EP1963405A1 - Polymeres hautement fonctionnels, hautement ramifies et hyper-ramifies, et leur procede de fabrication - Google Patents

Polymeres hautement fonctionnels, hautement ramifies et hyper-ramifies, et leur procede de fabrication

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Publication number
EP1963405A1
EP1963405A1 EP06830380A EP06830380A EP1963405A1 EP 1963405 A1 EP1963405 A1 EP 1963405A1 EP 06830380 A EP06830380 A EP 06830380A EP 06830380 A EP06830380 A EP 06830380A EP 1963405 A1 EP1963405 A1 EP 1963405A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
groups
acid
derivatives
hyperbranched
highly
Prior art date
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EP06830380A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Bernd Bruchmann
Darijo Mijolovic
Arno Lange
Jean-Francois Stumbe
Daniel SCHÖNFELDER
Andreas Eipper
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BASF SE
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BASF SE
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Publication of EP1963405A1 publication Critical patent/EP1963405A1/fr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G63/91—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G83/00—Macromolecular compounds not provided for in groups C08G2/00 - C08G81/00
    • C08G83/002—Dendritic macromolecules
    • C08G83/005—Hyperbranched macromolecules
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G63/78—Preparation processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G69/48—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G83/00—Macromolecular compounds not provided for in groups C08G2/00 - C08G81/00

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to highly functional, highly branched and hyperbranched polymers based on polyisobutene derivatives and to a process for their preparation.
  • isobutene can be cationically oligomerized or polymerized with different catalyst systems.
  • BF3 and AICb as well as TiCU and BCb have gained importance, with TiCU and BCI3 being used in so-called "living cationic polymerization”.
  • isobutene can be subjected to controlled cationic oligomerization or polymerisation under certain conditions.
  • This procedure is referred to in the literature as "living cationic polymerization” (see, e.g., Kennedy and Ivan, Designed Polymers by Carbocationic Macromolecular Engineering, Hanser Publishers (1992) and the literature cited therein).
  • Detailed information can also be found in W0-A1 01/10969, there especially S. 8, Z. 23 to S. 1 1, Z.23.
  • PIB polyisobutene
  • the polydispersity M w / M n lies in a range of 1.05-10, polymers from the "living" polymerization usually having values between 1.05 and 2.0. Depending on the intended use, low (such as 1, 1-1, 5, preferably by 1, 3) average (such as 1, 6-2.0, preferably by 1, 8) or high (such as 2.5 to 10 , preferably 3 - 5) values may be advantageous.
  • polyisobutenes in a molecular weight range M n of about 100 to about 100,000 daltons, molecular weights from about 200 to 60,000 daltons are preferred. Particular preference is given to polyisobutenes having an approximate number average molecular weight M n of 550-32,000 daltons.
  • homopolymeric polyisobutene which contains, for example, more than 80, preferably more than 90 and particularly preferably more than 95 mol% of isobutene units, ie 1,2-linked monomers Form of 1, 1-dimethyl-1, 2-ethylene units.
  • suitable starting materials in a step a) is preferably pure isobutene.
  • the amount of comonomers should be less than 20 wt .-%, preferably less than 10 wt .-% and in particular less than 5 wt .-%.
  • the cationically polymerizable comonomers are, above all, vinylaromatics such as styrene and ⁇ -methylstyrene, C 1 -C 4 -alkylstyrenes such as 2-, 3- and 4-methylstyrene and 4-tert-butylstyrene, C 3 -C 6 -alkenes such as n-butene, isoolefins 5 to 10 carbon atoms such as 2-methylbutene-1, 2-methylpentene-1, 2-methylhexene-1, 2-ethylpentene-1, 2-ethylhexene-1 and 2-propylheptene-1 into consideration.
  • vinylaromatics such as styrene and ⁇ -methylstyrene
  • C 1 -C 4 -alkylstyrenes such as 2-, 3- and 4-methylstyrene and 4-tert-butylstyrene
  • Suitable isobutene-containing starting materials for the process according to the invention are both isobutene itself and also isobutene-containing C4 hydrocarbon streams, for example C4 raffinates, C4 cuts from isobutane dehydrogenation, C4 cuts from steam crackers or so-called FCC crackers (US Pat. FCC: fluid catalysed cracking), provided that they are largely freed from 1, 3-butadiene contained therein.
  • the concentration of isobutene in C4 hydrocarbon streams is in the range of 40 to 60 weight percent.
  • Suitable isobutene-containing starting materials for the polymerization should generally contain less than 500 ppm, preferably less than 200 ppm of 1, 3-butadiene.
  • the presence of butene-1, cis- and trans-butene-2 is largely uncritical for the polymerization and does not lead to selectivity losses.
  • the hydrocarbons other than isobutene usually take on the role of an inert solvent or are polymerized in as a comonomer.
  • Suitable solvents are all organic compounds which are liquid in the selected pressure and temperature range of the preparation of the polyisobutenes and neither split off protons nor have free electron pairs.
  • Examples include cyclic and acyclic alkanes such as ethane, iso- and n-propane, n-butane and its isomers, cyclopentane and n-pentane and its isomers, cyclohexane and n-hexane and their isomers, cycloheptane and n-heptane and their Isomers and higher homologs.
  • Cyclic and acyclic alkenes such as ethene, propene, n-butene, cyclopentene and n-pentene, cyclohexene and n-hexene, n-heptene.
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene or the isomeric xylenes.
  • the hydrocarbons may also be halogenated. Examples are methyl chloride, methyl bromide, methylene chloride, methylene bromide, ethyl chloride, ethyl bromide, 1, 2-dichloroethane, 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane, chloroform or chlorobenzene.
  • solvents which boil in the desired temperature range are particularly simple.
  • AICb can also be used as a complex with electron donors and in mixtures.
  • Electron donors are compounds that have a lone pair of electrons (e.g., an O, N, P, or S atom) and can complex with Lewis acids. This complex formation is desirable in many cases because it reduces the activity of the Lewis acid and suppresses side reactions.
  • electron donors are ethers such as di-isopropyl ether or tetrahydrofuran, amines such as triethylamine, amides such as dimethylacetamide, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, i-propanol or tert-butanol. Alcohols such as methanol, ethanol or i-propanol or ubiquitous traces of water also act as a proton source and thus start the polymerization.
  • AlCb products contain either copolymerized n-butenes and / or rearranged i-butenes, so that their 1 H-NMR spectrum (measured at 25 ° C in CDCb) is complex.
  • the polymer chain like the product obtained by polymerization with BF 3 (“BF 3 product”), shows the following 1 H NMR signals with high intensity:
  • polyisobutenes are, for example, under the name Hyvis ® (by BP Amoco) sold or Parapol ® (available from Exxon Chemicals).
  • BF3 can also be used as a complex with electron donors and in mixtures.
  • alcohols such as methanol, ethanol or i-propanol or ubiquitous traces of water act as electron donors and also as a proton source, thus initiating the polymerization.
  • the commercially available "BF3 polyisobutenes" are homopolymeric, so that their 1 H NMR spectrum is much simpler.
  • the polymer chain shows the following signals:
  • Such polymers are, for example, under the name Glissopal ® (of the FIR
  • ⁇ -olefin ⁇ -olefin in BASF AG such as Glissopal® 1000 with a M n of 1000, Glissopal® V 33 with a M n of 550 and Glissopal® 2300 with a M n of 2300
  • Glissopal® 1000 and "BF3 products” can also be in Günther, Maenz, Stadermann in Angew. Makromol. Chem. 234, 71 (1996).
  • Polyisobutenes having reactive ⁇ -olefin groups at two or more chain ends can be obtained by living cationic polymerization.
  • living cationic polymerization it is also possible to synthesize linear polyisobutenes which have an ⁇ -olefin group only at one chain end, using this method.
  • Isobutene is reacted in the presence of an initiator and a Lewis acid in "living cationic polymerization" with TiCU and BF3, details of which are described, for example, in Kennedy and Ivan, Carbocationic Macromolecular Engineering, Hanser Publishers 1992
  • An initiator molecule (“inifer") is characterized in that one or more leaving group (s) X, Y or Z can be split off, so that-at least for a short time and / or in a small concentration-a carbocation is formed.
  • Suitable leaving groups X, Y or Z may be:
  • C n H 2n + iO- straight-chain and branched alkoxy groups C n H 2n + iO- (where n ranges from 1 to 6) such as CH 3 O-, C 2 H 5 O-, nC 3 H 7 O-, iC 3 H 7 O-, nC 4 H 9 O-, HC 4 H 9 O-, sec-C 4 H 9 O-, tert-C 4 H 9 O- straight-chain and branched carboxy groups C n H2n + iC (O) -O- (where n is from 1 to 6 ranges) such as CH 3 C (O) -O-, C 2 H 5 C (O) -O-, nC 3 H 7 C (O) -O-, JC 3 H 7 C (O) -O-, nC 4 H 9 C (O) -O-, JC 4 H 9 C (O) -O-, sec-C 4 H 9 C (O) -O-, tert-
  • This can be a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical C n H 2n + i (where n ranges from 4 to 30) as in nC 4 H 9 -X, iC 4 H 9 -X, sec-C 4 H 9 -X, tert.
  • Initiator molecules which can initiate several polymerization chains have as a basic structure, for example, a straight-chain or branched alkylene radical C n H 2 N (where n ranges from 4 to 30) such as X- (CH 3 ) 2 C-CH 2 -C (CH 3 ) 2-Y , X- (CH 3) 2 C-CH 2 C (CH 3) 2 CH 2 C (CHa) 2 -Y, X (CH 3) 2 C-CH2-C (CH3) 2CH2-C (CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 -C (CH 3) 2-Y, X- (CHa) 2 C-CH 2 - C (CH 3) 2 CH 2 -C (CH 3) 2 -CH 2 -C (CH 3) 2 - CH 2 -C (CH 3 ) 2 -Y be.
  • a straight-chain or branched alkylene radical C n H 2 N such as X- (CH 3 ) 2 C-CH 2 -C (CH 3 ) 2-Y
  • radicals which formally derive from lower oligomers of isobutene XC 4n Hs n -Y (where n ranges from 2 to 5).
  • radicals described may additionally be unsaturated. Combinations are preferred in which allyl cations can arise.
  • X- (CH3) 2C-CH CH-C (CH 3) 2-Y
  • This may also be a cyclic, optionally unsaturated and / or aromatic hydrocarbon radical C n H 2n-m, where n ranges from 3 to 20 and m ranges from 0 to 18.
  • Examples are C 6 H 5 -C (CHa) 2 -X, YC (CH3) 2-C 6 H 4 C (CH 3) 2-X as para- and meta-isomer, YC (CH 3) 2 C-6 H3- (C (CH3) 2-X) -C (CH3) 2-Z as 1,2,4- and 1,3,5-isomer.
  • Cycloalkene derivatives such as cyclopentenyl chloride or cyclohexenyl chloride.
  • polyisobutenes are formed which carry n end groups.
  • Catalyst in a "living cationic polymerization system” is a Lewis acid, such as AlHab, TiHaI 4 , BHab, SnHaI 4 or ZnHab where Hal is fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine and may be the same or different within the molecule, as well as mixtures thereof , TiHaI 4 and more preferably TiCl 4 is preferred.
  • An electron donor may be added as cocatalyst.
  • These are compounds that have a lone pair of electrons (e.g., an O, N, P, or S atom) and can complex with Lewis acids. This complex formation is desirable in many cases because it reduces the activity of the Lewis acid and suppresses side reactions.
  • electron donors are ethers such as diisopropyl ether or tetrahydrofuran, amines such as triethylamine, amides such as dimethylacetamide, esters such as ethyl acetate, thioethers such as methylphenylsulfide, sulfoxides such as dimethylsulfoxide, nitriles such as acetonitrile, phosphines such as trimethylphosphine, pyridine or pyridine derivatives.
  • ethers such as diisopropyl ether or tetrahydrofuran
  • amines such as triethylamine
  • amides such as dimethylacetamide
  • esters such as ethyl acetate
  • thioethers such as methylphenylsulfide
  • sulfoxides such as dimethylsulfoxide
  • nitriles such as acetonitrile
  • phosphines such as tri
  • 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine acts as a "proton trap” and prevents protons (from ubiquitous traces of water) from activating another cationic polymerization mechanism.
  • polyisobutenes obtainable here are homopolymeric, as in the case of the BF 3 -catalyzed polymerization, so that their 1 H-NMR spectrum is of simple construction.
  • the polymer chain shows the following signals:
  • signals of the initiator molecule can be found, as far as non-hydrochlorinated iso-butene oligomers, e.g. 2-chloro-2,4,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane.
  • at least 60 mol%, preferably at least 80 mol%, of the polyisobutene used have ⁇ - or ⁇ -olefinic end groups.
  • homopolymeric highly reactive polyisobutenes containing, for example, more than 80, preferably more than 90, and particularly preferably more than 95, mol% of isobutene units are obtained.
  • highly reactive polyisobutenes in this document are referred to those which in total at least 60 mol%, preferably at least 80 mol% of reactive, i. ⁇ - or ß-olefinic, groups at the end of the chain.
  • the reactive groups at the chain ends can in principle be any groups, provided that they are converted by a suitable reaction to form a terminal, polar group.
  • the reactive groups are preferably ⁇ - or ⁇ -olefin groups and -CH 2 -C (CH 3) 2 -Z groups, where Z can assume the abovementioned meanings, which can be reacted directly or after elimination via the olefin stage.
  • the polyisobutylene obtainable as described above in step a) is optionally purified in a step b) and then in a step c) with an enophile selected from the group of fumaric acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, Itaconic acid dichloride, maleic acid dichloride, maleic anhydride and / or maleic acid, preferably with maleic anhydride or maleic acid dichloride, more preferably with maleic anhydride, to give succinic acid derivatives of the general formula (IIa), (IIb) or (Mc), where PIB is a polyisobutylenyl group obtained by any polymerization number average molecular weight M n can be from 100 to 100,000 daltons.
  • an enophile selected from the group of fumaric acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, Itaconic acid dichloride, maleic acid dichloride, maleic anhydride and / or maleic acid, preferably with maleic anhydride
  • the reaction takes place according to the processes known to the person skilled in the art and preferably as described in German Offenlegungsschriften DE-A 195 19 042, there preferably from p. 2, p. 39 to p. 4, p. 2 and more preferably from p. 3, Z. 35-58, and DE-A 43 19 671, there preferably from page 2, Z. 30 to Z. 68, and DE-A 43 19 672, there preferably from page 2, Z. 44 to 3, Z. 19, for the reaction of polyisobutylenes with enophiles.
  • the number-average molecular weight M n of the polyisobutylenyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivative, so-called "PIBSA", which is thus obtainable, can be determined by the saponification number. DIN 53401 in the unit mg KOH / g substance.
  • the polyisobutylene group-substituted succinic anhydrides thus obtained generally have a ratio of 0.9 to 1.5, preferably 0.9 to 1, 1 succinic anhydride group per polyisobutylene chain. Most preferably, each polyisobutylene chain carries only one succinic anhydride group.
  • PIBSA polyisobutenes
  • the ene reaction of the polyisobutene with the enophile can optionally be carried out in the presence of a Lewis acid as catalyst. Suitable examples are AICI 3 and EtAICI 2 .
  • a new ⁇ -olefin group is generated at the chain end, which in turn is reactive.
  • a reaction with further maleic anhydride yields a product which can thus carry two succinic anhydride groups per reactive chain end of the polyisobutene.
  • a polyisobutene from BF3 catalysis can carry one or even two succinic anhydride groups per chain, depending on the reaction procedure of the ene reaction. Consequently, polyisobutenes can be prepared from living cationic polymerization during conversion.
  • maleic anhydride also be substituted once or twice per reactive chain end.
  • polyisobutenes are possible not only with one but also with two or more succinic anhydride groups per molecule.
  • the degree of functionalization ie the proportion of the ⁇ - or ⁇ -olefinic end groups reacted with the enophile in the polyisobutene, of the polyisobutylene derivatives modified with terminal succinic anhydride groups is in total at least 65 mol%, preferably at least 75 mol% and completely more preferably at least 85 mol%.
  • the degree of functionalization relates only to this one functional group with the two possible isomers ⁇ - and ⁇ -olefin PIBSA.
  • the details of the degree of functionalization refer to the total number of all functional groups within a molecular chain. Depending on whether mono- or di-substitution is present at one end of the chain, the above-depicted isomers are present in varying proportions.
  • the non-functionalized chain ends may be those which have no reactive group at all (ie no ⁇ - or ⁇ -olefin radical), such as those which have a reactive group ( ⁇ - or ⁇ -olefin radical) but were not reacted with maleic anhydride in the course of the ene reaction.
  • the degree of functionalization thus relates only to the number of functional groups present in a polymer chain, but not to their possible isomers.
  • Suitable cations in salts are, in particular, alkali metal cations, ammonium ions and alkylammonium ions.
  • EP 1 036 106 describes the reaction of dicarboxylic acid anhydrides (phthalic anhydride and hexahydrophthalic anhydride) with dialkanolamines, especially diisopropanolamine, to give branched polyesteramines. PIB-modified acid anhydrides are not mentioned.
  • No. 5,587,432 describes oil-soluble dispersants wherein PIBSA is reacted with alkoxylated diethylenetriamine in a molar ratio of greater than or equal to 2: 1.
  • the present invention relates to specifically constructed high-functionality, highly branched or hyperbranched polymers based on acid-containing polyisobutylenes, preferably the reaction products of polyisobutene and maleic anhydride (PIBSA).
  • the polymers according to the invention are produced by reactions of PIBSAs with functional monomers which are reactive toward acid groups or acid group derivatives.
  • all PIBSAs which have one or more succinic anhydride groups can be used for this purpose.
  • PIBSA derivatives find use, which have an anhydride group.
  • PIBSAs are reacted, optionally in admixture with other mono-, di-, tri- or polycarboxylic acids, reacted with molecules containing groups which are reactive with a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid ester, a carboxylic acid halide or a carboxylic acid anhydride.
  • the functionality of these molecules should be greater than two on average, preferably three or four.
  • the application relates to a process for the preparation of these highly branched PIBSA-based molecules and their use.
  • the high-functionality, highly branched or hyperbranched polymers according to the invention may i.a. as mineral oil additives, lubricants, detergents, adhesion promoters, thixotropic agents or as building blocks for the production of polyaddition or polycondensation sationspolymeren, for example, paints, coatings, adhesives, sealants, cast elastomers or foams are used technically advantageous.
  • the high-functionality, highly branched or hyperbranched polymers according to the invention belong to the substance classes of the polyesters, polyesteramides or polyamides.
  • Polyesters are usually obtained from the reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols.
  • aromatic polyesters which are prepared for example from phthalic acid, isophthalic acid or terephthalic acid and ethanediol, propanediol or butanediol, and aliphatic polyesters prepared from succinic acid, glutaric acid or adipic acid with ethanediol, propanediol, butanediol, pentanediol or hexanediol.
  • No. 4,749,728 describes a process for preparing a polyester from trimethylolpropane and adipic acid. The process is carried out in the absence of solvents and catalysts. The water formed in the reaction is removed by simple distillation. The products thus obtained can be reacted, for example, with epoxides and processed to form thermosetting coating systems.
  • EP-A 0 680 981 discloses a process for the synthesis of polyester polyols, which comprises heating a polyol, for example glycerol, and adipic acid to 150-160 ° C. in the absence of catalysts and solvents. This gives products which are suitable as polyester polyol components for rigid polyurethane foams.
  • WO 02/34814 describes the preparation of low branched polyesterols for powder coatings by reacting aromatic dicarboxylic acids together with aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and diols, as well as with small amounts of a branching agent, for example a triol or a tricarboxylic acid.
  • WO 93/17060 EP 630 389
  • the synthesis is very inflexible, since one relies on dimethylolpropionic acid as the sole starting material.
  • dendrimers are too expensive for general use, because even the AB2 building blocks as starting materials are usually expensive and the syntheses are multi-stage and high demands are placed on the purity of the intermediate and end products.
  • WO 01/46296 describes the preparation of dendritic polyesters in a multistage synthesis starting from a central molecule, such as trimethylolpropane, dimethylolpropionic acid as AB 2 building block, and a dicarboxylic acid or a glycidyl ester as functionalizing agents. This synthesis also depends on the presence of the AB2 building block.
  • WO 03/070843 and WO 03/070844 describe hyperbranched copolyester polyols based on AB 2 or also AB 3 building blocks and a chain extender, which are used in coatings systems. For example, dimethylolpropionic acid and caprolactone are used as starting materials. Again, one is dependent on an AB2 device.
  • EP 1 109775 describes the preparation of hyperbranched polyesters having a tetrafunctional central group.
  • a dendrimer-like product is built up that is used in paints.
  • EP 1070748 describes the preparation of hyperbranched polyesters and their use in powder coatings.
  • the esters again based on dimethylolpropionic acid as AB2 building block, are added to the coating system in amounts of 0.2 to 5 wt .-% as flow improvers.
  • DE 101 63 163 and DE 10219508 describe the preparation of hyperbranched polyesters based on an A2 + B3 approach. This principle is based on the use of dicarboxylic acids and triols or based on tricarboxylic acids and diols. The flexibility of these syntheses is significantly higher, since one does not depend on the use of an AB2 building block.
  • Polyesteramides are usually obtained from the reaction of diarboxylic acids with alkanolamines.
  • EP-A 1 295 919 mentions the production of, inter alia, polyester amides from monomer pairs A s and B t with s> 2 and t> 3.
  • a commercial product is used as the polyester amide. puts; Further information on the preparation of the polyester amides, in particular molar ratios are not made.
  • WO 00/56804 describes the preparation of polymers with ester alkylamide acid groups by reacting an alkanolamine with a molar excess of a cyclic anhydride, the equivalent ratio of anhydride: alkanolamine being from 2: 1 to 3: 1. The anhydride excess is thus at least 2 times.
  • anhydride it is also possible to use a dicarboxylic acid monoester, anhydride or thioester, the ratio carboxylic acid compound: alkanolamine again being from 2: 1 to 3: 1.
  • WO 99/16810 describes the preparation of hydroxyalkylamide-containing polyesteramides by polycondensation of mono- or bis-hydroxyalkylamides with a dicarboxylic acid, or by reaction of a cyclic anhydride with an alkanolamine.
  • the equivalent ratio of anhydride: alkanolamine is 1: 1 to 1: 1, 8, i. the anhydride is the deficit component.
  • Polyamides are usually prepared from the reaction of dicarboxylic acids with di- or polyamines.
  • No. 6,541,600 B1 describes the preparation of water-soluble hyperbranched polyamides from, inter alia, amines R (NH 2) P and carboxylic acids R (COOH) q , where p and q are each at least 2, and p and q are not simultaneously 2.
  • Some of the monomer units contain an amine, phosphine, arsenic or sulfide group, which is why the polyamide contains N, P, As or S atoms that form onium ions.
  • the molar ratio of the functional groups is given very broadly with NH 2 to COOH or COOH to NH 2 equal to 2: 1 to 100: 1.
  • EP-A 1 295 919 mentions the preparation of, inter alia, polyamides from monomer pairs As and Bt with s> 2 and t> 3, for example from tris (2-aminoethyl) amine and succinic acid or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid in the molar ratio of triamine: Dicarboxylic acid of 2: 1, ie with an excess of the trifunctional monomer.
  • US 2003/0069370 A1 and US 2002/01611 13 A1 disclose the preparation of, inter alia, hyperbranched polyamides from carboxylic acids and amines, or from polyami- doamines from acrylates and amines, the amine being at least difunctional and the carboxylic acid or acrylate at least trifunctional is, or vice versa.
  • the MoI ratios of difunctional to trifunctional monomer may be less than or greater than one; Details are not provided.
  • a polyvinyl lyamidoamin is in a Michael addition of N (C2H4NH2) 3 and N prepared (CH 2 CH 2 N (CH2CH2COOCH3) 2). 3
  • the invention was based on the object by means of a technically simple and inexpensive process starting from commercially available and inexpensive electronicskomponen- th provide high-functionality and highly branched polymers whose
  • Hydrophilic / hydrophobic balance can be set by the choice of monomers within wide limits.
  • the reaction is carried out under reaction conditions under which react acid groups or their derivatives and acid groups or their derivatives reactive groups.
  • the invention furthermore relates to a process for the preparation of highly functional, highly branched or hyperbranched polymers, at least comprising the steps:
  • the ratio of the reactive partners in the reaction mixture is chosen such that a molar ratio of molecules with acid group-reactive groups to molecules having acid groups of 2: 1 to 1: 2, preferably from 1, 5: 1 to 1: 2, especially preferably from 0.9: 1 to 1: 1, 5 and very particularly preferably from 1: 1 is set.
  • the invention furthermore relates to the highly functional, highly branched or hyperbranched polymers prepared by this process.
  • polyisobutylenes for the process according to the invention, it is possible to use both polyisobutylenes according to uncontrolled polymerization processes and, preferably, according to controlled polymerization processes. Furthermore, preference is given to using polyisobutylenes which have at least 60 ⁇ mol reactive end groups.
  • Hyperbranched polymers in the context of this invention are understood as meaning uncrosslinked macromolecules having polyisobutylene groups which are structurally as well as molecularly nonuniform. They can be constructed on the one hand, starting from a central molecule analogous to dendrimers, but with uneven chain length of the branches. On the other hand, they can also be constructed linearly with functional side groups or, as a combination of the two extremes, they can have linear and branched molecular parts. For the definition of dendrimeric and hyperbranched polymers see also PJ. Flory, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 2718 and H. Frey et al., Chemistry - A European Journal, 2000, 6, no. 14, 2499.
  • DB degree of branching
  • dendrimer in the context of the present invention is meant that the degree of branching is 99.9-100% For definition of the "degree of branching” see H. Frey et al., Acta Polym. 1997, 48, 30.
  • the degree of branching is defined as
  • T is the average number of terminal monomer units
  • Z is the average number of branched monomer units
  • L is the average number of linear monomer units.
  • the compounds (A2) are compounds which have at least one, preferably exactly one, polyisobutene group and at least two, preferably exactly two, carboxylic acid groups or derivatives thereof.
  • Reaction products of an ene reaction between polyisobutene and fumaric acid dichloride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, itaconic acid dichloride, maleic acid dichloride, maleic anhydride and / or maleic acid, and / or the esters of the acids are preferred over the above-mentioned alternating co-polymers with comb structure.
  • a preferred embodiment involves 1: 1 (mol / mol) reaction products of an ene reaction of a polyisobutene and fumaric acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, itaconic acid dichloride, maleic acid dichloride, maleic anhydride and / or maleic acid, and / or the esters of the acids, preferably with Maleic anhydride or maleic acid dichloride, particularly preferably with maleic anhydride.
  • the polyisobutenes are preferably those which have at least 60 mol% end groups of vinyl isomer and / or vinylidene isomer.
  • the number average molecular weight M n of compounds (A2) is preferably at least 100, more preferably at least 200. In general, the number average molecular weight M n of compounds (A2) is up to 5000, more preferably up to 2000.
  • the compounds (A2) have a number average molecular weight M n of 1000 +/- 500 g / mol.
  • Dicarboxylic acids (D2) have exactly two carboxyl groups or their derivatives. These compounds may be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, araliphatic or aromatic and preferably have up to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably up to 12 carbon atoms.
  • the dicarboxylic acids (D2) include, for example, aliphatic dicarboxylic acids such as oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, undecanedicarboxylic acid, dodecane dicarboxylic acid, cis- and trans -cyclohexane-1-dicarboxylic acid, cis- and trans-cyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, cis- and trans -cyclohexane-M-dicarboxylic acid, cis- and trans-cyclopentane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid , cis- and trans-cyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid.
  • aliphatic dicarboxylic acids such as oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid
  • aromatic dicarboxylic acids such as, for example, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid or terephthalic acid.
  • unsaturated dicarboxylic acids such as maleic acid or fumaric acid.
  • the dicarboxylic acids mentioned can also be substituted by one or more radicals selected from
  • C 1 -C 10 -alkyl groups for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, neo-pentyl, 1, 2-dimethylpropyl, iso-amyl, n-hexyl, iso -hexyl, sec-hexyl, n-heptyl, iso-heptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl or n-decyl .
  • C 3 -C 12 -cycloalkyl groups for example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, cycloundecyl and cyclododecyl; preferred are cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl;
  • Alkylene groups such as methylene or ethylidene or
  • C 6 -C 14 aryl groups such as phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 1-anthryl, 2-anthryl, 9-anthryl, 1-phenanthryl, 2-phenanthryl, 3-phenanthryl, 4-phenanthryl and 9-phenanthryl Phenyl, 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl, more preferably phenyl.
  • substituted dicarboxylic acids include: 2-methylmalonic acid, 2-ethylmalonic acid, 2-phenylmalonic acid, 2-methylsuccinic acid, 2-ethylsuccinic acid, 2-phenylsuccinic acid, itaconic acid, 3,3-dimethylglutaric acid.
  • mixtures of two or more of the aforementioned dicarboxylic acids can be used.
  • the dicarboxylic acids can be either protonated or unprotonated, preferably protonated as such or used in the form of derivatives.
  • Derivatives are preferably understood to mean the respective anhydrides in monomeric or else polymeric form, mono- or dialkyl esters, preferably mono- or dimethyl esters or the corresponding mono- or diethyl esters, but also those of higher alcohols such as, for example, n-propanol, isopropanol , n-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, n-pentanol, n-hexanol-derived mono- and dialkyl esters, furthermore mono- and divinyl esters as well as mixed esters, preferably methyl ethyl ester.
  • mono- or dialkyl esters preferably mono- or dimethyl esters or the corresponding mono- or diethyl esters, but also those of higher alcohols such as, for example, n-propanol, isopropanol , n-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, n
  • malonic acid succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, 1, 2, 1, 3 or 1-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (hexahydrophthalic acids), phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid or their mono- or dialkyl esters.
  • Compounds (D y ) have more than two carboxyl groups or derivatives thereof, preferably 3 to 8, more preferably 3 to 6. These compounds may be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, araliphatic or aromatic and preferably have up to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably to 12 carbon atoms.
  • Examples of convertible tricarboxylic acids or polycarboxylic acids (D y ) are aconitic acid, 1,3,5-cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid (pyromellitic acid) as well as maleic acid and low molecular weight polyacrylic acids, for example up to a molecular weight of up to 2000 g / mol, preferably up to 1000 g / mol and more preferably up to 500 g / mol.
  • Tricarboxylic acids or polycarboxylic acids (D y ) can be used in the reaction according to the invention either as such or in the form of derivatives.
  • Mono-, di- or trialkyl preferably mono-, di- or trimethyl esters or the corresponding mono-, di- or triethyl esters, but also those of higher alcohols such as n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, tert - Butanol, n-pentanol, n-hexanol derived mono- di- and triesters, also mono-, di- or trivinyl esters and mixed methyl ethyl esters.
  • a mixture of a triester of polycarboxylic acid and one or more of its derivatives for example a mixture of pyromellitic acid and pyromellitic dianhydride.
  • a mixture of several different derivatives of one or more tri- or polycarboxylic acids for Example, a mixture of 1 ⁇ .ö-cyclohexane tricarboxylic acid and pyromellitic dianhydride.
  • Hydroxyl (-OH), primary amino groups (-NH 2), secondary amino groups (-NHR), epoxy groups or thiol groups (-SH), particularly preferably hydroxyl or primary or secondary amino groups, are preferred over acid groups or derivatives thereof and most preferably hydroxy groups.
  • Secondary amino groups may be substituted by Ci-Cio-alkyl, C3-Ci2-cycloalkyl, aralkyl or C6-Ci4-aryl as R radicals.
  • acid group-reactive compounds (B2) there are used, for example, difunctional alcohols such as ethylene glycol, propane-1,2-diol, propane-1,3-diol, butane-1,2-diol, butane-1 , 3-diol, butane-1, 4-diol, butane-2,3-diol, pentane-1, 2-diol, pentane-1, 3-diol, pentane-1, 4-diol, pentane-1, 5 -diol, pentane-2,3-diol, pentane-2,4-diol, hexane-1, 2-diol, hexane-1, 3-diol, hexane-1, 4-diol, hexane-1, 5-diol , Hexane-1,6-diol, hexane-2,5-diol,
  • one or both hydroxyl groups in the abovementioned diols can be substituted by SH groups.
  • Bis (hydroxymethyl) cyclohexane as well as diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol and tripropylene glycol.
  • compounds (B 2 ) it is possible to use molecules having a hydroxyl and an amino group, for example ethanolamine, 2-aminopropanol, 3-aminopro panol, isopropanolamine, 2-, 3- or 4-amino-1-butanol, 6 -Amino-1-hexanol, N-methylethanolamine, 2- (ethylamino) ethanol, 1- (ethylamino) -2-propanol 2- (butylamino) ethanol, 2- (cyclohexylamino) ethanol, 2-amino-2-methyl 1-propanol, 2- (2-aminoethoxy) ethanol, 9-amino-3,6-dioxanonan-1-ol or 2- (phenylamino) ethanol.
  • ethanolamine 2-aminopropanol
  • 3-aminopro panol isopropanolamine
  • isopropanolamine 2-, 3- or 4-amino-1-butanol
  • difunctional amines such as For example, ethylenediamine, N-alkylethylenediamine, the propylenediamines (1, 2-diaminopropane and 1, 3-diaminopropane), 2,2-dimethyl-1, 3-propylenediamine, N-alkyl propylenediamine, piperazine, tetramethylenediamine (1, 4-diaminobutane ), N-alkylbutylenediamine, N, N'-dimethylethylenediamine, pentanediamine, hexamethylenediamine, N-alkylhexamethylenediamine, heptanediamine, octanediamine, nonanediamine, decanediamine, dodecanediamine, hexadecanediamine, 1,3-diamino-2,2-diethylpropane, 1,3 Bis (methylamino) propane, 1, 5-diamino-2-methylpentan
  • Examples of such diamines are the so-called Jeffamine® D or ED series.
  • the D series are amino-functionalized polypropylene diols of 3 - 4 1, 2-propylene units (Jeffamine® D-230, average molecular weight 230), 6 - 7 1, 2-propylene units (Jeffamine® D-400, average molecular weight 400), in section about 34 1, 2-propylene units (Jeffamine® D-2000, average molecular weight 2000) or on average about 69 1, 2-propylene units (Jeffamine® XTJ-510 (D-4000), average molecular weight 4000). Some of these products may also be present as amino alcohols.
  • the ED series are diamines based on polyethylene oxides, which are ideally propoxylated on both sides, for example Jeffamine® HK-51 1 (XTJ-51 1) consisting of 2 ethylene oxide and 2 propylene oxide units with an average molecular weight of 220, Jeffamine® XTJ 500 (ED-600) of 9 ethylene oxide and 3.6 propylene oxide units with an average molecular weight of 600 and Jeffamine® XTJ-502 (ED-2003) of 38.7 ethylene oxide and 6 propylene oxide units with an average molecular weight of 2000.
  • XTJ-51 1 XTJ-51 1
  • ED-600 9 ethylene oxide
  • 3.6 propylene oxide units with an average molecular weight of 600
  • Jeffamine® XTJ-502 ED-2003
  • the compounds (B2) may also have further functional groups, for example carboxyl groups or ester groups.
  • further functional groups for example carboxyl groups or ester groups.
  • examples of such compounds are dimethylolpropionic acid, dimethylolbutyric acid or hydroxypivalic acid neopentyl glycol ester.
  • preferred compounds (B2) carry no further functional groups other than carboxyl groups or derivatives thereof reactive groups.
  • Preferred compounds (B2) are alcohols or amino alcohols, particularly preferred are alcohols.
  • Compounds (C x ) have on average more than 2, preferably 3 to 8, particularly preferably 3 to 6 groups which are reactive toward acid groups and derivatives thereof.
  • They may be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, araliphatic or aromatic and generally have not more than 100, preferably not more than 50, more preferably not more than 20 carbon atoms.
  • At least trifunctional compounds having acid group-reactive groups include tri- or higher-functional alcohols, such as glycerol, trimethylolmethane, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, 1, 2,4-butanetriol, tris (hydroxymethyl) isocyanurate, tris (hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate (THEIC), pentaerythritol, diglycerol, triglycerol or higher condensation products of glycerol, di (trimethylolpropane), di (pentaerythritol), inositols, sorbitol or sugars, such as glucose, fructose or sucrose, tri- or higher-functional polyetherols based on tri- or or higher-functional alcohols and ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or butylene oxide.
  • tri- or higher-functional alcohols such as glycerol, trimethylolmethane, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane
  • glycerol, diglycerol, triglycerol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, 1, 2,4-butanetriol, pentaerythritol, and their polyetherols based on ethylene oxide or propylene oxide are particularly preferred.
  • R 7 and R 8 independently of one another denote hydrogen or C 1 -C 18 -alkyl optionally substituted by aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles,
  • Cis-alkyl which is optionally substituted by aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles are, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl , Heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, 1, 1-dimethylpropyl, 1, 1-dimethylbutyl, 1, 1, 3,3-tetramethylbutyl , preferably methyl, ethyl or n-propyl, most preferably methyl or ethyl.
  • At least trifunctional compounds having acid group-reactive groups (Cx) furthermore include trifunctional or higher-functional amino alcohols, such as tris (hydroxymethyl) amine, tris (hydroxyethyl) amine, tris (hydroxypropyl) amine, diethanolamine, dipropanolamine, diisopropanolamine, di-sec- butanolamine, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, tris (hydroxyethyl) aminomethane, 3-amino-1,2-propanediol, 1-amino-1-deoxy-D-sorbitol and 2-amino-2-ethyl-1, 3 propanediol.
  • trifunctional or higher-functional amino alcohols such as tris (hydroxymethyl) amine, tris (hydroxyethyl) amine, tris (hydroxypropyl) amine, diethanolamine, dipropanolamine, diisopropanolamine, di-sec- butanolamine, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane,
  • At least trifunctional compounds having acid group-reactive groups (C x ) furthermore include tri- or higher-functional amines, such as tris (2-aminoethyl) amine, tris (3-aminopropyl) amine, tris (aminohexyl) amine, trisaminohexane, 4 Aminomethyl-1,8-octamethylenediamine, trisaminononane, diethylenetriamine (DETA), dipropylenetriamine, dibutylenetriamine, dihexyltriamine, N- (2-aminoethyl) -propanediamine, melamine, triethylenetetramine (TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), isopropyltriamine, dipropylenetriamine and N, N '-bis (3-aminopropyl ethylenediamine), diphenylmethane oligomeric diamino, N, N' -bis (3-aminopropy
  • triamines examples include Jeffamine® T-403, a triamine based on a modified with 5-6 1, 2-propylene trimethylolpropane, Jeffamine® T-5000, a triamine based on a glycerol modified with about 85 1, 2-propylene units and Jeffamine® XTJ-509 (T-3000), a triamine based on a glycerol modified with 50 1, 2-propylene units.
  • Preferred compounds (C x ) are alcohols or amino alcohols, with particular preference being given to alcohols.
  • Suitable solvents are, for example, hydrocarbons such as paraffins or aromatics. Particularly suitable paraffins are n-heptane and cyclohexane. Particularly suitable aromatics are toluene, ortho-xylene, meta-xylene, para-xylene, xylene as a mixture of isomers, ethylbenzene, chlorobenzene and ortho- and meta-dichlorobenzene.
  • Further suitable solvents are ethers, such as, for example, dioxane or tetrahydrofuran and ketones, for example methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone.
  • unreacted polyisobutenes can also be present as inert diluents.
  • aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures which comprise predominantly aromatic C 2 - to C 6 -hydrocarbons and may comprise a boiling range of from 1 10 to 300 ° C., particular preference is given to toluene, o-, m- or p-xylene, trimethylbenzene isomers, tetramethylbenzene isomers, Ethylbenzene, cumene, tetrahydronaphthalene and mixtures containing such.
  • Solvesso® grades from ExxonMobil Chemical, especially Solvesso® 100 (CAS No. 64742-95-6, predominantly Cg and Cio-aromatics, boiling range about 154 -. 178 0 C), 150 (boiling range about 182-207 0 C) and 200 (CAS No. 64742-94-5), as well as the Shellsol® brands of Shell.
  • Hydrocarbon mixtures of paraffins, cycloparaffins and aromatics are also known under the designations crystal oil (for example crystal oil 30, boiling range about 158-198 ° C. or crystal oil 60: CAS No. 64742-82-1), white spirit (for example likewise CAS No. 64742).
  • solvent naphtha (light: boiling range about 155-180 ° C, heavy: boiling range about 225-300 ° C) commercially available.
  • the aromatic content of such hydrocarbon mixtures is generally more than 90% by weight, preferably more than 95, more preferably more than 98, and very preferably more than 99% by weight. It may be useful to use hydrocarbon mixtures with a particularly reduced content of naphthalene.
  • the amount of solvent added is according to the invention at least 0.1% by weight, based on the mass of the starting materials to be reacted, preferably at least 1 wt .-% and particularly preferably at least 10 wt .-%.
  • solvent based on the mass of reacted starting materials to be reacted, for example 1:01 to 10 times. Solvent amounts of more than 100 times, based on the mass of reacted starting materials to be reacted, are not advantageous because significantly lower concentrations of the reactants, the reaction rate decreases significantly, resulting in uneconomical long reaction times.
  • a water-removing agent which is added at the beginning of the reaction.
  • Suitable examples are molecular sieves, in particular molecular sieve 4A, MgSO 4 and Na 2 SO 4 . It is also possible during the reaction to add further de-watering agent or to replace de-watering agent with fresh de-watering agent. It is also possible to distill off water or alcohol formed during the reaction and to use, for example, a water separator in which the water is removed by means of an entraining agent.
  • the process according to the invention can be carried out in the absence of catalysts. However, in the presence of catalysts, it is preferred to use acidic inorganic, organometallic or organic catalysts or mixtures of several acidic inorganic, organometallic or organic catalysts.
  • acidic inorganic catalysts for the purposes of the present invention are sulfuric acid, sulfates and hydrogen sulfates, such as sodium hydrogensulfate, phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid, hypophosphorous acid, aluminum sulfate hydrate, alum, acidic silica gel (having a pH in water ⁇ 6, in particular ⁇ 5) and acidic alumina call.
  • aluminum compounds of the general formula AI (OR 2 ) 3 and titanates of the general formula Ti (OR 2 ) 4 can be used as acidic inorganic catalysts, wherein the radicals R 2 may be the same or different and are independently selected from each other
  • C 1 -C 20 -alkyl radicals for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, neo-pentyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, iso-amyl, n-hexyl, iso-hexyl, sec-hexyl, n-heptyl, iso-heptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl , n-dodecyl, n-hexadecyl or n-octadecyl.
  • C 1 to C 10 -alkyl radicals particularly preferably C 1 to C 4 -alkyl.
  • C 3 -C 12 -cycloalkyl radicals for example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, cycloundecyl and cyclododecyl; preferred are cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl.
  • radicals R 2 in Al (OR 2 ) 3 or Ti (OR 2 ) 4 are preferably identical and selected from butyl, isopropyl or 2-ethylhexyl.
  • Preferred acidic organometallic catalysts are selected, for example, from dialkyltin oxides R 3 2SnO or dialkyltin esters R 3 2Sn (OR 4 ) 2 where R 3 and R 4 can be selected from C 1 -C 20 -alkyl or C 3 -C 12 -cycloalkyl and be identical or different can.
  • Particularly preferred representatives of acidic organometallic catalysts are dibutyltin oxide and dibutyltin dilaurate.
  • Preferred acidic organic catalysts are acidic organic compounds with, for example, phosphate groups, sulfonic acid groups, sulfate groups or phosphonic acid groups. Particularly preferred are sulfonic acids such as para-toluenesulfonic acid. It is also possible to use acidic ion exchangers as acidic organic catalysts, for example polystyrene resins containing sulfonic acid groups, which are crosslinked with about 2 ⁇ mol divinylbenzene.
  • acidic inorganic, organometallic or organic catalysts according to the invention 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.2 to 2% by weight, of catalyst is used.
  • the process according to the invention is preferably carried out under an inert gas atmosphere, that is to say, for example, under carbon dioxide, nitrogen or noble gas, of which in particular argon can be mentioned.
  • a gas which is inert under the reaction conditions can be passed through the reaction mixture, so that volatile compounds are stripped out of the reaction mixture.
  • the inventive method is carried out at temperatures of 60 to 250 ° C. Is preferably carried out at temperatures of 80 to 200, particularly forthcoming Trains t at 100 to 180 0 C.
  • the pressure conditions of the method according to the invention are not critical per se. You can work at significantly reduced pressure, for example at 1 to 500 mbar.
  • the process according to the invention can also be carried out at pressures above 500 mbar.
  • the reaction is preferably at atmospheric pressure; but it is also possible to carry out at slightly elevated pressure, for example up to 1200 mbar. You can also work under significantly elevated pressure, for example, at pressures up to 10 bar.
  • the reaction is at atmospheric pressure and at reduced pressures.
  • the reaction time of the process according to the invention is usually 10 minutes to 48 hours, preferably 30 minutes to 24 hours and particularly preferably 1 to 12 hours.
  • the highly functional, highly branched and hyperbranched polymers can be easily isolated, for example by filtering off the catalyst and, if appropriate, stripping off the solvent, the removal of the solvent usually being carried out at reduced pressure. Further suitable work-up methods are, for example, precipitation of the polymer after addition of water and subsequent washing and drying.
  • Another object of the present invention are obtainable by the process according to the invention highly functional, highly branched or hyperbranched polymers. They are characterized by particularly low levels of Verharzonne.
  • the gel content of the hyperbranched compounds i. the storage at room temperature (23 ° C) for 24 hours under tetrahydrofuran insoluble fraction divided by the total amount of the sample and multiplied by 100, not more than 20%, preferably not more than 10% and more preferably not more than 5%.
  • the polymers of the invention have a weight average molecular weight M w of 1000 to 1,000,000 g / mol, preferably 1500 to 500,000, more preferably 1500 to 300,000 g / mol.
  • the polydispersity is 1.1 to 150, preferably 1.2 to 120, particularly preferably 1.2 to 100 and very particularly preferably 1.2 to 50.
  • the high-functionality, highly branched and hyperbranched polymers according to the invention are carboxy-terminated, carboxy- and hydroxyl-terminated, carboxy and amino groups.
  • pen-terminated, carboxy-, hydroxyl- and amino-terminated or hydroxyl-terminated groups and can be used for the preparation of, for example, polyaddition or polycondensation products, for example polycarbonates, polyurethanes, polyamides, polyesters and polyethers.
  • the high-functionality, highly branched and hyperbranched polymers according to the invention generally have an acid number according to DIN 53240, Part 2 of 0 to 50, preferably 1 to 35 and particularly preferably 2 to 20 mg KOH / g.
  • the high-functionality, highly branched and hyperbranched polymers according to the invention generally have a hydroxyl number according to DIN 53240, Part 2 from 10 to 250, preferably from 20 to 150 and particularly preferably from 25 to 100 mg KOH / g.
  • the high-functionality, highly branched and hyperbranched polymers according to the invention generally have a glass transition temperature (measured by the ASTM method D3418-03 by DSC) of from -50 to 100, preferably from -30 to 80 ° C.
  • the high-functionality, highly branched and hyperbranched polymers according to the invention generally have an HLB value of 1 to 20, preferably 3 to 20 and particularly preferably 4 to 20.
  • the HLB value may also be less than 8, preferably 5 to 8.
  • the HLB value is a measure of the hydrophilic and lipophilic portion of a chemical compound. The determination of the HLB value is illustrated, for example, in W. C Griffin, Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, 1949, 1, 311 and W. C Griffin, Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, 1954, 5, 249.
  • the HLB may also be prepared by the method of CDMoore, M. Bell, SPC Soap, Per- fum. Cosmet. 29 (1956) 893 are calculated according to the formula
  • HLB (number of ethylene oxide groups) * 100 / (number of carbon atoms in the flexible part of the molecule).
  • a highly functional polymer is to be understood as meaning a product which, in addition to the polyisobutylene groups and the ester or amide groups linking the polymer backbone, also has at least three, preferably at least six, particularly preferably at least ten functional groups.
  • the functional groups are acid groups and / or amino or hydroxyl groups.
  • the number of terminal or pendant functional groups is in principle not limited to the top, but products with a very high number of functional groups may have undesirable properties, such as high viscosity.
  • the high-functionality polyesters of the present invention generally have not more than 500 terminal or pendant functional groups, preferably not more than 100 terminal or pendant functional groups.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is the use of the highly functional, highly branched and hyperbranched polymers according to the invention for the preparation of polyaddition or polycondensation products, for example polycarbonates, polyurethanes, polyamides, polyesters and polyethers.
  • Preference is given to the use of the hydroxyl-terminated high-functionality, highly branched and hyperbranched polyesters according to the invention for the preparation of polycarbonates, polyesters or polyurethanes.
  • a further aspect of the present invention is the use of the highly functional, highly branched and hyperbranched polymers according to the invention and the polyaddition or polycondensation products prepared from highly functional, highly branched and hyperbranched polymers as a component of printing inks, adhesives, coatings, foams, coatings and paints.
  • a further aspect of the present invention are printing inks, adhesives, coatings, foams, coatings and lacquers comprising the inventive highly functional, highly branched and hyperbranched polymers or polyaddition or polycondensation products prepared from the high-functionality, hyperbranched polymers according to the invention and which are distinguished by outstanding properties Characterize application properties.
  • the highly functional highly branched polymers formed by the process according to the invention are terminated after the reaction, ie without further modification, with hydroxyl groups, amino groups and / or with acid groups. They dissolve well in various solvents, for example in water, alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, butanol, alcohol / water mixtures, acetone, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methoxypropyl acetate, methoxyethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, octane or isooctane.
  • alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, butanol, alcohol / water mixtures,
  • the polymers according to the invention can, in addition to the functional groups already obtained by the reaction, be given further functional groups.
  • the functionalization can be carried out during the molecular weight build-up or else subsequently, ie after the end of the actual polycondensation.
  • Such effects can be achieved, for example, by adding compounds during the polycondensation which, in addition to hydroxyl groups, primary or secondary amino groups or carboxyl groups, further functional groups or functional elements, such as mercapto groups, tertiary amino groups, ether groups, in particular polyethylene oxide and / or -propyleneoxide groups, carbonyl groups , Sulfonic acids or derivatives of sulfonic acids, sulfinic acids or derivatives of sulfinic acids, phosphonic acids or derivatives of phosphonic acids, phosphinic acids or derivatives of phosphinic acids, silane groups, siloxane groups, aryl radicals or long-chain alkyl radicals or fluorinated or perfluorinated aryl or alkyl radicals.
  • compounds during the polycondensation which, in addition to hydroxyl groups, primary or secondary amino groups or carboxyl groups, further functional groups or functional elements, such as mercapto groups, tertiary amino groups,
  • Mercaptoethanol can be used for the modification with mercapto groups, for example.
  • Tertiary amino groups can be produced, for example, by incorporation of N-methyldiethanolamine, N-methyldipropanolamine or N, N-dimethylethanolamine.
  • Ether groups can be generated, for example, by condensation of di- or higher-functional polyetherols.
  • Long-chain alkyl radicals can be introduced by reaction with long-chain alkanediols, and the reaction with alkyl or aryl diisocyanates generates polymers containing alkyl, aryl, and urethane or urea groups.
  • amino acids examples include amino acids, hydroxyalkyl or -arylsulfonic acids, such as, for example, taurine or N-methyltaurine, or N-cyclohexylaminopropane and -ethanesulfonic acid.
  • amino acids examples include glycine, alanine, ⁇ -alanine, VaNn, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, tert. Leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, proline, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, cysteine, methionine, arginine, histidine, 4- Aminobutyric acid, cystine, citrulline, theanine, homocysteine, 4-hydroxyproline, alliin or ornithine.
  • Subsequent functionalization can be obtained by reacting the resulting highly functional, highly branched or hyperbranched polymer in an additional process step with a suitable functionalizing reagent which can react with the OH and / or NH and / or carboxyl groups of the polymer.
  • Hydroxyl groups or amino groups containing highly functional, highly or hyperbranched polymers can be modified, for example, by adding molecules containing isocyanate groups.
  • urethane groups or polymers containing urea groups can be obtained by reaction with alkyl or aryl isocyanates.
  • hydroxyl-containing or amino-containing high-functionality polymers can also be converted by reaction with alkylene oxides, for example ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or butylene oxide, into highly functional polyether polyols. These compounds can then be obtained, for example, water-soluble or water-dispersible.
  • alkylene oxides for example ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or butylene oxide
  • Carboxyl- or amino-containing high-functionality polymers can also be converted by the addition of acidic or basic components into carboxylate- or ammonium-containing polymers, which then have, for example, improved water solubility or water dispersibility.
  • the control of the molecular weight was done by controlling the amount of water removed.
  • a glass flask equipped with stirrer, internal thermometer and water separator was charged with 13.3 g of tris (2-aminoethyl) amine and mixed with 50 g of water and 30 g of xylene. Subsequently, at room temperature, 50 g of PIBSA dissolved in 20 g of xylene were added over the course of 30 minutes, after which a further mixture of 25 g of water and 25 g of xylene was added. The mixture was heated to 80 ° C and stirred for 1 h at this temperature. The water was then removed via the water separator. After distilling off the bulk of the water, the mixture was heated to 140 ° C and removed xylene.
  • the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at 160 ° C and a further hour at 180 ° C, while still remaining amounts of water and XyIoI were removed.
  • the polymer was then discharged warm and analyzed by GPC analysis. The number average molecular weight Mn was found to be 1 150 g / mol, the weight average molecular weight Mw to be 1500 g / mol.
  • the polymers were purified by gel permeation chromatography at 30 ° C with a
  • Refractometer analyzed as a detector.
  • As a mobile phase was tetrahydrofuran with 0.02 mol / L of triethylamine was used as the standard for determining the molecular weight polystyrene was used.
  • the determination of the acid number and the OH number was carried out according to DIN 53240, part 2.
  • TMP trimethylolpropane

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
  • Other Resins Obtained By Reactions Not Involving Carbon-To-Carbon Unsaturated Bonds (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

Polymères hautement fonctionnels, hautement ramifiés et hyper-ramifiés, à base de dérivés de polyisobutène et leur procédé de fabrication
EP06830380A 2005-12-16 2006-12-05 Polymeres hautement fonctionnels, hautement ramifies et hyper-ramifies, et leur procede de fabrication Withdrawn EP1963405A1 (fr)

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DE102005060783A DE102005060783A1 (de) 2005-12-16 2005-12-16 Hochfunktionelle, hoch- und hyperverzweigte Polymere sowie ein Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
PCT/EP2006/069334 WO2007068632A1 (fr) 2005-12-16 2006-12-05 Polymeres hautement fonctionnels, hautement ramifies et hyper-ramifies, et leur procede de fabrication

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US (1) US20080312384A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1963405A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2009519369A (fr)
KR (1) KR20080077397A (fr)
CN (1) CN101331174B (fr)
DE (1) DE102005060783A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2007068632A1 (fr)

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WO2007068632A1 (fr) 2007-06-21
JP2009519369A (ja) 2009-05-14
KR20080077397A (ko) 2008-08-22
DE102005060783A1 (de) 2007-06-28
US20080312384A1 (en) 2008-12-18
CN101331174B (zh) 2012-05-30

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