimitope will allow immunologic detection of antibody directed to FIV in a physiological sample with reasonable assurance.
• the epitope or mimitope, variant or fusion protein be immunologically distinct from (i.e., not cross-reactive with antibodies which recognize) viruses other than FIV.
• An antigenically active variant differs by about, for example, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 or 20 amino acid residues from SEQ ID NOS: 1 through 9, or a fragment thereof. Where this comparison requires alignment the sequences are aligned for maximum homology. Deletions, insertions, substitutions, repeats, inversions or mismatches are considered differences. The differences are, preferably, differences or changes at a non-essential residue or a conservative substitution.
• the site of variation can occur anywhere in the polypeptide, as long as the resulting variant polypeptide is antigenically substantially similar to SEQ ID NOS: 1 through 9.
• Exemplary functionally-equivalent variants include those displaying 50% or more amino acid homology. Preferably, such homology is 60%, 70%, or greater than 80%. However, such variants may display a smaller percentage of homology overall and still fall within the scope of the invention where they have conserved regions of homology.
• one or more cysteine residues may be added to the termini of the polypeptides in order to facilitate specific carrier linkage or to permit disulphide bonding to mimic antigenic loops and thus increase the antigenicity.
• a fatty acid or hydrophobic tail may be added to the peptides to facilitate incorporation into delivery vehicles and to increase antigenicity.
• the FIV polypeptides used as detection reagents may be natural, i.e., including the entire FIV protein or fragments thereof isolated from a natural source, or may be synthetic.
• the natural proteins may be isolated from the whole FIV virus by conventional techniques, such as affinity chromatography.
• Polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies may be used to prepare a suitable affinity column by well-known techniques.
• Proteins that are immunologically cross-reactive with a natural FIV protein can be chemically synthesized. For example, polypeptides having fewer than about 100 amino acids, more usually fewer than about 80 amino acids, and typically fewer than about 50 amino acids, may be synthesized by the well-known Merrifield solid- phase synthesis method where amino acids are sequentially added to a growing chain. Merrifield, 1963, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 85:2149-2156). Recombinant proteins can also be used. These proteins may be produced by expression in cultured cells of recombinant DNA molecules encoding a desired portion of the FIV genome. The portion of the FIV genome may itself be natural or synthetic, with natural genes obtainable from the isolated virus by conventional techniques.
• RNA the genome of FIV is RNA, and it will be necessary to transcribe the natural RNA into DNA by conventional techniques employing reverse transcriptase.
• Polynucleotides may also be synthesized by well-known techniques. For example, short single-stranded DNA fragments may be prepared by the phosphoramidite method described by Beaucage and Carruthers, 1981, Tett. Letters 22:1859-1862. Double-stranded fragments may then be obtained either by synthesizing the complementary strand and then annealing the strands together under appropriate conditions, or by adding the complementary strand using DNA polymerase with an appropriate primer sequence.
• the natural or synthetic DNA fragments coding for the desired FIV protein or fragment may be incorporated in a DNA construct capable of introduction to and expression in in vitro cell culture.
• the DNA constructs will be suitable for replication in a unicellular host, such as yeast or bacteria. They may also be intended for introduction and integration within the genome of cultured mammalian or other eukaryotic cells.
• DNA constructs prepared for introduction into bacteria or yeast will include a replication system recognized by the host, the FIV DNA fragment encoding the desired polypeptide product, transcriptional and translational initiation regulatory sequences joined to the 5'-end of the FIV DNA termination regulatory sequences joined to the 3 '-end of the fragment.
• the transcriptional regulatory sequences will include a heterologous promoter that is recognized by the host.
• a variety of suitable expression vectors are commercially available for a number of hosts.
• the polypeptides are obtained in a substantially pure form, that is, typically from about 50% w/w or more purity, substantially free of interfering proteins and contaminants.
• the FIV polypeptides are isolated or synthesized in a purity of at least 80% w/w, and more preferably, in at least about 95% w/w purity.
• homogeneous polypeptide compositions of at least about 99% w/w purity can be obtained.
• the proteins may be purified by use of the antibodies described hereinafter using the immunoabsorbant affinity columns described hereinabove.
• the method of the invention may be accomplished using immunoassay techniques well known to those of skill in the art, including, but not limited to, using microplates and lateral flow devices.
• an FIV protein is immobilized on a solid support at a distinct location. Detection of protein-antibody complexes on the solid support can be by any means known in the art.
• U.S. Patent No. 5,726,010 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes an example of a lateral flow device, the SNAP® immunoassay device (IDEXX Laboratories), useful in the present invention.
• Colloidal particle based tests can also be used, such as the commercially available WITNESS® FIV diagnostic test (Synbiotics Corporation, Lyon, France).
• Immobilization of one or more analyte capture reagents, e.g., FIV proteins, onto a device or solid support is performed so that an analyte capture reagent will not be washed away by the sample, diluent and/or wash procedures.
• One or more analyte capture reagents can be attached to a surface by physical adsorption (i.e., without the use of chemical linkers) or by chemical binding (i.e., with the use of chemical linkers). Chemical binding can generate stronger attachment of specific binding substances on a surface and provide defined orientation and conformation of the surface-bound molecules.
• the invention includes one or more labeled specific binding reagents that can be mixed with a test sample prior to application to a device for of the invention. In this case it is not necessary to have labeled specific binding reagents deposited and dried on a specific binding reagent pad in the device.
• a labeled specific binding reagent, whether added to a test sample or pre-deposited on the device, can be for example, a labeled FIV protein that specifically binds an antibody for FIV.
• kits Any or all of the above embodiments can be provided as a kit.
• a kit would include a device complete with specific binding reagents (e.g., a non-immobilized labeled specific binding reagent and an immobilized analyte capture reagent) and wash reagent, as well as detector reagent and positive and negative control reagents, if desired or appropriate.
• other additives can be included, such as stabilizers, buffers, and the like.
• the relative amounts of the various reagents can be varied, to provide for concentrations in solution of the reagents that substantially optimize the sensitivity of the assay.
• the reagents can be provided as dry powders, usually lyophilized, which on dissolution will provide for a reagent solution having the appropriate concentrations for combining with a sample.
• the device may also include a liquid reagent that transports unbound material (e.g., unreacted fluid sample and unbound specific binding reagents) away from the reaction zone (solid phase).
• a liquid reagent can be a wash reagent and serve only to remove unbound material from the reaction zone, or it can include a detector reagent and serve to both remove unbound material and facilitate analyte detection.
• the detector reagent includes a substrate that produces a detectable signal upon reaction with the enzyme-antibody conjugate at the reactive zone.
• the detector reagent acts merely as a wash solution facilitating detection of complex formation at the reactive zone by washing away unbound labeled reagent.
• Two or more liquid reagents can be present in a device, for example, a device can comprise a liquid reagent that acts as a wash reagent and a liquid reagent that acts as a detector reagent and facilitates analyte detection.
• a liquid reagent can further include a limited quantity of an "inhibitor", i.e., a substance that blocks the development of the detectable end product.
• a limited quantity is an amount of inhibitor sufficient to block end product development until most or all excess, unbound material is transported away from the second region, at which time detectable end product is produced.
• Microplate ELISA analysis was performed on serum samples collected from confirmed FIV negative and infected cats in an indirect assay format with individual FIV polypeptides SEQ ID NOS: 1-9 on the solid phase and a commercial anti-(feline IgG) peroxidase conjugate reagent (Jackson Immunoresearch, Bangor, ME, USA).
• polypeptides were synthesized using a commercial instrument and following the manufacturer's instructions. Polypeptide stocks were prepared at 5 mg/ml in DMSO. The polypeptides were then coated on microplate wells (peptide @ 10 ug/ml in 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 100 ul/well). The plates were then blocked/overcoated with 2% Tween-20 / 2.5% sucrose, allowed to dry in mylar bags with desiccant. BSA-conjugated peptide could also be used.
• feline serum samples 100 ul/well, diluted 1/1000 in 50% fetal bovine serum were added to the wells and the plates were incubated for fifteen minutes at room temperature. Following incubation, the microplates were washed with PBS/Tween. Goat Anti-(cat IgG):peroxidase conjugate was added to the wells (diluted 1/4000 anti-catIgG:peroxidase in 50% fetal bovine serum. The plates were incubated for another fifteen minutes at room temperature and washed a second time with PBS/Tween.
• Peroxidase substrate was added (100 ul/well, tetramethyl benzidine peroxidase substrate) and the plates were incubated a third time for ten minutes at room temperature. A hydrofluoric acid stop solution (50 ul/well) was added to the plates. Sample antibody binding was measured by determining peroxidase activity (colored product) with a spectrophotometer (A650 nm). The positive/negative cut-off was determined to be the mean absorbance of the negative samples plus three standard deviations for those samples. The IDEXX PetChek® Anti-FIV antibody test kit was also run on these samples as a reference test.
• Tables 1 through 9 show microplate ELISA results for SEQ. ID: 1 through SEQ. ID: 9 polypeptides, respectively. Each of these polypeptides could be used to detect FIV antibody in FIV-infected felines.
• PET 2172-72 0.444 positive 1.156 positive

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