Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
  • A01H5/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their plant parts; Angiosperms characterised otherwise than by their botanic taxonomy
  • A01H5/10—Seeds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
  • A01H6/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their botanic taxonomy
  • A01H6/46—Gramineae or Poaceae, e.g. ryegrass, rice, wheat or maize
  • A01H6/4684—Zea mays [maize]

Definitions

• This invention is in the field of maize breeding, specifically relating to an enhanced waxy hybrid maize designated PPVO864.
• desirable traits may include resistance to diseases and insects, tolerance to heat, cold and drought, reducing the time to crop maturity, greater yield, and better agronomic quality.
• uniformity of plant characteristics such as germination and stand establishment, growth rate, maturity, and plant and ear height is important.
• Other desirable traits may be those directly or indirectly associated with special nutritional and industrial types of crops. Examples of such specialty varieties or hybrids include those with higher oil content, different oil profiles, greater protein content, better protein quality, higher amylose content or high amylopectin content, such as waxy varieties. It is also desirable to produce plants which are particularly adapted to a given agricultural region. New hybrids are an important part of efforts to control raw material costs.
• Maize Zea mays L. is often referred to as corn in the United States, and the terms are used interchangeably in the present application. Maize has separate male and female flowers on the same plant, located on the tassel and the ear, respectively. Thus, it can be bred by crossing to itself (self-pollination or selfing), to another plant of the same family, line or variety (sib-pollination or sib-crossing) or to another plant of a different family, line or variety (outcrossing or cross-pollination).
• Hybrid maize varieties can be produced by a process comprising (1) the selection of plants from various germplasm pools for initial breeding crosses; (2) the selfing of the selected plants from the breeding crosses for several generations to produce a series of inbred lines as described above; and (3) crossing a selected inbred line with a different inbred line to produce the hybrid progeny (F1).
• an inbred line should comprise homozygous alleles at about 95% or more of its loci.
• Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection are two examples of methods used to develop an inbred line.
• Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two or more genotypes, each of which may have one or more desirable characteristics. Superior progeny are selfed and selected in successive generations, during the course of which the level of homozygosity is increased. An inbred line suitable for hybrid production may be produced after a number of generations of selfing and selection, for example after four, five, six or more generations.
• Double haploid methods can reduce the number of generations needed to obtain an inbred line. These methods involve the doubling of haploids derived from either the maternal or paternal gametes. Genetics markers can be used to identify haploids, and the haploids doubled to form homozygous diploid lines.
• Recurrent selection entails individual plants cross-pollinating with each other to form progeny which are then grown.
• the superior progeny are then selected by any number of methods, which include individual plant, half sib progeny, full sib progeny, selfed progeny and topcrossing.
• the selected progeny are cross pollinated with each other to form progeny for another population.
• This population is planted and again superior plants are selected to cross pollinate with each other.
• the objective of this repeated process is to improve the traits of a population.
• the improved population can then be used as a source of breeding material to obtain inbred lines to be used in hybrids.
• Backcrossing can be used to improve inbred lines and a hybrid which is made using those inbreds.
• Backcrossing can be used to transfer a specific desirable trait from one line, the donor parent, to an inbred called the recurrent parent which has overall good agronomic characteristics yet that lacks the desirable trait. This transfer can be achieved by first crossing the recurrent parent with the donor parent, and then performing a backcross in which the progeny are mated to the recurrent parent. The resultant progeny can then be selected for the desired trait, and a further backcross performed using the selected individuals. Typically after four or more backcross generations with selection for the desired trait in each generation, the progeny will contain essentially all genes of the recurrent parent except for the genes controlling the desired trait. The last backcross generation is then selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the gene(s) being transferred.
• selection in the breeding process can be based upon the accumulation of markers linked to the positive effecting alleles and/or the elimination of markers linked to the negative effecting alleles from the plant's genome. Often, a combination of techniques is used.
• the female line can be cytoplasmic male sterile as a result of an inherited factor in the cytoplasmic genome. This characteristic is inherited exclusively through the female parent in maize plants, since only the female provides cytoplasm to the fertilized seed.
• CMS plants are fertilized with pollen from another inbred that is not male-sterile. Pollen from the second inbred may or may not contribute genes that make the hybrid plants male-fertile. The same hybrid seed, a portion produced from detasseled fertile maize and a portion produced using the CMS system can be blended to insure that adequate pollen loads are available for fertilization when the hybrid plants are grown.
• Genetic male sterility may be conferred by one of several available methods, such as multiple mutant genes at separate locations within the genome that confer male sterility, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al. and chromosomal translocations as described by Patterson in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709 and 3,710,511 .
• a system in which male fertility genes are expressed under an inducible promoter is described in Albertsen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,068 .
• Objectives of commercial maize hybrid line development include the development of new corn hybrids which are able to produce high yield of grain, which require less investment of time or resources, which are more resistant to environmental stresses (e.g., stresses particular to a certain growing area), which are easier to harvest and/or which provide grain or other products particularly suitable for a desired commercial purpose.
• the corn breeder selects and develops superior inbred parental lines for producing hybrids. This is far from straightforward in view of the number of segregating genes and in view of the fact that the breeder often does not know the desired parental genotype in detail. Then, the breeder must identify the particular cross-combination of inbred lines which produces a desired hybrid.
• PPVO1864 a new enhanced waxy maize hybrid designated as PPVO1864.
• PPVO1864 has a double recessive wx su2 genotype and in this regard is unique from previously produced commercial waxy hybrids.
• PPVO1864 has comparable harvest moisture to other commercial waxy hybrids of similar maturity, improved food functionality properties, and is a grain type suitable for wet milling and dry milling applications.
• PPVO1864 further provides corn growers with a new enhanced waxy maize hybrid with high agronomic yield that is adapted to the east central corn growing region of the United States.
• PPVO1864 a novel corn hybrid, designated PPVO1864, produced by crossing (ws)FR1064 and (ws)LH185. These two proprietary inbreds were developed by modified backcross breeding methodology. Inbreds wsFR1064 and wsLH185 are respectively the female and male parents of hybrid PPVO1864. A representative sample of seed which when grown produces hybrid plants of PPVO1864 is deposited under American Type Culture Collection (“ATCC”) accession number PTA-9367.
• ATCC American Type Culture Collection
• the present invention provides hybrid seed, a representative sample of which has been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-9367.
• the present invention also provides a population of corn seeds, wherein at least 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% of said seeds are hybrid seeds of which a representative sample has been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-9367.
• the present invention relates to a hybrid plant obtainable or obtained by growing seed of which a representative sample is deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-9367.
• the invention also relates to variants, mutants and trivial modifications of the hybrid seed or plant.
• Seeds, plants, plant parts, somatic tissues or cells according to the present invention may have substantially the same genotype as the deposited seed ATCC PTA-9367, and/or may be capable of serving as the source for tissue culture to produce a plant of substantially the same genotype as hybrid seed deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-9367.
• the present invention provides a corn plant (or seed thereof) having desirable traits of hybrid PPVO1864.
• the corn plant may have all or essentially all of the morphological or physiological characteristics of hybrid PPVO1864.
• the plant may have one or more additional characteristics, e . g. , characteristics resulting from the presence of one or more nucleic acid sequences introduced by techniques known to those skilled in the art, such as transgenic techniques or conventional breeding methods such as backcrossing.
• the hybrid corn plants of the present invention include hybrid corn plants of PPVO1864 which further include one, two, three or more foreign or heterologous genes introduced into PPVO1864. Such foreign or heterologous genes may be from a different corn plant ( i .
• a corn inbred, corn hybrid, corn haploid, etc. other than the inbreds used to produce PPVO1864, and/or from a plant species other than Zea mays (e.g., alfalfa, soybean, canola, tomato, potato, yew tree, marigold, etc.), and/or from a non-plant species ( e . g ., bacteria, fungi, insects, mammals, jellyfish, etc.).
• the invention further relates to corn plants and seeds derived from hybrid maize PPVO1864. These plants and seeds may be of an essentially derived variety as defined in section 41(3) of the Plant Variety Protection Act, i.e., a variety that:
• An essentially derived variety may be obtained by the selection of a natural or induced mutant or of a somaclonal variant, the selection of a variant individual from plants of hybrid PPVO1864, backcrossing, transformation by genetic engineering, or any other method.
• the essential characteristics may be one or more of the desirable traits set forth herein.
• corn plants and seeds derived from hybrid maize PPVO1864 may in other embodiments be regenerated from a tissue culture produced from a hybrid PPVO1864 plant, or may be a plant or seed having hybrid PPVO1864 as an ancestor, as discussed further below.
• the present invention also provides a tissue culture of regeneratable cells produced from hybrid plant PPVO1864, wherein said tissue culture is capable of producing plants having desirable traits of hybrid PPVO1864 as set out above.
• the tissue culture may be derived directly or indirectly from hybrid PPVO1864.
• the tissue culture is capable of producing plants which have all or substantially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of hybrid PPVO1864.
• the plants may have one or more additional characteristic, e . g ., conferred by a nucleic acid sequence introduced using transgenic or conventional breeding techniques.
• the plant may have the genetic complement of hybrid PPVO1864, optionally comprising one or more additional nucleic acid sequences capable of modifying the phenotype of the plant when expressed ( e .
• the culture can be from any tissue capable of somatic embyrogenesis, e . g ., may be selected from the group consisting of leaf, pollen, embryo, root, root tip, anther, silk, flower, kernel, ear, cob, husk, stalk, cell or protoplast.
• the invention further relates to the use of the tissue culture to produce a whole plant, to protoplasts produced from said tissue culture and to a corn plant regenerated from said tissue culture.
• a method of producing a whole plant from the tissue culture may comprise one or more of: culturing cells in vitro in a media comprising an embryogenesis promoting hormone until callus organization is observed; transferring cells to a media which includes a tissue organization promoting hormone; after tissue organization is observed transferring cells into a media without said hormone to produce plantlets; and growing said plantlets, optionally including growing said plantlets on a minimal media for hardening.
• pollen or an ovule of hybrid plant PPVO1864 as well as seed produced by fertilization with said pollen or of said ovule, and plants grown from the seed.
• the hybrid plant PPVO1864 can be crossed with a corn plant of another line or variety, or can be sib-crossed or selfed to produce another plant, line (e.g., inbred line) or population of plants (e.g., breeding population of plants) which is of benefit in plant breeding.
• line e.g., inbred line
• population of plants e.g., breeding population of plants
• the present invention relates to a plant or seed produced by a breeding program using hybrid PPVO1864 as a parent, wherein the plant or seed is a member of a generation of progeny of said parent, e . g ., a member of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth or more generation of progeny.
• the present invention includes plants and seeds produced using hybrid PPVO1864 as an ancestor. Ancestry can be assessed from the records kept routinely by one of ordinary skill in the art. It can also be assessed based on nucleic acid identity, e.g., using molecular markers, electrophoresis and the like.
• the plant or seed thus produced may have desired characteristics of hybrid PPVO1864 as discussed above, or may have all of the morphological and physiological traits of hybrid PPVO1864.
• the present invention relates to use of a hybrid PPVO1864 maize plant to produce seed and/or progeny maize plants.
• the present invention also provides a method comprising providing a plant of hybrid PPVO1864, crossing it with itself or with another maize plant (which may be another hybrid PPVO1864 plant or may be a plant of a different line or variety) so as to produce seed, and harvesting said seed.
• the method may further comprise growing said seed to produce one or more progeny maize plants, and optionally, breeding from one or more of said progeny maize plants to produce progeny seed, which may be harvested.
• the step of growing the progeny seed and breeding from the resultant maize plants to produce a further population of seed can be repeated over one or more further generations (e . g ., in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more further generations).
• the progeny may be selfed, sibbed, backcrossed, crossed to a population or the like.
• breeding from a plant is meant a process of crossing the plant with itself or with another plant of the same or a different variety to produce seed. Selection may be carried out in one or more of the progeny generations.
• the selection may be for one or more desirable traits of hybrid PPVO1864, e . g ., one or more of amylopectin content of the starch and agronomic yield. Selection may be done using visual inspection, or using molecular markers.
• Plants resulting from such methods would contain desirable traits derived from hybrid PPVO1864 and thus would benefit from the work of the present inventors and from the disclosure contained herein.
• a method of the invention may comprise sib or self-pollinating hybrid PPVO1864 to produce a first generation of progeny plants.
• the method may further comprise sib or self-crossing said progeny over one or more further generations (e . g ., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more further generations) and/or double haploid breeding, in order to produce a plant which is substantially homozygous, e .
• This method may comprise selection of plants having the one or more desirable traits of the parent plant. This selection may take place in each progeny generation or less frequently, e . g ., in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more generations of progeny ( e . g ., in the first progeny generation and/or in one or further progeny generations.
• a hybrid maize plant as described herein can also be crossed to a different variety of maize, such as an inbred line (e . g ., an elite inbred line).
• the F1 progeny generation resulting from this cross would have 50% of its genes derived from the hybrid PPVO1864.
• the method may further comprise self-fertilization of one or more plants from the F1 population to produce an F2 progeny generation. Some of the F2 plants will by chance have more than 50% of their genes derived from the parental hybrid plant. These may be selected, for example using molecular marker selection or selection of one or more desired traits of hybrid PPVO1864.
• Self-fertilization of the progeny may be carried out over 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more further generations to produce an inbred line. Selection may be carried out in each progeny generation, or at a lower frequency, e . g ., in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more of the generations.
• the method may in some embodiments further comprise modification of the resultant inbred line to provide a further desired trait or traits.
• the method may comprise crossing the resultant inbred line with a further plant variety having a desirable trait, and backcrossing the progeny over 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more generations so as to insert the desired trait into a genetic background which is substantially that of the inbred line.
• the method may comprise transgenic modification of the inbred line, which can be carried out using methods which would be well known to those in the art.
• the method comprises crossing a plant of a first variety or line to a plant of a second, different variety or line, wherein the first variety or line is hybrid PPVO1864.
• the second variety or line may be an inbred line and in some embodiments, may be of one of the parental lines of hybrid PPVO1864.
• the method may comprise growing a first progeny generation.
• the method may then further comprise backcrossing one or more plants of that progeny generation to one or more plants of the second variety or line to produce a further progeny generation.
• the backcrossing may be repeated in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more generations.
• the last backcross generation may be selfed to result in a pure breeding line for the desired trait(s). Selection may be carried out in one or more of the progeny populations, e . g ., to select plants having one or more desirable traits of hybrid PPVO1864.
• the invention also includes the population of seeds or plants produced at any stage of the breeding methods described above.
• the seed or plant may be an inbred seed or plant, e . g ., such as may be used for a further breeding program or for the development of further hybrids.
• Corn is a highly useful crop, and numerous commercial products can be provided by or derived from its different parts. Accordingly, the present invention provides use of a plant as described herein for the production of a processed corn product.
• Also provided is a method comprising providing one or more parts of a plant as described herein and processing said part(s) to produce a processed corn product.
• the method may also comprise growing the plant and/or harvesting said one or more parts.
• the plant part may be any of the parts described above, including the stem, husk or cob, but in many embodiments will be the ear or the kernels.
• processed corn products are corn starch (including isolated corn starch components such as amylose or amylopectin), flour, grits, meal, corn syrup or dextrose, corn oil, processed corn grain products such as canned, frozen or pureed grain, ethanol, paper, wall-board or charcoal.
• the invention provides a method for the production of corn starch comprising providing kernels of a plant as described herein, and processing the kernels to produce corn starch.
• the processing may comprise wet-milling.
• the invention provides a method for the production of corn flour comprising providing kernels of a plant as described herein, and processing the kernels to produce corn flour.
• the processing may comprise dry-milling.
• the invention also provides a method comprising, having provided a processed corn product as described above, using said processed corn product in the production of a manufactured product.
• a processed corn product as described above, using said processed corn product in the production of a manufactured product.
• These may be any of the manufactured products as described further below. Examples include a food product, packaging, adhesive, paper or textile, pharmaceutical product, cosmetic, and home care product.
• the invention further provides a processed corn product or manufactured product produced by any of the methods described above.
• a preferred processed corn product may be high amylose or high amylopectin starch or flour.
• allele refers to any of several alternative forms of a gene.
• starch refers to starch in its natural or native form as well as also referring to starch modified by physical, chemical, enzymatic and biological processes.
• amlopectin refers to the high molecular weight starch polymer composed of ⁇ -D-(1-4)-glucoside linkage chains with additional branch chains forming at the glucose ⁇ -D-(1-6) linkage point.
• amylopectin content refers to the percentage of the amylopectin type polymer in relation to other starch polymers such as amylose.
• amlose refers to a starch polymer that is an essentially linear assemblage of D-anhydroglucose units which are linked by alpha 1,4-D-glucosidic bonds.
• amylose content refers to the percentage of the amylose type polymer in relation to other starch polymers such as amylopectin.
• area of adaptation refers to an area having a particular combination of environmental conditions under which this corn hybrid will grow well. The term is not intended to mean that the corn hybrid will not grow outside of this region, particularly, that it will not grow equally well in areas sharing the same or substantially the same combination of conditions.
• high amylose maize or “amylomaize” refer to the generic name for corn that has an amylose content of about 50% or greater.
• Amylomaize hybrids require special management and cultural requirements to provide more assurance of optimum grain production of acceptable quality and purity. Production fields must be isolated from normal dent corn. High-amylose grain is grown exclusively under contract for wet and dry milling. Amylose starch is utilized in a complexity of uses in various industries.
• amylose content of a sample of grain from a particular variety in any particular trial can vary slightly from its overall mean or median amylose content depending on the particular environment in which it is grown. As known by those skilled in the art of growing maize, many factors are involved in determining what constitutes a particular environment for a particular trial/growing season (e . g ., rainfall, temperature, soil type, disease incidence, cloud cover, etc.).
• amylose maize inbred refers to maize inbred that has an amylose content of about 50% or greater, wherein the amylose concentration of the grain is determined by the colorimetric method.
• amylose maize hybrid refers to maize hybrid that has an amylose content of about 50% or greater, wherein the amylose concentration of the grain is determined by the colorimetric method.
• crossing or “crossed” or grammatical equivalents thereof refer to pollen from one flower being transfers to the ovule of the same or a different flower to result in fertilization.
• a plant crossed to itself is self-pollinated or selfed; a plant crossed to another plant of the same variety, family or line is sib-pollinated or sib-crossed and a plant crossed to another plant of a different variety, family or line is out-crossed or out-pollinated.
• cross pollination or “cross-breeding” refer to the process by which the pollen of one flower on one plant is applied (artificially or naturally) to the ovule (stigma) of a flower on another plant.
• cultivar refers to a variety, strain or race of plant that has been produced by horticultural or agronomic techniques and is not normally found in wild populations.
• lite inbred line refers to an inbred which has been shown to contribute desirable qualities when used to produce commercial hybrids.
• female refers to a plant that produces ovules.
• Female plants generally produce seeds after fertilization.
• a plant designated as a "female plant” may contain both male and female sexual organs.
• the "female plant” may only contain female sexual organs either naturally ( e . g ., in dioecious species) or due to emasculation ( e . g ., by detasselling).
• filial generation refers to any of the generations of cells, tissues or organisms following a particular parental generation.
• the generation resulting from a mating of the parents is the first filial generation (designated as “F1” or “F 1 "), while that resulting from crossing of F1 individuals is the second filial generation (designated as "F2" or “F 2 ").
• gamete refers to a reproductive cell whose nucleus (and often cytoplasm) fuses with that of another gamete of similar origin but of opposite sex to form a zygote, which has the potential to develop into a new individual.
• Gametes are haploid and are differentiated into male and female.
• genes refers to any segment of DNA associated with a biological function.
• genes include, but are not limited to, coding sequences and/or the regulatory sequences required for their expression.
• Genes can also include nonexpressed DNA segments that, for example, form recognition sequences for other proteins.
• Genes can be obtained from a variety of sources, including cloning from a source of interest or synthesizing from known or predicted sequence information, and may include sequences designed to have desired parameters.
• this invention further encompasses the maize plants, and parts thereof, of the present invention which have been transformed so that its genetic material contains one or more transgenes operably linked to one or more regulatory elements.
• the maize plants, or parts thereof, of the present invention also encompass such maize plants, or parts thereof, that contain a single gene conversion.
• the term "genetic complement” refers to the complete set of alleles possessed by a cell. In a plant or other somatic tissue or cell the complement will be diploid - that is, there will be two alleles (the same or different) at each locus.
• genetictype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual cell, cell culture, tissue, plant, or group of plants.
• grain refers to mature corn kernels produced by commercial growers for purposes other than growing or reproducing the species.
• heterologous polynucleotide or a “heterologous nucleic acid” or an “exogenous DNA segment” refer to a polynucleotide, nucleic acid or DNA segment that originates from a source foreign to the particular host cell, or, if from the same source, is modified from its original form.
• a heterologous gene in a host cell includes a gene that is endogenous to the particular host cell, but has been modified.
• the terms refer to a DNA segment which is foreign or heterologous to the cell, or homologous to the cell but in a position within the host cell nucleic acid in which the element is not ordinarily found. Exogenous DNA segments are expressed to yield exogenous polypeptides.
• heterologous trait refers to a phenotype imparted to a transformed host cell or transgenic organism by an exogenous DNA segment, heterologous polynucleotide or heterologous nucleic acid.
• heterozygote refers to a diploid or polyploid individual cell or plant having different alleles (forms of a given gene) present at least at one locus.
• heterozygous refers to the presence of different alleles (forms of a given gene) at a particular gene locus.
• homologue refers to a nucleic acid or peptide sequence which has a common origin and functions similarly to a nucleic acid or peptide sequence from another species.
• homozygote refers to an individual cell or plant having the same alleles at one or more loci.
• homozygous refers to the presence of identical alleles at one or more loci in homologous chromosomal segments.
• hybrid refers to any individual cell, tissue or plant resulting from a cross between parents that differ in one or more genes.
• inbred or “inbred line” refers to a relatively true-breeding strain.
• kernel refers to the corn caryopsis comprising a mature embryo and endosperm which are products of double fertilization.
• line is used broadly to include, but is not limited to, a group of plants vegetatively propagated from a single parent plant, via tissue culture techniques or a group of inbred plants which are genetically very similar due to descent from a common parent(s).
• a plant is said to "belong” to a particular line if it (a) is a primary transformant (T0) plant regenerated from material of that line; (b) has a pedigree comprised of a T0 plant of that line; or (c) is genetically very similar due to common ancestry ( e . g ., via inbreeding or selfing).
• the term "pedigree” denotes the lineage of a plant, e . g . in terms of the sexual crosses effected such that a gene or a combination of genes, in heterozygous (hemizygous) or homozygous condition, imparts a desired trait to the plant.
• locus refers to any site that has been defined genetically.
• a locus may be a gene, or part of a gene, or a DNA sequence that has some regulatory role, and may be occupied by the same or different sequences.
• male refers to a plant that produces pollen grains.
• the “male plant” generally refers to the sex that produces gametes for fertilizing ova.
• a plant designated as a “male plant” may contain both male and female sexual organs.
• the “male plant” may only contain male sexual organs either naturally ( e . g ., in dioecious species) or due to removing the ovary.
• mass selection refers to a form of selection in which individual plants are selected and the next generation propagated from the aggregate of their seeds.
• open pollination refers to a plant population that is freely exposed to some gene flow, as opposed to a closed one in which there is an effective barrier to gene flow.
• open-pollinated population or “open-pollinated variety” refer to plants normally capable of at least some cross-fertilization, selected to a standard, that may show variation but that also have one or more genotypic or phenotypic characteristics by which the population or the variety can be differentiated from others.
• a hybrid which has no barriers to cross-pollination, is an open-pollinated population or an open-pollinated variety.
• the term "ovule” refers to the female gametophyte, whereas the term “pollen” means the male gametophyte.
• phenotype refers to the observable characters of an individual cell, cell culture, plant, or group of plants which results from the interaction between that individual's genetic makeup ( i . e ., genotype) and the environment.
• the term "recombinant” or “recombinants” refer to a cell, tissue or organism that has undergone transformation with recombinant DNA.
• the original recombinant is designated as “R0” or “R 0 .”
• Selfing the R 0 produces a first transformed generation designated as “R1” or “R 1 .”
• plants or "plant” or grammatical equivalents thereof as used herein is to be construed broadly to include, as well as whole organisms ( i . e ., plants, also sometimes called whole plants) at any stage of their development, plant cells, plant protoplasts, tissue culture, plant calli, plant embryos or parts of a plant such as roots, root tips, stalk, leaves, flowers, anthers, ears, cobs, husks, silks, and kernels.
• seed refers to mature corn kernels produced for the purpose of propagating the species.
• self pollinated or “self-pollination” means the pollen of one flower on one plant is applied (artificially or naturally) to the ovule (stigma) of the same or a different flower on the same plant.
• MST PCT refers to the actual moisture of grain at harvest.
• PER CENT DROPPED EARS refers to the percentage of ears of corn that have detached from the plant and fallen to the ground.
• PTPOP refers to the percentage of plants which have emerged after planting in comparison to the mean percentage of all hybrids in a common test.
• staygreen refers to a measure of plant health that is determined by the percentage of green tissue compared to desiccated brown tissue on the plant at physiological maturity.
• drydown or “dry down” refer to loss of grain moisture over time.
• STKLOD PCT refers to the percentage of plants in which the stalk is broken below the ear node.
• TST/WT LB/BU refers to a measure of the grain weight in pounds for a given bushel volume.
• the term "sugary” refers to a group of kernel types in which the endosperm shows increased transparency, not unlike crude glass or crystal sugar.
• the expression of the sugary factor gene, su1 results in dry kernels having a glassy, gum-like appearance, and a wrinkled, irregular form. Kernels homozygous for su2 , though similar to su1 in appearance, generally are less deviant from normal in all respects.
• synthetic refers to a set of progenies derived by intercrossing a specific set of clones or seed-propagated lines.
• a synthetic may contain mixtures of seed resulting from cross-, self-, and/or sib-fertilization.
• transformation refers to the transfer of nucleic acid (i.e., a nucleotide polymer) into a cell.
• genetic transformation refers to the transfer and incorporation of DNA, especially recombinant DNA, into a cell.
• transformant refers to a cell, tissue or organism that has undergone transformation.
• the original transformant is designated as “T0” or “T 0 .”
• Selfing the T0 produces a first transformed generation designated as "T1" or “T 1 .”
• transgenic refers to cells, cell cultures, organisms, plants, and progeny of plants which have received a foreign or modified gene by one of the various methods of transformation, wherein the foreign or modified gene is from the same or different species than the species of the plant, or organism, receiving the foreign or modified gene.
• variable refers to a subdivision of a species, consisting of a group of individuals within the species that are distinct in form or function from other similar arrays of individuals.
• the term "waxy” refers to corn with starch that is wholly (100%) or largely (about 99%) amylopectin, compared with ordinary maize starch with about 26% amylose and about 74% amylopectin.
• the paste is semi-translucent, cohesive, and does not form a gel.
• the waxy trait is controlled by a single recessive gene, the wx gene
• the waxy gene is epistatic for all known other starch forming mutants like dull (du), sugary-1 ( su1 ) and sugary-2 ( su2 ), it increases sugars and water-soluble polysaccharides (WSP) in a su1 background and it causes dramatic increases in sugars and reduction in starch with ae or ae du .
• waxy maize inbred refers to maize inbred that has an amylopectin content of about 99% or greater, wherein the amylopectin concentration of the grain is determined by the iodine staining test, colorimetric assay, or titration.
• waxy maize hybrid refers to maize hybrid that has an amylopectin content of about 99% or greater, wherein the amylopectin concentration of the grain is determined by the iodine staining test, colorimetric assay, or titration.
• waxy seed lot refers to a seed lot that meets the U.S. Grades and Standards requirement that in order to be labeled a "waxy corn" a seed lot must contain 95% or more waxy kernels as measured by an iodine staining test.
• PPVO1864 is a cross between the female inbred (ws)FR1064 by the male inbred (ws)LH185.
• Inbreds (ws)FR1064 and (ws)LH185 were developed by backcrossing the waxy and sugary-2 recessive starch alleles into the inbred lines FR1064 and LH185.
• ws inbreds
• LH185 LH185
• a minimum of six backcross pollinations were performed, followed by an additional minimum of four self pollination increases. Selection during backcross and self pollination generations were made to establish that starch functional properties were maintained. Selection included visual and laboratory evaluation.
• Hybrid PPVO1864 is characterized by its waxy kernel type, additionally kernels exhibit an amber color with a generally small, but characteristic pericarp wrinkle on the abaxial surface and base of the kernel. Its white cob is another noteworthy trait.
• Hybrid PPVO1864 has a relative maturity of approximately 112 days based on the comparative relative maturity system for grain harvest moisture. It is adapted to the eastern central corn belt region of United States and is suitable for production in the southwest region of France. The hybrid has the following characteristics based on data collected from field plots located in Riverside, Indiana. Table 1 Variety Description Information for PPVO1864 A.
• Leaf Standard Deviation Sample Size 10.7 cm Width of ear node leaf 0.48 10 93.3 cm Length of ear node leaf 4.37 10 open Leaf Color Munsell code: 2.5 G 6/7 E.
• a trivial modification may be a modification of the genetic code of the hybrid plant which results in a plant having the desirable traits of hybrid PPVO1864, as discussed above, and which preferably has all or substantially all of the morphological or physiological characteristics of the hybrid PPVO1864.
• a seed or plant e . g ., a variant seed or plant, according to the present invention has a genome with at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5% or 99.9% genetic identity with the genome of hybrid.
• a progeny plant of hybrid PPVO1864 (in any generation) or a plant derived from hybrid PPVO1864 may preferably have at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9% or 100% genetic identity with hybrid maize plant PPVO1864
• the genotype of a plant and the degree of genetic identity to hybrid PPVO1864 can be assessed using plant breeder records kept routinely by one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the genotype can additional or alternatively be assessed using molecular marker techniques, e.g, by genetic marker profiling.
• a genetic marker profile can be obtained by techniques such as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) which are also referred to as microsatellites, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs).
• RFLP Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
• RAPD Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA
• AP-PCR Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction
• DAF Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions
• AFLPs Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms
• SSRs Simple Sequence Repeats
• SNPs Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
• SSRs are frequently used for mapping purposes. This method is based on repeated sequences which may be repeated a variable number of times at any given locus, thus giving rise to polymorphism, with the potential for multiple alleles. Detection of SSR can be achieved by a number of methods, including PCR. The PCR detection is done using two primers flanking the region containing the repeats (such primers are publicly available). Following amplification, markers can be scored by gel electrophoresis of the amplification products. Scoring of the marker genotype is based on the size of the amplified fragment as measured by molecular weight, rounded to the nearest integer. Relative values should remain constant regardless of the specific primer or precise technique used.
• references to percentage genetic identity may be references to percentage molecular marker profile identity.
• the molecular marker profile may be an SSR profile.
• the percentages may refer to the genetic contribution in the molecular marker profile from hybrid PPVO1864.
• a seed or plant according to the present invention has one or more additional desirable traits and/or one or more inserted nucleic acid sequences conferring a desirable trait when compared to hybrid PPVO1864.
• the nucleic acid sequence may be have been inserted into the seed or plant or any progenitor thereof by any of the methods known to one skilled in the art, e.g., by transgenic techniques or by conventional breeding techniques such as backcrossing.
• Desirable traits include, but are not limited to, insect, pest or disease resistance, resistance to a herbicide, increased drought or cold resistance, male sterility and modification of the properties of the corn grain (e.g., modified fatty acid metabolism, decreased phytate content, modified carbohydrate composition or the like).
• the source of the nucleic acid may be a plant of the same or different species, or may be any other organism such as an animal (e.g., an insect), prokaryote, fungus, or a virus.
• the nucleic acid may also be an artificial nucleic acid, i.e., one not appearing in nature.
• nucleic acids may be any genetic material capable of modifying the plant's phenotype, e.g., conferring or improving a desirable trait, when expressed in a plant, including antisense nucleic acids, siRNAs and the like as well as nucleic acid sequences encoding proteins.
• the nucleic acid may also be or comprise an enhancer of a promoter. Examples of suitable nucleic acids can be found in US 6,777,598 , the disclosure of which is incorporated explicitly by reference.
• Transgenic methods are well known to those in the art. Both physical and biological methods for plant transformation are well known in the art (see, for example, Miki et al, "Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants", in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick, B.R. and Thompson, J.E. Eds (CRC Press, Inc, Boca Raton, 1993) pages 67-88 ). Expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell and tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are also available. See for example Gruber et al "Vectors for Plant Transformation", in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick, B.R. and Thompson, J.E. Eds (CRC Press, Inc, Boca Raton, 1993) pages 89-119 , and US Patent Number 6,118,055 .
• the present invention also relates in some aspects and embodiments to tissue cultures, to the use of these cultures and to methods comprising producing plants from these cultures.
• Rao et al., Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter, 60:64-65 (1986 ) refers to somatic embryogenesis from glume callus cultures and B. V. Conger, et al., Plant Cell Reports, 6:345-347 (1987 ) indicates somatic embryogenesis from the tissue cultures of maize leaf segments.
• Tissue culture of maize is described in European Patent Application, publication 160,390 , incorporated herein by reference. Maize tissue culture procedures are also described in Green and Rhodes, "Plant Regeneration in Tissue Culture of Maize," Maize for Biological Research (Plant Molecular Biology Association, Charlottesville, Va. 1982, at 367-372 ) and in Duncan, et al., "The Production of Callus Capable of Plant Regeneration from Immature Embryos of Numerous Zea Mays Genotypes," 165 Planta 322-332 (1985 ).
• a population of seeds according to the invention may comprise a majority of seeds produced by hybridization of the two parents, and also comprises levels of seed produced from the selfed parent strains (equivalent to the inbred male and female parent lines) that would be expected to result from the normal methods of producing the hybrid.
• the seed population may comprise at least 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9% or 100% of seed produced from the hybridization of the two parents.
• the amount of the female inbred line i .
• e ., seed produced from the selfed female parent may be less than 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.1% or 0.05%.
• the amount of the male inbred line i . e ., seed produced from the selfed male parent
• the self-pollinated plants can be identified and distinguished from the hybrid seed because the self-pollinated plants will be genetically equivalent to one of the inbred lines used to produce the hybrid. Due to the level of homozygosity, they will show decreased vigor when compared to the hybrid. For instance, inbreds are identified by their less vigorous appearance for vegetative and/or reproductive characteristics, including shorter plant height, small ear size, ear and kernel shape, cob color, or other characteristics.
• Corn including both grain and non-grain portions, is extensively used as a feed for livestock, such as pigs, cattle and poultry. The grain is also used for human consumption.
• corn kernels can be wet milled to produce corn starch, corn syrup and dextrose, or can be dry milled to produce corn flour, grits and meal.
• Corn oil is recovered from corn germ, which is a byproduct of both the wet and dry milling industries.
• corn starch Uses of corn starch are based on functional properties such as viscosity, film formation, adhesive properties and the ability to suspend particles.
• Corn starch can be used in industry in the production of paper, textiles and adhesives. It is also useful in building materials, foundry binders, laundry starches, explosives, oil-well muds, oil-drilling fluids and other mining applications. Due to their biodegradable and renewable nature, starches are increasingly being used many other products, including packaging, plastics, detergents, pharmaceutical tablets, pesticides and cosmetics.
• Starch can also be fermented into ethanol and can also be processed into corn syrups and sweeteners such as high fructose corn syrup and dextrose.
• Starch can be used in an unmodified or modified form (e.g., acid modified corn starch, dextrins, oxidized corn starch, pregelatinized starch and chemically derivatized starch).
• Corn starch is made up of two components, amylose and amylopectin.
• Amylose consists of predominantly linear chains of glucose monomers linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds. In amylopectin, the chains are branched by the addition of 1,6-glycosidic bonds.
• Starches and flours having different proportions of amylose and amylopectin are particularly adapted to different industrial purposes.
• High amylose starch may be recognized by one or more of the following properties.
• the granules are of two distinct types, spherical and irregular, and are smaller than normal starch granules.
• the Birefringence End Point Temperature (“BEPT") is reported as 97°C.
• BEPT is the temperature at which the starch molecule loses organized structure. Some of the granules do not lose all birefringence even after prolonged boiling; swelling power is only about one-fourth and solubles about one-half that of regular corn starch at 95°C ( Corn and Corn Improvement, third edition, Ed. Sprague and Dudley ).
• High-amylose starches are particularly useful in confectionery such as gummed candies (because they thicken rapidly), in fried snacks (because they resist the penetration of cooking oil), and in photographic film (because of their toughness and transparency), as well as in the uses discussed above (e.g., textiles, biodegradable packaging materials, adhesives for manufacturing corrugated cardboard, and the like). It has also been suggested that the anti-staling properties of bread can be improved by the use of flour high in amylose. Other uses include the sizing of glass fibers prior to weaving, the preparing of a clear, hot water dispersible, edible film for packaging food, dyes and other soluble materials, and coating paper to reduce water and fat absorption.
• Amylopectin is used in food products, in the textile, adhesive, corrugating and paper industry. Amylopectin is particularly useful in paper-making and adhesives (because its branched chains give it greater binding power), and in ready prepared foods, such as in frozen and canned food (because it enhances stability and shelf-life), and fruit pie fillings (where it acts as a thickener). It is useful for the formation of translucent films which are readily redissolved, as well as the uses discussed above.
• Waxy corn is used by wet-corn millers to produce waxy cornstarch which is utilized by the food industry as a stabilizer/thickener and in the paper industry as an adhesive. Waxy corn for wet milling is usually grown under contract for wet-corn millers or exporters.
• corn uses of corn include the use of stalks and husks for paper and wall board and the use of cobs for fuel, to make charcoal and for the production of fufural.
• Example 1 Hybrid Comparisons for Agronomic Traits.
• PPVO1864 has significantly higher agronomic yield than (ws)FR1064 x (ws)LH59. Grain moisture at harvest was comparable indicating that the hybrids have comparable maturities. PPVO1864 shows a significant advantage for stand establishment, as indicated by the PLTPOP PCT data. PPVO1864 also had improved stalk lodging over (ws)FR1064 x (ws)LH59 as indicated by the STKLOD PCT data.
• the cooked starch pastes that were produced as a result of this test were poured into 1.5-ounce polystyrene jars and allowed to cool to room temperature. Once cool, they were capped and placed in a freezer (-20°C) for 16 hours. The samples were then removed from the freezer and allowed to thaw at room temperature for 7 hours. A subjective judging procedure was used to evaluate the samples on four criteria: opacity, syneresis, syneresis when the surface is pressed, and texture. The cycle of freezing, thawing and evaluating the samples was repeated until two of the four criteria were judged to be unacceptable. The following table provides the number of cycle passed for the starch of PPVO1864 grain type compared to commercial waxy hybrid starch. Table 3.
• starch of PPVO1864 grain-type has improved freeze-thaw solution stability in comparison to waxy starch.
• Applicant has made a deposit on April 28, 2008, of at least 2500 seeds for corn hybrid PPVO1864 (as described herein) under the Budapest Treaty with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Rockville, Md. 20852 USA, ATCC Accession No. PTA-9367.
• ATCC American Type Culture Collection
• the seeds deposited with ATCC were taken from the deposit maintained by National Starch and Chemical Company since prior to the filing date of this application.
• This deposit of the corn hybrid PPVO1864 will be maintained in the ATCC depository, which is a public depository, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if it becomes non-viable during that period.
• Applicant has satisfied all of the requirements of 37 C.F.R. ⁇ 1.801-1.809, including providing an indication of the viability of the sample, or will do so prior to the issuance of a patent based on this application. Applicant imposes no restriction on the availability of the deposited material from ATCC; however, Applicant has no authority to waive any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer of biological material or its transportation in commerce. Applicant does not waive any infringement of rights granted under this patent.

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