EP2009149A1 - Dispositif d'alimentation pour flocons de fibres tout comme procédé destiné à l'installation de fibres ou de flocons de fibres - Google Patents

Dispositif d'alimentation pour flocons de fibres tout comme procédé destiné à l'installation de fibres ou de flocons de fibres Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2009149A1
EP2009149A1 EP07110930A EP07110930A EP2009149A1 EP 2009149 A1 EP2009149 A1 EP 2009149A1 EP 07110930 A EP07110930 A EP 07110930A EP 07110930 A EP07110930 A EP 07110930A EP 2009149 A1 EP2009149 A1 EP 2009149A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
roller
fiber
fibers
segments
speed
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP07110930A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Siegfried Bernhardt
Robert Kamprath
Heinz-Werner Naumann-Burghardt
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Oskar Dilo Maschinenfabrik KG
Original Assignee
Oskar Dilo Maschinenfabrik KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
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First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=38596060&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP2009149(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Oskar Dilo Maschinenfabrik KG filed Critical Oskar Dilo Maschinenfabrik KG
Priority to EP10175496A priority Critical patent/EP2251466A3/fr
Priority to EP07110930A priority patent/EP2009149A1/fr
Priority to US12/143,473 priority patent/US7779512B2/en
Priority to CNA2008101265305A priority patent/CN101333708A/zh
Priority to CN2010105302743A priority patent/CN102011218A/zh
Publication of EP2009149A1 publication Critical patent/EP2009149A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01G—PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF FIBRES, e.g. FOR SPINNING
    • D01G23/00—Feeding fibres to machines; Conveying fibres between machines
    • D01G23/06—Arrangements in which a machine or apparatus is regulated in response to changes in the volume or weight of fibres fed, e.g. piano motions

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a feeding device for fiber flakes or dissolved fibers for feeding a textile machine, in particular a carding machine, wherein the fibers or fiber flakes can be fed from a pneumatic fiber transport device, with a first upper vertical fiber shaft, which feeds the fiber or fiber flakes rolls for dissolving the fibers and a lower fiber chute which receives the released from the rollers fibers and outputs at the lower end of the fiber chute a Faserflockenmatte via discharge rollers.
  • the invention further relates to a method according to the preamble of claim 26.
  • the fiber flake mat fed to the following textile machine should have a high degree of uniformity both in the longitudinal and in the transverse direction.
  • a fundamental problem with such devices is that they also distribute the fibers separated from the transport air stream in an upper shaft section with a uniform density across the width of the shaft in the longitudinal direction.
  • the invention is therefore an object of the invention to provide a feed device and a method for supplying fibers or fiber flakes for fiber flakes or dissolved fibers of the type mentioned, in which the weight fluctuations of the output Faserflockenmatte be kept low and in particular short-wave fluctuations are compensated.
  • the invention advantageously provides that the lower end of the upper shaft feeds the fibers of a segmented retractable trough having a plurality of retractable trough segments which cooperate with a segmented tufted first roller divided into a plurality of roller segments, the torque of the roller segments is controllable differently and the gap width between a collection trough segment and the respective roll segment is segmentally adjustable or adjustable.
  • the invention makes it possible to compensate for short-wave changes in the fiber density in the fiber flake mat and to achieve a high homogenization of the fiber flake mat in the longitudinal direction, thereby also a homogenization in the transverse direction.
  • the intake trough segments which are opposite to the roller segments, can be statically fixed and cooperate with each torque-controlled roller segments.
  • a different torque can be specified, wherein the gap width between a retraction tray segment and the respective roller segment is individually adjustable.
  • the gap width at the outer segments may be about 1 mm further than in the inner segments.
  • the length of the roller segments corresponds to the length of the opposite roller segments.
  • the catchment trough segments can have a finer subdivision than the trough entry segments.
  • the first roller may be composed of roller segments of the same length.
  • a first crush zone is formed, that the first roller transmits the fiber flake mat on a second provided with a set roller which rotates in the same direction with equal or lower peripheral speed than the peripheral speed of the first roller, and that the second roller is provided with a cover having a decreasing distance to the second roller in the direction of rotation of the second roller.
  • first compression zone at the end of the intake trough
  • second compression zone at the end of the second roller
  • the second roller to the compressed fiber flake mat at the end of the cover on a high-speed third roller for Spreading the compacted fiber flake mat into the lower shaft transfers.
  • the compacted fiber flake mat is again dissolved and dropped into the lower shaft, wherein preferably a peripherally guided air flow supports the detachment of the fibers from the high-speed third roller.
  • the high-speed roller rotates in the opposite direction to the first two rollers for combing coarse or long fibers and that the high-speed roller for combing short fibers rotates in the same direction to the first two rollers.
  • the high-speed roller can thus be operated differently for different fibers in an advantageous manner.
  • air ducts extending in the transverse direction of the shaft over the width of the shaft are guided tangentially past the high-speed roller, whereby one or the other air shaft section can be shut off depending on the direction of rotation of the high-speed roller.
  • the high-speed roller is thus supplied at the separation point of the fibers, an air flow to facilitate the detachment of the fibers from the high-speed roller.
  • a fiber guide plate is arranged below the high-speed roller, which switches the air flow of the air flow according to the direction of rotation of the high-speed roller in a direction coinciding with the direction of rotation of the high-speed roller along.
  • the high speed roller as well as the first two rollers may be pin rollers or garnished rollers.
  • roller segments of the first roller are mounted on a common shaft and that a coupling transmits a variably adjustable torque to the respective roller segment.
  • the clutch may consist of a hysteresis clutch whose transmissible torque is adjustable over a distance of opposing coupling elements.
  • Each roller segment may alternatively have an internal motor drive whose torque is adjustable.
  • the control of the torque transmitted to the roller segments can be effected in dependence on a segment-by-segment measurement of the basis weight of the output fiber mat and / or in dependence on a level measurement in the lower shaft behind the third roller.
  • the discharge rollers transfer a fiber mat to an evacuated sieve belt.
  • the lower fiber shaft may have shaft walls, which are provided for compression with a vibrator.
  • a vibrating device can also be arranged in the pivoting recess.
  • the air flow supplied to the high-speed roller may consist of transport air separated in the upper fiber shaft.
  • the air flow may be formed from supplied compressed air.
  • the shaft walls of the lower fiber shaft can be permeable.
  • the gap width between a pull-in trough segment and the respective roll segment is statically adjustable in segments.
  • the rotational speed of the shaft of the first roller can be considerably greater than the rotational speed of the second roller.
  • the peripheral speed of the second roller is about 5 to 30 m / min, preferably 15 to 25 m / min.
  • the peripheral speed of the third roller is at least about 600 m / min, preferably 800 to 1200 m / min.
  • the width of the segments or recessed trough can be determined by the width of axially juxtaposed roller segments of a roller.
  • roller segments and / or the intake trough segments can be subdivided finer.
  • Segmented dissolution is accomplished by individually controlling the torque of each of the roller segments.
  • the segmented dissolution can also be done by static adjustment of the gap width between the roll segments and corresponding Einzugsmuldensegmenten a roll segments opposite intake trough.
  • Fig. 1 shows a feed device 1 for fiber flakes or dissolved fibers for feeding a subsequent textile machine, in particular a carding or a subsequent solidification device mechanically or thermally.
  • the fiber flakes are fed via a pneumatic fiber transport device 2 a first upper vertical fiber slot by the transport air 38 from the fibers, eg with comb-like Shaft wall elements is separated, so that the fiber flocks can collect in the upper fiber slot 4 and can condense to the lower end of the upper fiber shaft 4.
  • the fiber flakes are fed to a plurality of rollers 6, 8, 10 for dissolving the fiber flakes and then collected in a lower fiber shaft 12.
  • Discharge rollers 14 issue at the lower end of the fiber slot 12 a mat-shaped fiber flake mat.
  • the fiber flake mat is deposited on a vacuumed screen belt 50 or alternatively, as the FIGS. 4 to 6
  • the separated transport air 38 may be partially blown off or at least partially used as air stream 40,42 to assist in detaching the fibers from the roller 10 delivering the fibers to the lower fiber chute 12.
  • Fig. 1 are a total of three rollers 6,8,10 shown. It is understood that an arrangement of only two rollers 6,10 may be provided, in which the high-speed roller 10 cooperates directly with the first roller 6.
  • the first roller 6, which receives the fiber flakes from the lower end 5 of the upper fiber shaft 4 is divided into a plurality of roller segments 30,32,34, as in particular from Fig. 7 is apparent.
  • the segmented roller 6 cooperates with a segmented recessed trough 18 with preferably equal pitch of the segments.
  • the pitch of the segments can be refined towards the edge, ie the length of the segments is less towards the edge of the fiber mat.
  • a maximum torque can be specified, which is variably controllable, for example, in response to a determined downstream of the high-speed roller 10 density distribution in the longitudinal and transverse directions.
  • the variably controllable torque of the individual roller segments 30,32,34 thus makes it possible, in particular short-wave fluctuations in the transverse and longitudinal compensation, by controlling the amount of fiber supplied already at the end of the upper fiber shaft 4th
  • the gap width between the intake trough segments 22, 24 and the respective roller segment 30, 32, 34 is preferably statically adjustable in segments.
  • a first crush zone is formed, which also supports the homogenization of the fibers in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Behind this compression zone, the fiber flake mat formed by the first roller 6 is transferred to a second roller 8 provided with a clothing, which rotates in the same direction at the same or lower circumferential speed than the peripheral speed of the first roller 6. At such a handling speed, the compression effect increases.
  • the second roller 8 is provided with a cover which is like Fig. 1 Obviously, a decreasing gap width in the direction of rotation of the second roller 8 is generated. As a result, an upsetting zone is again formed, at the end of which the fiber flake mat is transferred to the high-speed third roller 10. This results in a renewed dissolution of the fibers and a centrifuging of the fibers in the lower shaft 12 and in a slot located in the air stream 42, which is preferably branched off from the transport air stream 38.
  • the air stream 42 is passed tangentially past the high-speed roll 10 to assist in stripping the fibers.
  • the lower shaft walls of the lower shaft 12 are made permeable. They have, for example, comb-like devices 60 in order to blow off unneeded portions of the air stream 42.
  • comb-like devices 60 in order to blow off unneeded portions of the air stream 42.
  • a part of the lower shaft 12 is shut down with a pivoting recess 44.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show the position of the preferably wedge-shaped pivoting trough 44 at different rotational direction of the high-speed roller 10th
  • the air stream 40,42 also additionally consist of conditioned air, in particular compressed air.
  • the fibers dropped by the high-speed roller 10 into the lower shaft 12 accumulate in the lower part of the fiber slot and are deposited by the discharge rollers 14 onto a screened belt 50 which has been subjected to suction.
  • Deflection rollers 58 guide the endlessly circulating screen belt 50.
  • One of the deflection rollers 58 and a support roller 62 are arranged opposite the discharge rollers 14, wherein between the deflection roller 58 and the support roller 62 remains a gap for the extracted air flow over the width of the fiber shaft.
  • a fan 56 generates the required air intake flow. Possibly. can be dispensed with the air outlet means 60 on the shaft walls, when the amount of air supplied in the air flow 40 or 42 corresponds to the amount of air sucked by the fan 56.
  • the suction hopper leading to the fan 56 which is arranged below the screen belt 50, makes the intake flow uniform across the width of the feed device 1. Suction makes possible a significantly better transition of the air humidity from the conditioned air to the fiber flake mat.
  • a mat-shaped fiber mat 54 is deposited, which can be fed to the subsequent machine via the wire belt 50 or another transport system.
  • the third high-speed roller 10 rotates in the same direction as the two first rollers 6 and 8. In this position, short fibers can be processed.
  • the speed of the high-speed roller 10 is about 600 m / min, preferably about 800 to 1200 m / min, e.g. 1000 m / min, while the second roller 8 has a speed of 10 to 30 m / min, preferably about 20 m / min.
  • the width of a roller segment 30,32,34 or the Einzugsmuldensegmente 20,22,24 is preferably about 250 mm. It is understood, however, that the individual segments can also have other widths, for example between 150 and 400 mm, and that the individual segments can also have a different width.
  • Fig. 2 showed a mode for long-staple fibers or for fibers that should not be opened too much.
  • the direction of rotation of the high-speed roller 10 is opposite to the first two rollers 6,8.
  • the shut-off 44 now blocks the right part of the lower shaft 12 from.
  • the discharge of the fibers from the second roller 8, which serves as a feed roller, is carried out with the same direction movement of the roller peripheral surfaces to each other, without the fibers are combed out over trough edge of the cover 28.
  • Fig. 3 shows one of the Fig. 2 corresponding operating mode, in which, however, the shut-off element 44 is significantly smaller below the high-speed roller 10, so that a larger filling volume is formed in the lower fiber slot 12 for collecting the fibers.
  • the shut-off element 44 is pivotally arranged to allow a change of the operating mode of the high-speed roller 10.
  • Fig. 4 showed an embodiment in which a conveyor belt 51 is disposed below the discharge rollers 14 instead of the sub-screened sieve.
  • the shaft walls 46,48 of the lower shaft 12 may be provided with vibrators 52, which can be operated depending on the position of the pivoting trough 44.
  • a vibrating device can be arranged in the swivel trough 44.
  • This embodiment differs from the preceding in that the air flow 40 (and alternatively the air flow 42) is not formed from the transport air 38, but by a separately supplied air flow, for example by blowing compressed air, preferably conditioned compressed air.
  • the transport air 38 is blown against it.
  • venting devices 60 for example in the form of Entlwestungshimmmen provided.
  • Fig. 7 shows a section through the first segmented roller 8, which has a common hollow shaft 36 on which stators 37,38,39 are arranged for each roller segment, which drive the rotor of the roller segments 30,32,34 via couplings 31, in particular hysteresis clutches.
  • the hollow shaft 36 is driven for example by an electric motor 72.
  • roller bearings 30, 32, 34 mounted via ball bearings 37 takes place via the coupling 31, which can transmit a definable and controllable torque.
  • it is a hysteresis coupling, which undergoes a change in torque over the variable gap width C between the coupling elements 33 and 35.
  • the hysteresis clutch operates without contact and wear, so that the speed ratios automatically automatically between the hollow shaft 36 and the roller segments 30,32,34, depending on which torque is applied to the Walzensegementen 30,32,34 adjusts automatically.
  • This torque is defined by a spring constant of the fibers of the first crush zone at the end of the feed trough 18. This ensures that with the same torque settings and the same physical properties of the fiber mixtures between the individual segments of the segmented roller 6, a balance of the torques is generated and, consequently, a homogenization of the fiber quantities. The missing amount of fiber is tracked at any time from the upper fiber slot 4.
  • an internal motor can be provided for each individual roller segment 30, 32, 34, which can perform the same function as the hysteresis clutch in a torque-controlled manner.
  • a speed monitor 41 may be provided which is coupled to a control 70 for the torque of the roller segments.
  • Fig. 8 shows in a plan view emerging from the feed device fiber flake mat 54 on the conveyor belt 50 or 51 with a subsequent weighing table 72 with a plurality, for example nine juxtaposed measuring cell 74, with which the basis weight of the exiting fiber flake mat 54 can be measured.
  • the measuring signal is used by the controller for the torque control of the roller segments 30, 32, 34, the number and width of which preferably corresponds to the number and width of the measuring cells 74.
  • Fig. 9 schematically shows the torque control for the roller segments in response to the measurement signals of the measuring cells 74, which are fed to the control for the Walzensegemente.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Preliminary Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
EP07110930A 2007-06-25 2007-06-25 Dispositif d'alimentation pour flocons de fibres tout comme procédé destiné à l'installation de fibres ou de flocons de fibres Withdrawn EP2009149A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP10175496A EP2251466A3 (fr) 2007-06-25 2007-06-25 Dispositif d'alimentation pour flocons de fibres tout comme procédé destiné à l'installation de fibres ou de flocons de fibres
EP07110930A EP2009149A1 (fr) 2007-06-25 2007-06-25 Dispositif d'alimentation pour flocons de fibres tout comme procédé destiné à l'installation de fibres ou de flocons de fibres
US12/143,473 US7779512B2 (en) 2007-06-25 2008-06-20 Apparatus and method for feeding fibers
CNA2008101265305A CN101333708A (zh) 2007-06-25 2008-06-24 纤维的喂入装置及方法
CN2010105302743A CN102011218A (zh) 2007-06-25 2008-06-24 纤维的喂入装置及方法

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP07110930A EP2009149A1 (fr) 2007-06-25 2007-06-25 Dispositif d'alimentation pour flocons de fibres tout comme procédé destiné à l'installation de fibres ou de flocons de fibres

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2009149A1 true EP2009149A1 (fr) 2008-12-31

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EP07110930A Withdrawn EP2009149A1 (fr) 2007-06-25 2007-06-25 Dispositif d'alimentation pour flocons de fibres tout comme procédé destiné à l'installation de fibres ou de flocons de fibres
EP10175496A Withdrawn EP2251466A3 (fr) 2007-06-25 2007-06-25 Dispositif d'alimentation pour flocons de fibres tout comme procédé destiné à l'installation de fibres ou de flocons de fibres

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP10175496A Withdrawn EP2251466A3 (fr) 2007-06-25 2007-06-25 Dispositif d'alimentation pour flocons de fibres tout comme procédé destiné à l'installation de fibres ou de flocons de fibres

Country Status (3)

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US (1) US7779512B2 (fr)
EP (2) EP2009149A1 (fr)
CN (2) CN101333708A (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2695976A1 (fr) * 2012-08-06 2014-02-12 Oskar Dilo Maschinenfabrik KG Dispositif pour délivrer des fibres divisées ou des bourres de fibres sur un dispositif de transport

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH706658A1 (de) * 2012-06-29 2013-12-31 Rieter Ag Maschf Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Regelung der Faserzufuhr zu einer Karde.
CN103866429A (zh) * 2012-12-17 2014-06-18 信宜奕龙实业发展有限公司 一种梳棉机
US9551092B2 (en) * 2014-07-29 2017-01-24 American Felt & Filter Company Multi-fiber carding apparatus and method
US10131993B2 (en) * 2015-01-16 2018-11-20 Nanowear, Inc. Large scale manufacturing of hybrid nanostructured textile sensors
CN108085796A (zh) * 2017-12-08 2018-05-29 南通市苏中纺织有限公司 一种可伸缩棉纺下料用设备
CH714679A1 (de) * 2018-02-26 2019-08-30 Rieter Ag Maschf Füllschachtaustrag zur Speisung einer Karde.
CN109295604B (zh) * 2018-11-23 2023-04-25 威海鹏元纺织科技有限公司 人造毛皮机多速度工作辊微型梳理装置
DE102019005316A1 (de) * 2019-07-30 2021-02-04 Hubert Hergeth V-Matte
CN110629291B (zh) * 2019-10-31 2024-03-19 江苏华茂自动化设备有限公司 一种梳麻机的出料压麻装置

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US5611116A (en) * 1992-12-23 1997-03-18 Trutzschler Gmbh & Co. Kg Fiber batt feeding apparatus for a fiber processing machine
DE19826071A1 (de) * 1998-06-12 1999-12-16 Truetzschler Gmbh & Co Kg Vorrichtung an einer Spinnereimaschine zum Herstellen und Regulieren eines Faserflockenvlieses, z. B. aus Baumwolle, Chemiefasern
EP0972866A2 (fr) * 1998-07-14 2000-01-19 Marzoli S.p.A. Appareil et procéde pour égaliser l'alimentation d'une machine de cardage en fibres textiles sous forme d'une matte
US6167593B1 (en) * 1998-06-12 2001-01-02 Tr{umlaut over (u)}tzschler GmbH & Co. KG Apparatus for varying the depth of a chute in a fiber feeder

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GB1014689A (en) * 1962-08-07 1965-12-31 Daiwa Spinning Co Ltd An apparatus for delivering fibre material coming out of a blowing room to carding engines
DE3734140C2 (de) * 1987-10-09 1999-01-28 Truetzschler Gmbh & Co Kg Vorrichtung zur Vergleichmäßigung des einer Karde, Krempel, Reiniger o. dgl. zuzuführenden Faserflockenvlieses
DE4038838B4 (de) * 1990-01-23 2005-12-22 Trützschler GmbH & Co KG Vorrichtung zum Speisen von in Flockenform befindlichem Fasergut, z. B. Baumwolle, Chemiefasern u. dgl., zu Verarbeitungsmaschinen
DE4200394B4 (de) * 1991-03-19 2004-12-02 Trützschler GmbH & Co KG Vorrichtung zum Reinigen und Öffnen von in Flockenform befindlichem Fasergut z. B. Baumwolle, synthetischem Fasergut u. dgl.
ES2158096T3 (es) * 1995-03-20 2001-09-01 Du Pont Alimentador con conducto de vertido para equipo de procesado textil.
DE19538143C2 (de) * 1995-10-13 1998-09-03 Truetzschler Gmbh & Co Kg Vorrichtung zum Speisen von Fasergut
DE19826070B4 (de) * 1998-06-12 2015-12-10 Trützschler GmbH & Co Kommanditgesellschaft Vorrichtung an einer Spinnereimaschine zum Herstellen eines Faserflockenvlieses, z. B. aus Baumwolle, Chemiefasern
DE19855571A1 (de) * 1998-12-02 2000-06-08 Truetzschler Gmbh & Co Kg Vorrichtung an einer Spinnereimaschine zum Herstellen eines Faserverbandes, z.B. aus Baumwolle, Chemiefasern

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5611116A (en) * 1992-12-23 1997-03-18 Trutzschler Gmbh & Co. Kg Fiber batt feeding apparatus for a fiber processing machine
DE19826071A1 (de) * 1998-06-12 1999-12-16 Truetzschler Gmbh & Co Kg Vorrichtung an einer Spinnereimaschine zum Herstellen und Regulieren eines Faserflockenvlieses, z. B. aus Baumwolle, Chemiefasern
US6167593B1 (en) * 1998-06-12 2001-01-02 Tr{umlaut over (u)}tzschler GmbH & Co. KG Apparatus for varying the depth of a chute in a fiber feeder
EP0972866A2 (fr) * 1998-07-14 2000-01-19 Marzoli S.p.A. Appareil et procéde pour égaliser l'alimentation d'une machine de cardage en fibres textiles sous forme d'une matte

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2695976A1 (fr) * 2012-08-06 2014-02-12 Oskar Dilo Maschinenfabrik KG Dispositif pour délivrer des fibres divisées ou des bourres de fibres sur un dispositif de transport
US9187852B2 (en) 2012-08-06 2015-11-17 Oskar Dilo Maschinenfabrik Kg Feed device for supplying individualized fibers or fiber flocks to a transport device

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2251466A2 (fr) 2010-11-17
US7779512B2 (en) 2010-08-24
CN102011218A (zh) 2011-04-13
CN101333708A (zh) 2008-12-31
EP2251466A3 (fr) 2011-04-06
US20080313860A1 (en) 2008-12-25

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