EP2016159A2 - Biomass gasifier and method for the allothermic gasification of biomass - Google Patents

Biomass gasifier and method for the allothermic gasification of biomass

Info

Publication number
EP2016159A2
EP2016159A2 EP07722278A EP07722278A EP2016159A2 EP 2016159 A2 EP2016159 A2 EP 2016159A2 EP 07722278 A EP07722278 A EP 07722278A EP 07722278 A EP07722278 A EP 07722278A EP 2016159 A2 EP2016159 A2 EP 2016159A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
reactor
biomass
biomass gasifier
gasifier according
gas
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP07722278A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2016159B1 (en
EP2016159B8 (en
Inventor
Dieter Schillingmann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rew Regenerative Energie Wirtschaftssysteme GmbH
Schillingmann Dieter
Original Assignee
REW Regenerative Energie Wirtschaftssysteme GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by REW Regenerative Energie Wirtschaftssysteme GmbH filed Critical REW Regenerative Energie Wirtschaftssysteme GmbH
Publication of EP2016159A2 publication Critical patent/EP2016159A2/en
Publication of EP2016159B1 publication Critical patent/EP2016159B1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2016159B8 publication Critical patent/EP2016159B8/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/32—Devices for distributing fuel evenly over the bed or for stirring up the fuel bed
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/58—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels combined with pre-distillation of the fuel
    • C10J3/60—Processes
    • C10J3/64—Processes with decomposition of the distillation products
    • C10J3/66—Processes with decomposition of the distillation products by introducing them into the gasification zone
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2200/00—Details of gasification apparatus
    • C10J2200/09—Mechanical details of gasifiers not otherwise provided for, e.g. sealing means
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2200/00—Details of gasification apparatus
    • C10J2200/15—Details of feeding means
    • C10J2200/158—Screws
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/12—Heating the gasifier
    • C10J2300/1253—Heating the gasifier by injecting hot gas

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a biomass gasifier for pyrolysis and gasification of biomass for producing a fuel gas or fuel gas mixture and a method for obtaining such fuel gases.
  • Biomass gasifiers are known as such.
  • EP 1447438 A1 e.g. an apparatus for pyrolysis and gasification of biomass known.
  • the biomass to be gasified is dried in the prereactor and pre-pyrolyzed and then reaches the main reactor.
  • the masses to be gasified are further pyrolyzed and partially gasified, then the solids are discharged and the gases are fed to a secondary reactor.
  • the gas is passed through a continuous filter in which it is to be cleaned and cooled.
  • Pre-reactor, main reactor and post-reactor are heated exclusively from the outside.
  • the present invention is based on the object to provide a biomass gasifier, which achieves both a higher conversion through gasification, as well as a comparatively clean fuel gas with high hydrogen and / or carbon monoxide - share and with only minor impurities, especially tar , which may even be used without further purification of gas by reactors or scrubbers, for example in an internal combustion engine, Stirling engine, a gas turbine or fuel cell (in particular after removal of the non-water substance fraction).
  • the subject of the process according to the invention is a pyrolytic, allothermal gasification.
  • Characteristics of the present invention is a stepped conversion into a plant with pre-reactor and main reactor and secondary reactor.
  • Biomass in the sense of the present invention are i.a. biogenic and animal by-products or industrial by-products or by-products from biogenic sources.
  • the process is suitable for moist biomass, with water contained in the biomass representing the gasification agent used in the main reactor and, if the biomass is sufficiently moist, no further gasification agent has to be added.
  • the available fuel gas is better suited for use in combustion in heat engines, as the comparable known method, in addition, the product of the process is a solid carbonaceous residue, which is suitable as a high quality fuel.
  • a biomass gasifier designed according to the invention has the advantage that the gas is discharged together with the solid in a temperature-controlled delivery line. It has proven to be advantageous if the discharge line is filled over the entire cross section with the solid bed and thus the gas must flow through this bed. Due to the intense gas-solid contact at high temperatures in this discharge the secondary degradation of the higher hydrocarbons, especially tars. For the purposes of the invention, this discharge line constitutes the secondary reactor.
  • the procedure according to the invention has the advantage that the outlay on equipment for producing an economically usable product gas can be kept low.
  • the pre-reactor has the function of compressing biomass, heating it and, if necessary, extracting water up to a defined moisture content.
  • Oxygen deficiency means that insufficient oxygen is provided compared to the amount that would be required to oxidize the carbon to CO 2 , so that the reaction with respect to the carbon is essentially led to CO.
  • the main reactor of the biomass gasifier has one or more elongated heating elements in the core (s) of the transport screw (s) which, in addition to the heating from outside, heat / heat the interior of the main reactor without any replacement of the heat transfer medium with the interior of the main reactor takes place, ie the heat transfer takes place through the walls of the soul into the interior of the reactor.
  • the secondary reactor and / or the prereactor may also have such heating elements in the core (s) of the screw conveyor (s), in particular for the secondary reactor because higher temperatures are required than in the prereactor.
  • the screw conveyor of the main reactor has a mixing and conveying function and can be designed in the form of a spiral conveyor.
  • the prereactor preferably has a twin screw and possibly one or two elongate heating elements in the souls of the twin screw.
  • the gas solid contact is significantly increased, so that the gasification can be done better and more intense.
  • the degree of filling of the main reactor can be influenced so that adjusts a backwater at the end of the main reactor and can be set at least in the secondary reactor, a fully filled cross-section that the gas there must flow through the entire solid surface of the gas, which positively influences both the gasification reactions and the secondary degradation.
  • the secondary reactor does not necessarily have to be a reactor separate from the main reactor, but the main reactor and secondary reactor can also be two zones of a reactor.
  • the secondary reactor (or in this sense equivalent to the secondary reactor zone) has a higher degree of filling (preferably 100 vol.%) Than the main reactor (or the main reactor reactor zone), wherein the main reactor is always first passed through by the filling material.
  • the advantage of the high degree of filling in the secondary reactor is: a.
  • the high degree of filling reduces the tar content in the synthesis gas, as it flows through the gas through the full amount of hot coke.
  • b. The gasification works more completely, because • the heat transfer of the allothermal gasification is better with a high degree of filling,
  • the pyrolysis / gasification of the biomass in the biomass gasifier according to the invention proceeds as follows:
  • biomass gasifier all renewable raw materials, biogenic residues and waste materials and mixtures thereof and with these - in the context of the present invention also generally referred to as biomass - are gasified, as long as they are present in a pourable form.
  • the state eg the moisture or particle size distribution of the biomass, does not matter, because the biomass gasifier can also gasify moist and inhomogeneous substances very well and economically. It is also possible to mix biomass with other non-biogenic substances. These may be, for example, household waste, sludges or other reactive carbonaceous materials.
  • contamination of the biomass with non-reactive material is up to a fraction of 20% by weight, preferably 5% by weight, harmless to gasification, if they occur in a piece that is not critical for the conveyors (screws), since these materials are discharged again after the gasification of the actual biomass.
  • non-reactive material such as metals
  • an admixture of up to 40% by weight, preferably up to 10% by weight, of fuels which are not renewable raw materials is possible, and that the biomass gasifier can nevertheless be operated economically.
  • substances or mixtures of various substances may be used as fuel, which may not be suitable as fuel in autothermal or allothermal gasifiers according to the prior art and in combustion plants.
  • the bulk material biomass is stored in a bunker, silo or storage tank and heated by the residual energy in the flue gas.
  • the pre-heated biomass is passed through a lock and conveyor in a pre-reactor.
  • the prereactor preferably takes place drying, degassing and pyrolysis.
  • the prereactor for example, is heated to temperatures of 200 0 C to 700 0 C, in particular 200 ° C to 400 ° C or 200 0 C to 300 0 C.
  • the hot gas emerging from the main reactor jacket is advantageously used with, for example, 700 to 500 ° C. as the heating medium.
  • the heating gas can be the flue gas of the downstream process of the combustion of the pyrolysis coke.
  • the prereactor preferably has a multi-shaft conveying and mixing plant, in particular designed as a twin screw, in order to enter the biomass and in particular to avoid caking problems.
  • the prereactor is designed in particular as a positive-conveying externally heated twin screw.
  • the forced delivery has the advantage that especially complex, moist to muddy biomass is easily dried in the prereactor to a defined residual moisture and pyrolyzed at the same time and thus for the supply of a solid (pyrolysis) and gas (pyrolysis gas, which at high temperature, the pyrolysis contains) serves the main reactor.
  • a twin screw or generally multi-shaft screws are screws which rotate about several axes, with the screw wings interlocking.
  • the gas leaving the prereactor is a pyrolysis gas (essentially hydrogen-free), which also contains pyrolysis oil due to the high temperatures.
  • the prereactor always has lower temperatures than the main reactor and the secondary reactor and is preferably heated by the residual heat of the main reactor.
  • the main reactor is heated by a heating device, so that in the main reactor a hot reaction zone is formed, in which temperatures of 700 ° to 950 ° C, in particular 800 to less than 900 0 C, preferably about 825 ° C prevail.
  • a heating device in which temperatures of 700 ° to 950 ° C, in particular 800 to less than 900 0 C, preferably about 825 ° C prevail.
  • In the main reactor is a driven by a motor and heated from the inside by an additional heating transport and mixing screw, which transports the fuel axially through the main reactor and mixes it.
  • the reaction in the main reactor is an allothermal gasification in the presence of water vapor.
  • the heat is supplied from the outside, wherein either a heat transfer through the reactor walls takes place and / or heat is introduced via radiation.
  • Hot gases are not conducted into the reaction space of the main reactor, at least not in the sense that supplied gases have a temperature equal to or higher than the feed of the main reactor.
  • the gases containing or consisting of oxygen in this case are not hot gases but a reaction gas.
  • the main reactor is externally heated by hot flue gases.
  • the reaction takes place in the form of an all-thermal steam reforming, in which case the residual moisture of the biomass to be gasified is preferably introduced from the prereactor as gasification agent, but if necessary, water can also be added.
  • the synthesis gas recovered in the main reactor and secondary reactor has a high hydrogen content of e.g. up to 50 vol.% (based on the gas) on or above.
  • main and secondary reactor may also include other energy input method additionally be used, such as microwaves, plasma, induction, or internal heat transfer materials, which are externally heated and internally used in the reactor for heat dissipation, for example, CaO from the main reactor CaCO 3 after CO 2 uptake is.
  • energy input method such as microwaves, plasma, induction, or internal heat transfer materials, which are externally heated and internally used in the reactor for heat dissipation, for example, CaO from the main reactor CaCO 3 after CO 2 uptake is.
  • main reactor further pyrolysis of the partially converted biomass from the prereactor takes place, in which various gaseous and condensable substances and a solid pyrolysate consisting essentially of carbon form. This takes place in the main reactor without the addition of air or oxygen.
  • the gasification of the pyrolysate with water (steam) takes place from the drying and pyrolysis of the fuel and with carbon dioxide from the pyrolysis of the fuel.
  • the main reactor is so named because here the main reaction takes place according to the purpose of the decay, namely full pyrolysis and primary gasification (proportionate generation of the highest amount of hydrogen).
  • the registered in the main reactor solid contains pyrolysis and ash, which arises in the prereactor at temperatures of 200 0 C to 700 0 C in addition to pyrolysis and pyrolysis.
  • the main reactor has a jacket, suitably with Bankgas Equipmentsblechen in the jacket.
  • heating gas e.g. hot flue gas from the plant, fed in distributed over the reactor.
  • heating acts in the soul of the screw arranged "hot pipe", which is also charged with fuel gas.
  • the solid located in the main reactor can be referred to as Pyrolysat thoroughlyung and contains ash and coke.
  • the blades of the screw are designed such that they have scoops with scoop edges arranged parallel to the reactor wall in order to pick up the wall-close solid and to convey it upwards, where the scoop empties again.
  • Gasification agent which is fed into the main reactor is primarily superheated steam and preferably originates from the prereactor or from the biomass which is introduced from the prereactor into the main reactor.
  • a separate supply of air or oxygen in the main reactor is undesirable.
  • Typical for the reaction in the main reactor is a lack of oxygen so that substoichiometric combustion of the carbon monoxide or by allothermal steam reforming hydrogen is formed.
  • At the main reactor is followed at 600 to 950 ° C, preferably 800 0 C to 850 ° C, tempered secondary reactor, by means of a conveying device, for. B. a screw conveyor, the residual coal dust with a degree of filling of 80 to 100 vol.%, Preferably 100 vol.% (At least towards the end), is transported. The gas flows through the full filling
  • Main and secondary reactors may be zones of a reactor in that the main reactor faces the prereactor and the portion of the secondary reactor adjoining the main reactor is e.g. both are part of a tubular reactor, the secondary reactor being different from the main reactor by its degree of filling.
  • the main reactor has on average fill levels of preferably less than 80% by volume, while the secondary reactor has an average fill level of 80% by volume to 100% by volume, preferably at least at the end of the secondary reactor 100% by volume.
  • the increasing degree of filling in the secondary reactor or along the main reactor can be effected by gravity (tilting of the reactor tube), geometry (reduction of the reaction space) and / or by conveying angle of the screw.
  • the gas is forced to traverse the solid, whereby an optimal amount of gas and optimum gas quality can be achieved.
  • the secondary reactor can be added as gasification agent air (or hot air), water (or superheated steam) or even pure oxygen or their mixture, preferably at the end of the secondary reactor.
  • gasification agent air or hot air
  • water or superheated steam
  • pure oxygen or their mixture, preferably at the end of the secondary reactor.
  • a lack of oxygen is preferred and more typical of the reaction in the secondary reactor, so that carbon monoxide is formed by the bottom stoichiometric combustion of the carbon.
  • the outlet of the hydrogen and / or carbon monoxide rich gas is at the end of the secondary reactor or subsequent to the secondary reactor. Gas and solid can be passed together from the secondary reactor. Subsequently, gas and solid are separated and fed to their further use.
  • the solid is in powder form and can be used by combustion for hot gas production.
  • it is advantageous that the plant is operated so that the solid powder still contains carbon to have a certain calorific value for hot gas production.
  • the secondary reactor Due to the fact that the secondary reactor is tempered, secondary degradation of the longer chain hydrocarbons, e.g. Tar, the product gas within the secondary reactor, so that the finished product gas has almost no impurities and very little tar.
  • This product gas can be used after filtering without further treatment in reactors or scrubbers, for example in an internal combustion engine, to generate electricity.
  • the discharged residue may optionally be used to operate the heater. Alternatively, or if there is an excess, the residue can be used economically as fuel or valuable material.
  • escaping gas and solid are separated.
  • the gas is then fed to a hot gas dedusting and the coal dust and ash are made available for Schugasher too.
  • the hot air can be produced.
  • the plant can even be adjusted so that there is always a sufficient amount of residual coke discharged from the secondary reactor solid, which can be used for external heating of the main and secondary reactor via the heating gas.
  • a heat transfer material can be used. If CaO is used, it is heated, for example, by the combustion process, which is maintained with discharged biocoke or pyrolysis coke from the plant, and introduced into the main reactor or possibly also via the prereactor.
  • biomass gasifier according to the invention is further exemplified by the attached figures. Show it:
  • Figure 1 is a diagram of the reaction
  • Figure 2 shows the schematic structure of the reactor.
  • Fig. 1 shows the material flow and the heating currents.
  • the bulk material biomass is stored in a bunker, silo or storage tank and heated by the residual energy of the heating gas.
  • the biomass is metered into the prereactor (1) via a lock, where it is heated by the heating current from the main reactor to the pyrolysis temperatures.
  • the partially pyrolized biomass is carried by a twin screw not shown in the main reactor, where it is further heated for the purpose of allothermic gasification.
  • the heating gas generated by combustion of coal dust or pyrolysis coke, is passed into the heating jacket of the main reactor, the main reactor and the secondary reactor exchanging with heating gas and the heating gas being used cooled to heat the pre-reactor.
  • the product gases (synthesis gas) are passed through a hot gas filter and are taken from the secondary reactor.
  • the main reactor (2) and the secondary reactor (3) is detailed.
  • the dried and partially pyrolized biomass is metered into the main reactor (2) via a shaft.
  • the main reactor is provided with a transport screw (4), which is interspersed in the soul with a hot pipe (5). If necessary, the hot pipe extends as far as the secondary reactor over the length of the tubular reactor.
  • the screw conveys the gasification product and compresses it towards the end of the main reactor.
  • Main reactor and secondary reactor are part of a tubular reactor and surrounded by a heating jacket.
  • the hotpipe is designed as a lance.
  • the heating gas (6) is introduced in the middle, bounces against the end of the lance (hottest point along the hot pipe) and is discharged internally outward along the inner surface of the lance. Via a rotary valve (7) can be metered into the secondary reactor gasification agent (water vapor, oxygen and / or air) to cause in the secondary reactor, if desired, a partial autothermal oxidation by the presence of oxygen.
  • the secondary reactor has over at least half of the conveyor line to a degree of filling of about 100%.
  • the entry and discharge from the tube reactor are marked with black arrows. Gray arrows indicate the heating gas flows (6) again.
  • Main reactor and secondary reactor have a different temperature profile, but surrounded by a common heating jacket (8).

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a biomass gasifier for the pyrolysis and/or partial gasification of biomass in order to produce a fuel gas or fuel gas mixture, comprising a prereactor, a main reactor that is heated both inside and outside and comprises a conveyor screw, and a secondary reactor. The invention also relates to a method for processing biomass in the biomass gasifier.

Description

Biomassevergaser und Verfahren zur allothernτen Vergasung von BiomasseBiomass gasifier and process for the allotment of gasification of biomass

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft einen Biomassevergaser zur Pyrolyse und Vergasung von Biomasse zur Erzeugung eines Brenngases bzw. Brenngasgemisches und ein Verfahren zur Gewinnung solcher Brenngase.The present invention relates to a biomass gasifier for pyrolysis and gasification of biomass for producing a fuel gas or fuel gas mixture and a method for obtaining such fuel gases.

Stand der TechnikState of the art

Biomassevergaser sind als solche bekannt. Aus der EP 1447438 Al ist z.B. eine Appa- ratur zur Pyrolyse und Vergasung von Biomasse bekannt. In der Apparatur nach der EP 1447438 Al wird die zu vergasende Biomasse in dem Vorreaktor getrocknet und vorpy- rolysiert und gelangt darauf in den Hauptreaktor. In diesem werden die zu vergasenden Massen weiter pyrolysiert und teilweise vergast, daraufhin werden die Feststoffe ausgetragen und die Gase einem Nachreaktor zugeleitet. Anschließend wird das Gas durch einen kontinuierlichen Filter geleitet, in dem es gereinigt und abgekühlt werden soll. Vorreaktor, Hauptreaktor und Nachreaktor werden ausschließlich von außen beheizt.Biomass gasifiers are known as such. From EP 1447438 A1, e.g. an apparatus for pyrolysis and gasification of biomass known. In the apparatus according to EP 1447438 A1, the biomass to be gasified is dried in the prereactor and pre-pyrolyzed and then reaches the main reactor. In this, the masses to be gasified are further pyrolyzed and partially gasified, then the solids are discharged and the gases are fed to a secondary reactor. Subsequently, the gas is passed through a continuous filter in which it is to be cleaned and cooled. Pre-reactor, main reactor and post-reactor are heated exclusively from the outside.

Bei der Apparatur nach EP 1447438 Al wird nur ein geringer Umsatz durch Vergasung erreicht, was dadurch begründet ist, dass es an dem zur Vergasung notwendigen Gas- feststoffkontakt mangelt, da der Feststoff als Schüttung durch die Sohle des Schneckenreaktors geschoben wird und das Gas keinem Zwang unterliegt, die Schüttung zu durchströmen. Des Weiteren beinhaltet das Gas auch nach Durchgang durch den Filter noch erhebliche Anteile an längerkettigen Kohlenwasserstoffen, insbesondere Teeren.In the apparatus according to EP 1447438 Al only a low conversion is achieved by gasification, which is due to the fact that it lacks the gas contact required for gasification, since the solid is pushed as a bed through the sole of the screw reactor and the gas no compulsion is subject to flow through the bed. Furthermore, even after passing through the filter, the gas still contains considerable amounts of longer-chain hydrocarbons, in particular tars.

Aufgabe der ErfindungObject of the invention

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt davon ausgehend die Aufgabe zu Grunde, einen Biomassevergaser zu schaffen, der sowohl einen höheren Umsatz durch Vergasung erreicht, als auch ein vergleichsweise sauberes Brenngas mit hohem Wasserstoff- und/oder Kohlenmonoxid - Anteil und mit nur geringen Verunreinigungen, insbesondere an Teer, erzeugt, welches ggf. sogar ohne weitere Gasreinigung durch Reaktoren oder Wäscher, beispielsweise in einem Verbrennungsmotor, Stirlingmotor, einer Gasturbine oder Brennstoffzelle (insbesondere nach Abspaltung des NichtWasser Stoffanteils) eingesetzt werden kann. Zusammenfassung der ErfindungThe present invention is based on the object to provide a biomass gasifier, which achieves both a higher conversion through gasification, as well as a comparatively clean fuel gas with high hydrogen and / or carbon monoxide - share and with only minor impurities, especially tar , which may even be used without further purification of gas by reactors or scrubbers, for example in an internal combustion engine, Stirling engine, a gas turbine or fuel cell (in particular after removal of the non-water substance fraction). Summary of the invention

Als technische Lösung dieser Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß ein Biomassevergaser mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 bzw. ein Verfahren nach Anspruch 21 vorgeschlagen. Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen sind den jeweiligen Unteransprüchen zu entnehmen bzw. nachfolgend erläutert.As a technical solution to this problem, a biomass gasifier according to the invention with the features of claim 1 and a method according to claim 21 proposed. Advantageous developments are to be taken from the respective subclaims or explained below.

Gegenstand des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ist eine pyrolytische, allotherme Ver- gasung. Kennzeichen der vorliegenden Erfindung ist eine gestufte Umsetzung in eine Anlage mit Vor- und Hauptreaktor und Sekundärreaktor.The subject of the process according to the invention is a pyrolytic, allothermal gasification. Characteristics of the present invention is a stepped conversion into a plant with pre-reactor and main reactor and secondary reactor.

Biomasse im Sinne der vorliegenden Erfindung sind u.a. biogene und tierische Abfallprodukte oder industrielle Neben- oder Abfallprodukte aus biogenen Ausgangsstoffen. Insbesondere ist der Prozess für feuchte Biomasse geeignet, wobei in der Biomasse enthaltenes Wasser das im Hauptreaktor eingesetzte Vergasungsmittel darstellt und bei ausreichender Feuchte der Biomasse kein weiteres Vergasungsmittel zugegeben werden muss.Biomass in the sense of the present invention are i.a. biogenic and animal by-products or industrial by-products or by-products from biogenic sources. In particular, the process is suitable for moist biomass, with water contained in the biomass representing the gasification agent used in the main reactor and, if the biomass is sufficiently moist, no further gasification agent has to be added.

Das erhältliche Brenngas ist besser zur Nutzung in der Verbrennung in Wärmekraftmaschinen geeignet, als das vergleichbarer bekannter Verfahren, im weiteren ist das Produkt des Prozesses ein fester kohlenstoffhaltiger Rückstand, der als hochwertiger Brennstoff geeignet ist.The available fuel gas is better suited for use in combustion in heat engines, as the comparable known method, in addition, the product of the process is a solid carbonaceous residue, which is suitable as a high quality fuel.

Ein nach der erfindungsgemäßen Lehre ausgeführter Biomassevergaser hat den Vorteil, dass das Gas gemeinsam mit dem Feststoff in einer temperierten Förderleitung ausgetragen wird. Dabei hat es sich als vorteilhaft erwiesen, wenn die Austragsleitung über den ganzen Querschnitt mit der Feststoffschüttung gefüllt ist und somit das Gas durch diese Schüttung strömen muss. Durch den intensiven Gas-Feststoffkontakt bei hohen Temperaturen in dieser Austragsleitung erfolgt die Sekundärdegradation der höheren Kohlenwasserstoffe, insbesondere Teere. Diese Austragsleitung stellt im Sinne der Erfindung den Sekundärreaktor dar. Die erfindungsgemäße Verfahrensweise hat den Vorteil, dass der apparative Aufwand zur Erzeugung eines wirtschaftlich nutzbaren Produktgases gering gehalten werden kann. Der Vorreaktor hat die Funktion Biomasse zu komprimieren, zu erwärmen und ggf. Wasser bis zu einer definierten Feuchte zu entziehen. Im Vorreaktor findet aber gleichzeitig eine Pyrolyse der Biomasse unter Sauerstoffmangel statt. Sauerstoffmangel bedeutet, dass nicht genügend Sauerstoff zur Verfügung gestellt wird, verglichen mit der Menge die erforderlich wäre zu einer Oxidation des Kohlenstoffs zu CO2, so dass die Reaktion in Bezug auf den Kohlenstoff im Wesentlichen zu CO geführt wird.A biomass gasifier designed according to the invention has the advantage that the gas is discharged together with the solid in a temperature-controlled delivery line. It has proven to be advantageous if the discharge line is filled over the entire cross section with the solid bed and thus the gas must flow through this bed. Due to the intense gas-solid contact at high temperatures in this discharge the secondary degradation of the higher hydrocarbons, especially tars. For the purposes of the invention, this discharge line constitutes the secondary reactor. The procedure according to the invention has the advantage that the outlay on equipment for producing an economically usable product gas can be kept low. The pre-reactor has the function of compressing biomass, heating it and, if necessary, extracting water up to a defined moisture content. In the prereactor, however, a pyrolysis of the biomass takes place under oxygen deficiency. Oxygen deficiency means that insufficient oxygen is provided compared to the amount that would be required to oxidize the carbon to CO 2 , so that the reaction with respect to the carbon is essentially led to CO.

Der Hauptreaktor des Biomassevergasers weist erfindungsgemäß ein oder mehrere lang gestreckte Heizelemente in der Seele(n) der Transportschnecke(n) auf, die zusätzlich zu der Beheizung von außen den Innenraum des Hauptreaktors beheizt/beheizen ohne dass ein Austausch des Wärmeträgermediums mit dem Innenraum des Hauptreaktor erfolgt, d.h. der Wärmeübergang findet durch die Wandungen der Seele in das Reaktorinnere statt. Soweit erwünscht, kann auch der Sekundärreaktor und/oder der Vorreaktor derartige Heizelemente in der Seele(n) der Transportschnecke(n) aufweisen, insbesondere gilt dies für den Sekundärreaktor, weil in diesem höhere Temperaturen als im Vorreaktor benötigt werden.According to the invention, the main reactor of the biomass gasifier has one or more elongated heating elements in the core (s) of the transport screw (s) which, in addition to the heating from outside, heat / heat the interior of the main reactor without any replacement of the heat transfer medium with the interior of the main reactor takes place, ie the heat transfer takes place through the walls of the soul into the interior of the reactor. If desired, the secondary reactor and / or the prereactor may also have such heating elements in the core (s) of the screw conveyor (s), in particular for the secondary reactor because higher temperatures are required than in the prereactor.

Die Transportschnecke des Hauptreaktors hat eine Misch- und Förderfunktion und kann in Form eines Wendelförderers ausgebildet sein. Der Vorreaktor weist vorzugsweise eine Doppelschnecke auf und ggf. ein oder zwei langgestreckte Heizelemente in den Seelen der Doppelschnecke.The screw conveyor of the main reactor has a mixing and conveying function and can be designed in the form of a spiral conveyor. The prereactor preferably has a twin screw and possibly one or two elongate heating elements in the souls of the twin screw.

Durch die beheizte Seele ist es möglich, dem Prozess mehr Energie zuzuführen, als dieses allein durch die äußere Beheizung möglich wäre, und somit kann der durch den höheren Vergasungsumsatz des erfindungsgemäßen Biomassevergasers erhöhte Energiebedarf gedeckt werden, ohne die Temperatur der äußeren Mantelbeiheizung anheben zu müssen, was in den heißen Randzonen zu Verkokungen, ungewünschten Spaltprodukten oder Materialermüdung führen würde.By the heated soul, it is possible to supply the process more energy than would be possible only by the external heating, and thus can be covered by the higher gasification conversion of the biomass gasifier invention increased energy requirements, without having to raise the temperature of the outer Mantelbeiheizung, which would lead to coking, unwanted fission products or material fatigue in the hot edge zones.

Nach einer weiteren Ausgestaltung des erfindungsgemäßen Biomassevergasers weist die Transportschnecke des Hauptreaktors Schaufeln auf, um die zu vergasenden Massen gegen die Schwerkraft anzuheben und um diese bei weiterlaufender bestimmter Schaufelstellung wieder in das Schüttbett zurückfallen zu lassen. Dadurch wird der Gasfeststoffkontakt deutlich erhöht, so dass die Vergasung besser und intensiver erfol- gen kann. Nach einer weiteren Ausgestaltung kann mittels des Ausmaßes des Abtransports im Sekundärreaktor, z.B. mit der Transportschnecke im Sekundärreaktor, der Füllungsgrad des Hauptreaktors beeinflusst werden, so dass sich am Ende des Hauptreaktors ein Rückstau einstellt und sich zumindest im Sekundärreaktor ein vollständig gefüllter Querschnitt einstellen lässt, so dass dort das Gas vollflächig durch die Feststoffschüt- tung strömen muss, was sowohl die Vergasungsreaktionen, als auch die Sekundärdegradation positiv beeinflusst.According to a further embodiment of the biomass gasifier according to the invention, the screw conveyor of the main reactor blades on to raise the masses to be gasified against gravity and to let them fall back into the packed bed with continuing certain blade position. As a result, the gas solid contact is significantly increased, so that the gasification can be done better and more intense. According to a further embodiment, by means of the extent of Abtransports in the secondary reactor, for example with the screw conveyor in the secondary reactor, the degree of filling of the main reactor can be influenced so that adjusts a backwater at the end of the main reactor and can be set at least in the secondary reactor, a fully filled cross-section that the gas there must flow through the entire solid surface of the gas, which positively influences both the gasification reactions and the secondary degradation.

Der Sekundärreaktor muss nicht zwangsläufig ein vom Hauptreaktor separater Reaktor sein, sondern Hauptreaktor und Sekundärreaktor können auch zwei Zonen eines Reaktors sein. Der Sekundärreaktor (bzw. in diesem Sinne gleichbedeutend mit der Sekundärreaktorzone) weist einen höheren Füllgrad (vorzugsweise 100 Vol.%) als der Hauptreaktor (bzw. die Hauptreaktorreaktorzone) auf, wobei der Hauptreaktor stets zuerst von dem Füllgut durchlaufen wird.The secondary reactor does not necessarily have to be a reactor separate from the main reactor, but the main reactor and secondary reactor can also be two zones of a reactor. The secondary reactor (or in this sense equivalent to the secondary reactor zone) has a higher degree of filling (preferably 100 vol.%) Than the main reactor (or the main reactor reactor zone), wherein the main reactor is always first passed through by the filling material.

Der Vorteil des hohen Befüllungsgrades im Sekundärreaktor ist: a. Der hohe Füllungsgrad reduziert den Teeranteil im Synthesegas, durch das Durchströmen des Gases durch die volle heiße Koksschüttung. b. Die Vergasung funktioniert vollständiger, weil • der Wärmeübergang der allothermen Vergasung bei hohem Füllungsgrad besser ist,The advantage of the high degree of filling in the secondary reactor is: a. The high degree of filling reduces the tar content in the synthesis gas, as it flows through the gas through the full amount of hot coke. b. The gasification works more completely, because • the heat transfer of the allothermal gasification is better with a high degree of filling,

• die Verweilzeit im Sekundärreaktor ist höher und• the residence time in the secondary reactor is higher and

• die Mischwirkung von Pyrolysegas und Pyrolysekoks ist besser, denn das Gas durchströmt die volle Schüttung.• The mixing effect of pyrolysis gas and pyrolysis coke is better because the gas flows through the full bed.

Details der ErfindungDetails of the invention

Die Pyrolyse / Vergasung der Biomasse im erfindungsgemäßen Biomassevergaser verläuft wie folgt:The pyrolysis / gasification of the biomass in the biomass gasifier according to the invention proceeds as follows:

Im erfindungsgemäßen Biomassevergaser können sämtliche nachwachsenden Rohstoffe, biogenen Rest- und Abfallstoffe und Mischungen aus und mit diesen - im Sinne der vorliegenden Erfindung auch allgemein als Biomasse bezeichnet - vergast werden, solange diese in einer schüttfähigen Form vorliegen. Dabei spielt der Zustand, z.B. die Feuchte oder Korngrößenverteilung der Biomasse keine Rolle, da der Biomassevergaser auch feuchte und inhomogene Stoffe sehr gut und wirtschaftlich vergasen kann. Außerdem ist es möglich, der Biomasse andere, nicht biogene Stoffe beizumischen. Dies können beispielsweise Haushaltsabfälle, Faulschlämme oder andere reaktionsfähige kohlenstoffhaltige Materialien sein. Auch eine Verunreinigung der Biomasse mit nichtreaktionsfähigem Material, wie beispielsweise Metallen, ist bis zu einem Anteil von 20 Masse%, vorzugsweise 5 Masse%, unschädlich für die Vergasung, wenn sie in einer Stückigkeit anfallen, die für die Fördereinrichtungen (Schnecken) unkritisch ist, da diese Materialien nach der Vergasung der eigentlichen Biomasse wieder ausgetragen werden. In der Praxis hat sich herausgestellt, dass auch eine Beimengung von bis zu 40 Gew.%, vorzugsweise bis zu 10 Gew.%, von Brennstoffen, die keine nachwachsenden Rohstoffe sind, möglich ist, und dass der Biomassevergaser dennoch wirtschaftlich betrieben werden kann. Somit können in dem erfindungsgemäßen Biomassevergaser auch Stoffe oder Mischungen aus verschiedenen Stoffen als Brennstoff verwendet werden, die in autothermen oder allothermen Vergasern nach dem Stand der Technik sowie in Feuerungsanlagen evtl. nicht als Brennstoff geeignet sind.In the biomass gasifier according to the invention, all renewable raw materials, biogenic residues and waste materials and mixtures thereof and with these - in the context of the present invention also generally referred to as biomass - are gasified, as long as they are present in a pourable form. The state, eg the moisture or particle size distribution of the biomass, does not matter, because the biomass gasifier can also gasify moist and inhomogeneous substances very well and economically. It is also possible to mix biomass with other non-biogenic substances. These may be, for example, household waste, sludges or other reactive carbonaceous materials. Also contamination of the biomass with non-reactive material, such as metals, is up to a fraction of 20% by weight, preferably 5% by weight, harmless to gasification, if they occur in a piece that is not critical for the conveyors (screws), since these materials are discharged again after the gasification of the actual biomass. In practice it has been found that an admixture of up to 40% by weight, preferably up to 10% by weight, of fuels which are not renewable raw materials is possible, and that the biomass gasifier can nevertheless be operated economically. Thus, in the biomass gasifier according to the invention, substances or mixtures of various substances may be used as fuel, which may not be suitable as fuel in autothermal or allothermal gasifiers according to the prior art and in combustion plants.

Die schüttgutfähige Biomasse wird in einem Bunker, Silo oder Vorlagebehälter zwischengelagert und über die Restenergie im Rauchgas beheizt.The bulk material biomass is stored in a bunker, silo or storage tank and heated by the residual energy in the flue gas.

Die vorbeheizte Biomasse wird über eine Schleuse und Fördereinrichtung in einen Vorreaktor gegeben. Im Vorreaktor findet vorzugsweise eine Trocknung, Entgasung und Pyrolyse statt. Der Vorreaktor wird z.B. auf Temperaturen von 2000C bis 7000C, insbesondere 200°C bis 400°C oder auch nur 2000C bis 3000C beheizt. Hierzu wird vorteilhaft das aus dem Hauptreaktor-Mantel austretendes Heizgas mit z.B. 700 bis 5000C als Heizmedium eingesetzt.. Das Heizgas kann das Rauchgas des nachgeschalteten Prozesses der Verbrennung des Pyrolysekokses sein.The pre-heated biomass is passed through a lock and conveyor in a pre-reactor. In the prereactor preferably takes place drying, degassing and pyrolysis. The prereactor for example, is heated to temperatures of 200 0 C to 700 0 C, in particular 200 ° C to 400 ° C or 200 0 C to 300 0 C. For this purpose, the hot gas emerging from the main reactor jacket is advantageously used with, for example, 700 to 500 ° C. as the heating medium. The heating gas can be the flue gas of the downstream process of the combustion of the pyrolysis coke.

Der Vorreaktor weist vorzugsweise eine mehrwellige Förder- und Mischanlage auf, insbesondere als Doppelschnecke ausgebildet, um die Biomasse einzutragen und insbesondere Anbackungsprobleme zu vermeiden. Der Vorreaktor ist insbesondere als zwangsfördernde extern beheizte Doppelschnecke ausgebildet. Die Zwangsförderung hat den Vorteil, dass insbesondere komplexe, feuchte bis hin zu schlammiger Biomasse problemlos im Vorreaktor auf eine definierte Restfeuchte getrocknet und gleichzeitig pyrolysiert wird und somit zur Zufuhr eines Feststoffes (Pyrolysekoks) und Gases (Pyrolysegas, das bei der hohen Temperatur auch das Pyrolyseöl enthält) dem Hauptreaktor dient.The prereactor preferably has a multi-shaft conveying and mixing plant, in particular designed as a twin screw, in order to enter the biomass and in particular to avoid caking problems. The prereactor is designed in particular as a positive-conveying externally heated twin screw. The forced delivery has the advantage that especially complex, moist to muddy biomass is easily dried in the prereactor to a defined residual moisture and pyrolyzed at the same time and thus for the supply of a solid (pyrolysis) and gas (pyrolysis gas, which at high temperature, the pyrolysis contains) serves the main reactor.

Eine Doppelschnecke oder allgemein mehrwellige Schnecken sind Schnecken, welche um mehrere Achsen rotieren, wobei die Schneckenflügel ineinander greifen. Das den Vorreaktor verlassende Gas ist ein Pyrolysegas (im Wesentlichen wasserstofffrei), das aufgrund der hohen Temperaturen ebenfalls Pyrolyseöl enthält. Der Vorreaktor weist stets niedrigere Temperaturen als der Hauptreaktor und der Sekundärreaktor auf und wird vorzugsweise von der Restwärme des Hauptreaktors beheizt.A twin screw or generally multi-shaft screws are screws which rotate about several axes, with the screw wings interlocking. The gas leaving the prereactor is a pyrolysis gas (essentially hydrogen-free), which also contains pyrolysis oil due to the high temperatures. The prereactor always has lower temperatures than the main reactor and the secondary reactor and is preferably heated by the residual heat of the main reactor.

Der Hauptreaktor wird über eine Heizvorrichtung beheizt, so dass sich im Hauptreaktor eine heiße Reaktionszone ausbildet, in der Temperaturen von 700° bis 950°C, insbesondere 800 bis kleiner 9000C, vorzugsweise etwa 825°C, vorherrschen. In dem Haupt- reaktor liegt eine durch einen Motor angetriebene und von innen durch eine zusätzliche Heizvorrichtung beheizte Transport- und Mischschnecke, die den Brennstoff axial durch den Hauptreaktor transportiert und dabei mischt.The main reactor is heated by a heating device, so that in the main reactor a hot reaction zone is formed, in which temperatures of 700 ° to 950 ° C, in particular 800 to less than 900 0 C, preferably about 825 ° C prevail. In the main reactor is a driven by a motor and heated from the inside by an additional heating transport and mixing screw, which transports the fuel axially through the main reactor and mixes it.

Die Umsetzung im Hauptreaktor ist eine allotherme Vergasung in Gegenwart von Was- serdampf. Die Wärme wird von Außen zugeführt, wobei entweder ein Wärmeübergang durch die Reaktorwände erfolgt und/oder Wärme über Strahlung eingebracht wird. Heizgase werden nicht in den Reaktionsraum des Hauptreaktors geführt, zumindest nicht in dem Sinne als dass zugeführte Gase eine Temperatur aufweisen, die gleich oder höher ist als am Einspeiseort des Hauptreaktors. Erwünscht ist es aber ggf. im Se- kundärreaktor, vorzugsweise am Ende des Sekundärreaktors Gase zur Sauerstoff- Bereitstellung, ggf. vorgewärmt, zuzuführen. Die Gase enthaltend oder bestehend aus Sauerstoff sind hierbei kein Heizgase sondern ein Reaktionsgas.The reaction in the main reactor is an allothermal gasification in the presence of water vapor. The heat is supplied from the outside, wherein either a heat transfer through the reactor walls takes place and / or heat is introduced via radiation. Hot gases are not conducted into the reaction space of the main reactor, at least not in the sense that supplied gases have a temperature equal to or higher than the feed of the main reactor. If desired, however, it is desirable in the secondary reactor, preferably at the end of the secondary reactor, to supply gases for the provision of oxygen, if necessary preheated. The gases containing or consisting of oxygen in this case are not hot gases but a reaction gas.

Der Hauptreaktor wird extern über heiße Rauchgase beheizt. Die Umsetzung erfolgt in Form einer allothermen Wasserdampfreformierung, dabei wird vorzugsweise die Restfeuchte der zu vergasenden Biomasse aus dem Vorreaktor als Vergasungsmittel eingebracht, soweit erforderlich kann Wasser aber auch zugegeben werden. Das im Hauptreaktor und Sekundärreaktor gewonnene Synthesegas weist einen hohen Wasserstoffgehalt von z.B. bis zu 50 Vol.% (bezogen auf das Gas) auf oder auch darüber.The main reactor is externally heated by hot flue gases. The reaction takes place in the form of an all-thermal steam reforming, in which case the residual moisture of the biomass to be gasified is preferably introduced from the prereactor as gasification agent, but if necessary, water can also be added. The synthesis gas recovered in the main reactor and secondary reactor has a high hydrogen content of e.g. up to 50 vol.% (based on the gas) on or above.

Zur Unterstützung der externen Beheizung insbesondere des Haupt- und Sekundärreaktors können auch andere Energieeintragsverfahren zusätzlich verwendet werden, wie Mikrowellen, Plasma, Induktion oder interne Wärmeträgermaterialien, die extern beheizt werden und intern im Reaktor zur Wärmeabgabe herangezogen werden, z.B. CaO aus dem im Hauptreaktor CaCO3 nach CO2 Aufnahme wird. Im Hauptreaktor findet eine weitere Pyrolyse des teilumgewandelte Biomasse aus dem Vorreaktor statt, bei der sich verschiedene gasförmige und kondensierbare Stoffe und ein festes im Wesentlichen aus Kohlenstoff bestehendes Pyrolysat bilden. Dies läuft im Hauptreaktor ohne Zugabe von Luft oder Sauerstoff ab. Des Weiteren findet die Vergasung des Pyrolysats mit Wasser(dampf) aus der Trocknung und der Pyrolyse des Brennstoffs und mit Kohlendioxid aus der Pyrolyse des Brennstoffs statt.To support the external heating in particular of the main and secondary reactor may also include other energy input method additionally be used, such as microwaves, plasma, induction, or internal heat transfer materials, which are externally heated and internally used in the reactor for heat dissipation, for example, CaO from the main reactor CaCO 3 after CO 2 uptake is. In the main reactor, further pyrolysis of the partially converted biomass from the prereactor takes place, in which various gaseous and condensable substances and a solid pyrolysate consisting essentially of carbon form. This takes place in the main reactor without the addition of air or oxygen. Furthermore, the gasification of the pyrolysate with water (steam) takes place from the drying and pyrolysis of the fuel and with carbon dioxide from the pyrolysis of the fuel.

Der Hauptreaktor ist so benannt, weil hier entsprechend des Verfalirenszieles die Hauptreaktion abläuft, nämlich die Vollpyrolyse und die Primärvergasung (anteilig Erzeugung der höchsten Wasserstoffmenge).The main reactor is so named because here the main reaction takes place according to the purpose of the decay, namely full pyrolysis and primary gasification (proportionate generation of the highest amount of hydrogen).

Der in den Hauptreaktor eingetragene Feststoff enthält Pyrolysekoks und Asche, welcher im Vorreaktor bei Temperaturen von 2000C bis 7000C neben Pyrolysegas und Pyrolyseöl entsteht.The registered in the main reactor solid contains pyrolysis and ash, which arises in the prereactor at temperatures of 200 0 C to 700 0 C in addition to pyrolysis and pyrolysis.

Der Hauptreaktor weist einen Mantel auf, geeigneter Weise mit Heizgasführungsblechen im Mantel. Vorzugsweise wird Heizgas, z.B. heißes Rauchgas aus der Anlage, über den Reaktor verteilt eingespeist. Zusätzlich beheizend wirkt die in der Seele der Schnecke angeordnete „Hotpipe", die ebenfalls mit Heizgas beschickt wird.The main reactor has a jacket, suitably with Heizgasführungsblechen in the jacket. Preferably, heating gas, e.g. hot flue gas from the plant, fed in distributed over the reactor. In addition, heating acts in the soul of the screw arranged "hot pipe", which is also charged with fuel gas.

Der im Hauptreaktor befindliche Feststoff kann als Pyrolysatschüttung bezeichnet werden und enthält Asche und Koks. Die Schaufeln der Schnecke sind derart gestaltet, dass diese Schöpfschaufeln aufweisen mit parallel zur Reaktorwand angeordneten Schöpf- kanten, um den wandnahen Feststoff aufzunehmen und nach oben zu fördern, wo sich die Schöpfschaufel wieder entleert.The solid located in the main reactor can be referred to as Pyrolysatschüttung and contains ash and coke. The blades of the screw are designed such that they have scoops with scoop edges arranged parallel to the reactor wall in order to pick up the wall-close solid and to convey it upwards, where the scoop empties again.

Vergasungsmittel, das in den Hauptreaktor geführt wird, ist in erster Linie überhitzter Wasserdampf und stammt vorzugsweise aus dem Vorreaktor bzw. aus der Biomasse, die aus dem Vorreaktor in den Hauptreaktor eingetragen wird. Eine gesonderte Zufuhr von Luft bzw. Sauerstoff in den Hauptreaktor ist unerwünscht. Typisch für die Umsetzung im Hauptreaktor ist ein Mangel an Sauerstoff damit durch unterstöchiometrische Verbrennung des Kohlenstoffs Kohlenmonoxid bzw. durch allotherme Wasserdampfre- formierung Wasserstoff entsteht. An den Hauptreaktor schließt sich der auf 600 bis 950°C, vorzugsweise 8000C bis 850°C, temperierte Sekundärreaktor an, durch den mittels einer Fördervorrichtung, z. B. einer Transportschnecke, der Restkohlenstaub mit einem Füllungsgrad von 80 bis 100 Vol.%, vorzugsweise 100 Vol.% (zumindest zum Ende hin), transportiert wird. Das Gas strömt durch die VollfüllungGasification agent which is fed into the main reactor is primarily superheated steam and preferably originates from the prereactor or from the biomass which is introduced from the prereactor into the main reactor. A separate supply of air or oxygen in the main reactor is undesirable. Typical for the reaction in the main reactor is a lack of oxygen so that substoichiometric combustion of the carbon monoxide or by allothermal steam reforming hydrogen is formed. At the main reactor is followed at 600 to 950 ° C, preferably 800 0 C to 850 ° C, tempered secondary reactor, by means of a conveying device, for. B. a screw conveyor, the residual coal dust with a degree of filling of 80 to 100 vol.%, Preferably 100 vol.% (At least towards the end), is transported. The gas flows through the full filling

Haupt- und Sekundärreaktor können Zonen eines Reaktors sein, dahingehend, dass der Hauptreaktor dem Vorreaktor zugewandt ist und der sich dem Hauptreaktor anschließende Teil der Sekundärreaktor ist und z.B. beide Teil eines Rohrreaktors sind, wobei sich der Sekundärreaktor vom Hauptreaktor durch seinen Füllungsgrad unterscheidet. Der Hauptreaktor weist im Mittel Füllungsgrade von vorzugsweise unter 80 Vol.% auf, während der Sekundärreaktor im Mittel Füllungsgrade von 80 Vol.% bis 100 Vol.% aufweist, vorzugsweise zumindest am Ende des Sekundärreaktors 100 Vol.%. Der zunehmende Füllungsgrad im Sekundärreaktor bzw. längs des Hauptreaktors kann durch Gravitation (Schrägstellung des Reaktorrohres), Geometrie (Verringerung des Reaktionsraumes) und/oder durch Förderwinkel der Schnecke bewirkt sein.Main and secondary reactors may be zones of a reactor in that the main reactor faces the prereactor and the portion of the secondary reactor adjoining the main reactor is e.g. both are part of a tubular reactor, the secondary reactor being different from the main reactor by its degree of filling. The main reactor has on average fill levels of preferably less than 80% by volume, while the secondary reactor has an average fill level of 80% by volume to 100% by volume, preferably at least at the end of the secondary reactor 100% by volume. The increasing degree of filling in the secondary reactor or along the main reactor can be effected by gravity (tilting of the reactor tube), geometry (reduction of the reaction space) and / or by conveying angle of the screw.

Im Einzelnen sind es z.B. folgende Maßnahmen, welche einen erhöhten Füllungsgrad bewirken: • Durch Einstellen eines Anstellwinkels des gesamten Vergasungsreaktors, dergestalt, dass die Pyrolyseprodukte mit Unterstützung der Schwerkraft sich in Richtung Sekundärreaktor bewegen und dort den gesamten Raum ausfüllen. • Durch Verringerung der Steigung der Misch- und Fördereinrichtungen, so dass im Bereich des Sekundärreaktors eine leichte Pressung der Pyrolyseprodukte stattfindet. o Eine Veränderung der Förder- und Mischelemente, dahingehend, dass weniger gefördert und mehr gemischt wird und daher sich eine Art Stau bildet.In particular, there are e.g. The following measures, which cause an increased degree of filling: • By adjusting an angle of attack of the entire gasification reactor, such that the pyrolysis products, with the aid of gravity, move in the direction of the secondary reactor and fill the entire space. • By reducing the gradient of the mixing and conveying equipment so that in the area of the secondary reactor a slight pressure of the pyrolysis products takes place. o A change in the conveying and mixing elements, in that less conveyed and more mixed and therefore forms a kind of congestion.

Durch diesen Stau, bzw. durch den hohen Füllungsgrad ist das Gas gezwungen den Feststoff zu durchqueren, wodurch eine optimale Gasmenge und eine optimale Gasqualität erreicht werden kann.Through this congestion, or by the high degree of filling, the gas is forced to traverse the solid, whereby an optimal amount of gas and optimum gas quality can be achieved.

Im Sekundärreaktor wird Wasserdampf benötigt. Dieser Wasserdampf kann auch durch ein Drehventil in die Vergasermisch- und Förderwelle dergestalt eingebracht werden, dass der Wasserdampf optimal von innen zentral (z.B. entlang der Drehachse mit ggf. mehreren Auslassstellen) in den Sekundärreaktor für den Wasserdampfreformierungs- und Vergasungsprozess eingebracht wird. Durch die gleiche Leitung und/oder eine zweite Leitung von der Gegenseite kann zusätzlich reiner Sauerstoff als Vergasungsmittel hinzugemischt werdenIn the secondary reactor water vapor is needed. This steam can also be introduced by a rotary valve in the Vergasermisch- and conveyor shaft such that the water vapor is optimally introduced from the inside centrally (eg along the axis of rotation with possibly more outlet points) in the secondary reactor for the Wasserdampfreformierungs- and gasification process. By the same line and / or a second line from the opposite side can be mixed in addition pure oxygen as a gasification agent

In dem Sekundärreaktor kann als Vergasungsmittel Luft (bzw. Heißluft), Wasser (bzw. Heißdampf) oder sogar reiner Sauerstoff bzw. deren Mischung zugesetzt werden, vorzugsweise am Ende des Sekundärreaktors. Bevorzugt und eher typisch für die Umsetzung im Sekundärreaktor ist aber ebenfalls ein Mangel an Sauerstoff, damit durch un- terstöchiometrische Verbrennung des Kohlenstoffs Kohlenmonoxid entsteht.In the secondary reactor can be added as gasification agent air (or hot air), water (or superheated steam) or even pure oxygen or their mixture, preferably at the end of the secondary reactor. However, a lack of oxygen is preferred and more typical of the reaction in the secondary reactor, so that carbon monoxide is formed by the bottom stoichiometric combustion of the carbon.

Der Auslass der Wasserstoff und/oder Kohlenmonoxid reichen Gases befindet sich am Ende des Sekundärreaktors oder im Anschluss an den Sekundärreaktor. Gas und Feststoff können gemeinsam aus dem Sekundärreaktor geführt werden. Im Anschluss werden Gas und Feststoff getrennt und ihrer weiteren Verwendung zugeführt.The outlet of the hydrogen and / or carbon monoxide rich gas is at the end of the secondary reactor or subsequent to the secondary reactor. Gas and solid can be passed together from the secondary reactor. Subsequently, gas and solid are separated and fed to their further use.

Der Feststoff liegt in Pulverform vor und kann mittels Verbrennung zur Heißgaserzeugung genutzt werden. Hiefür ist es vorteilhaft, dass die Anlage so betrieben wird, dass das Feststoffpulver noch Kohlenstoff enthält, um einen gewissen Brennwert zur Heißgaserzeugung aufzuweisen.The solid is in powder form and can be used by combustion for hot gas production. For this purpose, it is advantageous that the plant is operated so that the solid powder still contains carbon to have a certain calorific value for hot gas production.

Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass der Sekundärreaktor temperiert wird, erfolgt eine Sekundärdegradation der längerkettigen Kohlenwasserstoffe, z.B. Teer, des Produktgases innerhalb des Sekundarreaktors, so dass das fertige Produktgas fast keine Verunreinigungen und nur sehr wenig Teer aufweist. Dieses Produktgas kann nach Filterung ohne weitere Nachbehandlung in Reaktoren oder Wäschern zum Beispiel in einem Verbrennungsmotor genutzt werden, um Strom zu erzeugen. Der ausgetragene Reststoff kann ggf. verwendet werden, um die Heizvorrichtung zu betreiben. Alternativ, oder falls ein Überschuss vorhanden ist, kann der Reststoff als Brenn- oder Wertstoff anderweitig wirtschaftlich genutzt werden.Due to the fact that the secondary reactor is tempered, secondary degradation of the longer chain hydrocarbons, e.g. Tar, the product gas within the secondary reactor, so that the finished product gas has almost no impurities and very little tar. This product gas can be used after filtering without further treatment in reactors or scrubbers, for example in an internal combustion engine, to generate electricity. The discharged residue may optionally be used to operate the heater. Alternatively, or if there is an excess, the residue can be used economically as fuel or valuable material.

Im Anschluss an den Sekundärreaktor werden austretendes Gas und Feststoff getrennt. Das Gas wird anschließend einer Heißgasentstaubung zugeführt und der Kohlenstaub und die Asche werden zur Heizgasherstellung nutzbar gemacht. Durch Luftverbrennung kann die Heißluft hergestellt werden. Die Anlage kann sogar so eingestellt wer- den, dass immer eine ausreichende Menge an Restkoks aus dem Sekundärreaktor ausgetragenen Feststoff vorhanden ist, die zur externen Beheizung des Haupt- und Sekundärreaktors über das Heizgas genutzt werden kann. Soweit gewünscht, kann ein Wärmeträgermaterial eingesetzt werden. Wird CaO eingesetzt, so wird dieses z.B. von dem Verbrennungsprozess erwärmt, der mit ausgetragenem Biokoks oder Pyrolysekoks aus der Anlage unterhalten wird, und in den Hauptre- aktor eingetragen oder ggf. auch über den Vorreaktor. Hieraus entsteht durch Umsetzung mit CO2 CaCO3 und (Pyrolyse)Koks, der wiederum verbrannt, bzw. das CaCO3 beheizt wird, wobei CaO erneut gewonnen wird, so dass CaO / CaCO3 im Kreislauf gefahren werden können. Hierdurch wird CO2 aus dem Prozess ausgetragen, weil CaO als chemisch aktiver Wärmeträger fungiert. Damit erhöht sich der Anteil der brennba- ren Gase bzw. der Heizwert des Synthesegases (reicher an Kohlenmonooxid und Wasserstoff). Durch Zumischung von Kalkpulver kann überdies die Teerreduzierung zusätzlich gefördert werden.Following the secondary reactor, escaping gas and solid are separated. The gas is then fed to a hot gas dedusting and the coal dust and ash are made available for Heizgasherstellung. By air combustion, the hot air can be produced. The plant can even be adjusted so that there is always a sufficient amount of residual coke discharged from the secondary reactor solid, which can be used for external heating of the main and secondary reactor via the heating gas. If desired, a heat transfer material can be used. If CaO is used, it is heated, for example, by the combustion process, which is maintained with discharged biocoke or pyrolysis coke from the plant, and introduced into the main reactor or possibly also via the prereactor. This results from reaction with CO 2 CaCO 3 and (pyrolysis) coke, which in turn burned, or the CaCO 3 is heated, with CaO is recovered again, so that CaO / CaCO 3 can be recycled. As a result, CO 2 is discharged from the process because CaO acts as a chemically active heat transfer medium. This increases the proportion of combustible gases or the calorific value of the synthesis gas (richer in carbon monoxide and hydrogen). By adding lime powder, moreover, the tar reduction can additionally be promoted.

Der erfindungsgemäße Biomassevergaser wird weiter beispielhaft erläutert durch die beigefügten Figuren. Es zeigen:The biomass gasifier according to the invention is further exemplified by the attached figures. Show it:

Figur 1 ein Schema der Umsetzung undFigure 1 is a diagram of the reaction and

Figur 2 den schematischen Aufbau des Reaktors.Figure 2 shows the schematic structure of the reactor.

Fig. 1 zeigt die Materialfluss und die Heizströme. Die schüttgutfähige Biomasse wird in einem Bunker, Silo oder Vorlagebehälter zwischengelagert und über die Restenergie des Heizgases beheizt. Über eine Schleuse wird die Biomasse in den Vorreaktor (1) dosiert und dort durch den Heizstrom aus dem Hauptreaktor bis zur Pyrolysetemperatu- ren aufgeheizt. Die teilpyrolisierte Biomasse wird durch eine nicht gezeigte Doppelschnecke in den Hauptreaktor getragen, wo Sie weiter erhitzt wird zum Zwecke der allothermen Vergasung. Das Heizgas, erzeugt durch Verbrennung von Kohlestaub oder Pyrolysekoks, wird in den Heizmantel des Hauptreaktor geleitet, wobei sich Hauptreaktor und Sekundärreaktor mit Heizgas austauschen und das Heizgas abgekühlt zur Be- heizung des Vorreaktors eingesetzt wird. Die Produktgase (Synthesegas) werden über einen Heißgasfilter geleitet und sind dem Sekundärreaktor entnommen.Fig. 1 shows the material flow and the heating currents. The bulk material biomass is stored in a bunker, silo or storage tank and heated by the residual energy of the heating gas. The biomass is metered into the prereactor (1) via a lock, where it is heated by the heating current from the main reactor to the pyrolysis temperatures. The partially pyrolized biomass is carried by a twin screw not shown in the main reactor, where it is further heated for the purpose of allothermic gasification. The heating gas, generated by combustion of coal dust or pyrolysis coke, is passed into the heating jacket of the main reactor, the main reactor and the secondary reactor exchanging with heating gas and the heating gas being used cooled to heat the pre-reactor. The product gases (synthesis gas) are passed through a hot gas filter and are taken from the secondary reactor.

In Fig. 2 ist der Hauptreaktor (2) und der Sekundärreaktor (3) detailliert. Aus dem Vorreaktor kommend wird die getrocknete und teilpyrolisierte Biomasse in den Hauptreak- tor (2) über einen Schacht dosiert. Der Hauptreaktor ist mit einer Transportschnecke (4) versehen, die in der Seele mit einer Hotpipe (5) durchsetzt ist. Die Hotpipe erstreckt sich über die Länge des Rohreaktors ggf. wie gezeigt bis hinein in den Sekundärreaktor. Die Schnecke fördert das Vergasungsprodukt und komprimiert dies zum Ende des Hauptreaktors hin. Hauptreaktor und Sekundärreaktor sind Teil eines Rohreaktors und von einem Heizmantel umgeben. Die Hotpipe ist als Lanze ausge- prägt. Das Heizgas (6) wird in der Mitte eingeleitet, prallt gegen das Lanzenende (heißester Punkt entlang der Hotpipe) und wird im Inneren außen entlang der Innenoberfläche der Lanze abgeleitet. Über ein Drehventil (7) können in den Sekundärreaktor Vergasungsmittel (Wasserdampf, Sauerstoff und/oder Luft) zudosiert werden, um im Sekundärreaktor, wenn gewünscht auch eine partielle authotherme Oxidation durch die Anwesenheit von Sauerstoff zu bewirken. Der Sekundärreaktor weist über zumindest die Hälfte der Förderstrecke einen Füllungsgrad von etwa 100% auf. Mit schwarzen Pfeilen ist der Eintrag und der Austrag aus dem Rohrreaktor gekemizeichnet. Graue Pfeile gegeben die Heizgasströme (6) wieder. Hauptreaktor und Sekundärreaktor haben ein unterschiedliches Temperaturprofil sind, aber von einem gemeinsamen Heizmantel (8) umgeben. In Fig. 2, the main reactor (2) and the secondary reactor (3) is detailed. Coming from the prereactor, the dried and partially pyrolized biomass is metered into the main reactor (2) via a shaft. The main reactor is provided with a transport screw (4), which is interspersed in the soul with a hot pipe (5). If necessary, the hot pipe extends as far as the secondary reactor over the length of the tubular reactor. The screw conveys the gasification product and compresses it towards the end of the main reactor. Main reactor and secondary reactor are part of a tubular reactor and surrounded by a heating jacket. The hotpipe is designed as a lance. The heating gas (6) is introduced in the middle, bounces against the end of the lance (hottest point along the hot pipe) and is discharged internally outward along the inner surface of the lance. Via a rotary valve (7) can be metered into the secondary reactor gasification agent (water vapor, oxygen and / or air) to cause in the secondary reactor, if desired, a partial autothermal oxidation by the presence of oxygen. The secondary reactor has over at least half of the conveyor line to a degree of filling of about 100%. The entry and discharge from the tube reactor are marked with black arrows. Gray arrows indicate the heating gas flows (6) again. Main reactor and secondary reactor have a different temperature profile, but surrounded by a common heating jacket (8).

Claims

Patentansprüche claims 1. Biomassevergaser aufweisend einen Vorreaktor, einen Hauptreaktor und einen Sekundärreaktor, wobei zumindest der Hauptreaktor eine oder mehrere Transport- schnecke(n) aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass1. biomass gasifier comprising a pre-reactor, a main reactor and a secondary reactor, wherein at least the main reactor one or more transport screw (s), characterized in that • der Vorreaktor von außen beheizt ist und mit durch Pyrolyse zumindest zum Teil umzuwandelnder und zu trocknender Biomasse zur Zufuhr eines Feststoffes und eines Gases in den Hauptreaktor gefüllt ist,The prereactor is heated from outside and is filled with biomass which is at least partly to be converted and dried by pyrolysis for supplying a solid and a gas to the main reactor, • der Hauptreaktor durch eine außen angebrachte Heizvorrichtung beheizt wird zur Vergasung des Feststoffes, wobei der Hauptreaktor mindestens in einem Abschnitt von innen durch ein oder mehrere langgestreckte Heizelemente in der/den Seele(n) zumindest einer in diesem befindlichen Transportschnecke(n) zusätzlich beheizt wird und• The main reactor is heated by an externally mounted heater for gasification of the solid, wherein the main reactor is additionally heated at least in a section from the inside by one or more elongated heating elements in the soul (s) of at least one transport screw (s) located therein and • der Sekundärreaktor zumindest an einer Stelle längs des Transportweges des Fest- Stoffes über den ganzen Reaktorquerschnitt eine Feststoffschüttung mit einen Füllungsgrad von 95 bis 100 Vol.% aufweist, wobei der Hauptreaktor und nachfolgend der Sekundärreaktor sowohl von dem Feststoff, als auch von dem im Prozess entstehenden Gas jeweils im Gleichstrom durchströmt werden.• The secondary reactor at least at one point along the transport path of the solid material over the entire reactor cross-section has a solids content with a degree of filling of 95 to 100 vol.%, Wherein the main reactor and subsequently the secondary reactor both of the solid, as well as of the process flowing gas to be flowed through in each case in DC. 2. Biomassevergaser nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekemizeichnet, dass der Sekundärreaktor einen höheren Füllungsgrad aufweist als der Hauptreaktor.2. biomass gasifier according to claim 1, characterized gekemizeichnet that the secondary reactor has a higher degree of filling than the main reactor. 3. Biomassevergaser nach einem oder mehreren der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass aus dem Vorreaktor Biomasse mit einer Restfeuchte eingebracht wird, die als Vergasungsmittel (Wasserdampf-Reformierung) für den Hauptreaktor dient und erforderlichen falls Wasser zudosierbar ist.3. biomass gasifier according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that from the pre-reactor biomass is introduced with a residual moisture, which serves as a gasification agent (steam reforming) for the main reactor and, if necessary, water is metered. 4. Biomassevergaser nach einem oder mehreren der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Füllungsgrad am Ende des Sekundärreaktors 95 bis4. biomass gasifier according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the degree of filling at the end of the secondary reactor 95 to 100%, vorzugsweise etwa 100% beträgt.100%, preferably about 100%. 5. Biomassevergaser nach einem oder mehreren der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die beheizte Seele(n) im Reaktor als geschlossene Lanze ausgeführt ist(sind), in der(denen) ein Heizgas innen eingeführt wird, bis zum Ende der Lanze innen strömt und dann außen an den Innenwänden der Lanze zurückströmt. 5. biomass gasifier according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heated core (s) is designed in the reactor as a closed lance (are) in which (those) a heating gas is introduced inside, flows to the end of the lance inside and then flows back outside on the inner walls of the lance. 6. Biomassevergaser nach einem oder mehreren der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Sekundärreaktor einen höheren Füllungsgrad aufweist als der Hauptreaktor.6. biomass gasifier according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the secondary reactor has a higher degree of filling than the main reactor. 7. Biomassevergaser nach einem oder mehreren der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die beheizte Seele feststehend ausgebildet ist.7. biomass gasifier according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heated core is formed stationary. 8. Biomassevergaser nach einem oder mehreren der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Vorreaktor eine oder mehrere Transportschnecke(n) ausweist, vorzugsweise eine Doppelschnecke.8. biomass gasifier according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the prereactor one or more transport screw (s) identifies, preferably a twin screw. 9. Biomassevergaser nach einem oder mehreren der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Sekundärreaktor durch eine zusätzliche innere Heizvorrichtung, vorzugsweise als beheizte Seele ausgebildet, beheizt wird, wobei die inne- re Heizvorrichtung insbesondere nur die vorderen 2/3, vorzugsweise 50%, des Sekundärreaktor einnimmt.9. biomass gasifier according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the secondary reactor is formed by an additional internal heating device, preferably designed as a heated core, wherein the internal heating device in particular only the front 2/3, preferably 50%, of the secondary reactor occupies. 10. Biomassevergaser nach einem oder mehreren der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Sekundärreaktor nicht auf der ganzen Länge beheizt wird, insbesondere im hinteren Bereich nicht beheizt wird.10. biomass gasifier according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the secondary reactor is not heated over the entire length, in particular in the rear area is not heated. 11. Biomassevergaser nach einem oder mehreren der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Sekundärreaktor einen Aschausgang im hinteren Bereich aufweist und die austretende Asche zur Heißlufterzeugung einer Luftverbrennung ausgesetzt wird.11. biomass gasifier according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the secondary reactor has an ash outlet in the rear area and the emerging ash is exposed to hot air generation of air combustion. 12. Biomassevergaser nach einem oder mehreren der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Transportschnecke des Hauptreaktors mit Schaufeln ausgestattet ist, die den Feststoff aus der Pyrolysatschüttung herausheben und wieder zurückfallen lassen.12. biomass gasifier according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the screw conveyor of the main reactor is equipped with blades that lift out the solid from the Pyrolysatschüttung and drop back again. 13. Biomassevergaser nach einem oder mehreren der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass durch Zufuhrleitungen ein oder mehrere weitere Vergasungsmittel derart, insbesondere in den Sekundärreaktor, zugegeben werden können, dass diese direkt in die Pyrolysatschüttung eingebracht werden. 13. Biomass gasifier according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that one or more further gasification means such, in particular in the secondary reactor, can be added by supply lines, that they are introduced directly into the Pyrolysatschüttung. 14. Biomassevergaser nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in den Sekundärreaktor Wasserdampf, Luft oder ein Gasgemisch enthaltend oder bestehend aus Sauerstoff zugegeben wird.14. biomass gasifier according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that water vapor, air or a gas mixture containing or consisting of oxygen is added to the secondary reactor. 15. Biomassevergaser nach einem oder mehreren der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Vorreaktor, insbesondere in einem Abschnitt den Brennstoff derart verdichtet, insbesondere mittels einer Transportschnecke, dass der Durchgangswiderstand für das Gas mindestens auf das doppelte (Gasschleuse) gegen- über dem Durchgangswiderstand am Anfang des Hauptreaktors erhöht wird.15. biomass gasifier according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the prereactor, in particular in a section of the fuel compressed in such a way, in particular by means of a screw conveyor, that the passage resistance for the gas at least twice (gas lock) compared to the volume resistivity is increased at the beginning of the main reactor. 16. Biomassevergaser nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine oder mehrere der Schnecken mehrwellig sind.16. Biomass gasifier according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that one or more of the screws are multi-waved. 17. Biomassevergaser nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Sekundärreaktor mit einem Füllungsgrad von 80 bis 100 Vol.%, insbesondere größer 95 Vol.%, vorzugsweise 100 Vol.% betrieben wird.17. biomass gasifier according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the secondary reactor with a degree of filling of 80 to 100 vol.%, In particular greater than 95 vol.%, Preferably 100 vol.% Is operated. 18. Biomassevergaser nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekenn- zeichnet, dass der Hauptreaktor im Eingangsbereich einen Füllungsgrad von kleiner 8018. biomass gasifier according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the main reactor in the entrance area a degree of filling of less than 80 Vol.% aufweist .Vol% has. 19. Biomassevergaser nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in den Hauptreaktor Sauerstoffmangel herrscht und von außen keine Sauerstoff enthaltenden Gase zugeführt werden.19. biomass gasifier according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that there is a lack of oxygen in the main reactor and are supplied from the outside no oxygen-containing gases. 20. Biomassevergaser nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass am Ende des Sekundärreaktors Sauerstoff enthaltende vorgewärmte Gase zu dosierbar sind. 20. biomass gasifier according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at the end of the secondary reactor oxygen-containing preheated gases are metered. 21. Verfahren zur Vergasung von Biomasse in einem Biomassevergaser mit einem Vorreaktor, einem Hauptreaktor und einem Sekundärreaktor, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Biomasse in dem als Rohreaktor ausgebildeten Vorreaktor bei Temperaturen von 200 bis 700°C getrocknet, pyrrolisiert, durchmischt, transportiert und hierbei ggf. verdichtet wird, und der pyrrolsierte bzw. teilpyrrolsierte Feststoff in den von außen beheizten Hauptreaktor dosiert wird, der ebenfalls als Rohreaktor ausgebildet ist, wo eine oder mehrer Transportschnecken mit zumindest einer von außen beheizten Seele in zumindest einer der Transportschnecken den Feststoff aufnehmen, der Feststoff auf 700 bis 950 C erwärmt wird und hierbei unter Umsetzung mit Wasserdampf allotherm unter Mangel an Sauerstoff vergast wird, wobei der Feststoff in den Sekundärreaktor transportieren wird, wo dieser verdichtet wird und wobei die entstehenden Gase den Feststoff im Haupt- und Sekundärreaktor im Gleichstrom durchströmen und dem Sekundärreaktor ein Wasserstoff und oder Kohlenmonoxid reiches Synthesegas zusammen mit Pyrolysekoks entnommen wird.21. A process for the gasification of biomass in a biomass gasifier with a pre-reactor, a main reactor and a secondary reactor, characterized in that the biomass in the pre-reactor designed as a tubular reactor at temperatures of 200 to 700 ° C dried, pyrolyzed, mixed, transported and this if necessary is compressed, and the pyrolyzed or teilpyrrolsierte solid is metered into the externally heated main reactor, which is also designed as a tubular reactor, where one or more transport screws with at least one externally heated soul in at least one of the transport screws take the solid, the solid is heated to 700 to 950 C and this is gasified under reaction with steam allothermic lack of oxygen, the solid will transport to the secondary reactor, where it is compressed and the resulting gases flow through the solids in the main and secondary reactor in the DC and the Secondary reactor is a hydrogen and or carbon monoxide rich synthesis gas taken together with pyrolysis coke. 22. Verfahren nach Anspruch 21, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass im Sekundärreaktor eine Temperatur von 600 bis 950 °C, vorzugsweise 800°C bis 850°C herrscht.22. The method according to claim 21, characterized in that in the secondary reactor, a temperature of 600 to 950 ° C, preferably 800 ° C to 850 ° C prevails. 23. Verfahren nach Anspruch 21 oder 22, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Sekundärreaktor einen Füllungsgrad von 80 bis 100 Vol.%, vorzugsweise 95 bis 100 Vol.% zumindest zum Ende hin, aufweist, durch den das Gas strömt.23. The method according to claim 21 or 22, characterized in that the secondary reactor has a degree of filling of 80 to 100 vol.%, Preferably 95 to 100 vol.% At least towards the end, through which the gas flows. 24. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 21 bis 23, dadurch gekenn- zeichnet, dass dem Hauptreaktor Calciumoxid zugeführt wird, dass nach Aufnahme von24. The method according to one or more of claims 21 to 23, characterized in that the main reactor calcium oxide is supplied to that after receiving Kohlendioxid im Hauptreaktor u.a. durch Erhitzen recycelt wird, um Calciumoxid zurückzugewinnen.Carbon dioxide in the main reactor u.a. is recycled by heating to recover calcium oxide. 25. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 21 bis 24, dadurch gekenn- zeichnet, dass das Verfahren in dem Biomassevergaser nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis25. The method according to one or more of claims 21 to 24, characterized in that the method in the biomass gasifier according to one of claims 1 to 20 durchgeführt wird. 20 is performed.
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EP2016159B1 (en) 2016-05-11
WO2007121733A8 (en) 2008-01-17
WO2007121733A2 (en) 2007-11-01
DE102006019452B4 (en) 2008-05-08
EP2016159B8 (en) 2017-03-01
WO2007121733A3 (en) 2007-12-06

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