Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
  • A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
  • A61L27/52—Hydrogels or hydrocolloids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L5/00—Compositions of polysaccharides or of their derivatives not provided for in groups C08L1/00 or C08L3/00
  • C08L5/08—Chitin; Chondroitin sulfate; Hyaluronic acid; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K8/04—Dispersions; Emulsions
  • A61K8/042—Gels
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K8/73—Polysaccharides
  • A61K8/735—Mucopolysaccharides, e.g. hyaluronic acid; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
  • A61L27/14—Macromolecular materials
  • A61L27/20—Polysaccharides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/18—Antioxidants, e.g. antiradicals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
  • A61Q19/08—Anti-ageing preparations
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
  • A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
  • A61K2800/52—Stabilizers
  • A61K2800/522—Antioxidants; Radical scavengers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
  • A61K2800/80—Process related aspects concerning the preparation of the cosmetic composition or the storage or application thereof
  • A61K2800/91—Injection
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2400/00—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties
  • A61L2400/06—Flowable or injectable implant compositions

Definitions

• the present invention relates to injectable implants subcutaneously or intradermally based on hyaluronic acid.
• Hyaluronic acid (HA) in its acid form or salt form (hyaluronate) is the major component of the extracellular matrix. It is especially present in so-called “soft” connective tissues as opposed to other glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfuric acid present in so-called “hard” tissues such as cartilage. It is found in significant quantities mainly in the skin.
• HA is a non-sulfated linear glycosaminoglycan composed of repeating units of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (Tammi R., Agren UM., Tuhkanen AL., Tammi M. Hyaluronan metabolism in skin. Histochemistry & Cytochemistry, 29 (2): 1-81, 1994).
• HA is synthesized mainly by dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes (Tammi R., already cited). With its residues bearing a negative charge, the HA acts as a water pump to maintain the elasticity of the skin.
• HA has a major role in controlling the diffusion of food, hormones, vitamins and inorganic salts of connective tissue and in cleaning up metabolic waste that can induce inflammatory reactions.
• age With age, the amount of HA and its degree of polymerization decrease, resulting in a decrease in the amount of water retained in the connective tissue. The skin then undergoes an aging process which results in an increase in fibrosis and a decrease in the content of elastic fibers.
• HA exists as a high molecular weight polymer (600,000 - 1,000,000 Da).
• the physiological degradation of HA in the skin is done by (i) internalization by keratinocytes and (ii) intracellular fragmentation into intermediate size fragments by hyaluronidases (60,000-300,000 Da).
• the fragmented HA is released by the keratinocytes, passes the basement membrane and is released directly into the lymphatic vessels (Tammi R. et al., already cited).
• hyaluronic acid in dermatology is known in many areas including that of healing, and hydration.
• Hyaluronic acid most often acts by its interactions with binding proteins and especially with its CD44 transmembrane receptor (Tool BP 2001, Sem., Cell Devel Biol 12: 79-87, Liao YH., Stuart AJ, Drug Delivery, 12: 327-342, 2005).
• Activation of this receptor results in a role of morphogenesis, cell multiplication and proliferation, angiogenesis and cell migration (G.Weindl, M.Schaller, Skin Pharm.Physioliol 2004; 17; 207-213). ).
• Vitamins are present to stimulate and maintain cell metabolism, and thus boost collagen production, antioxidants fight against aging, mineral salts are essential for cellular enzymatic activities.
• hyaluronic acid it helps maintain the volume and hydration of the skin, and to create a protective screen against free radical damage (H. Trommer, S.Wartewig, Int.Journal of Pharm 254 (2003) 223-234).
• hyaluronic acid would create an optimal environment for cell proliferation, neo-synthesis of collagen.
• the oxidative stress generating free radicals in the dermis and epidermis is responsible for skin aging and the appearance of wrinkles, fine lines and sagging tissue.
• the extracellular matrix is a dynamic structure with a structural and regulatory role for tissues.
• the ECM is made up of collagen and elastin fibers and also of fundamental substance (mainly water, mineral salts and proteoglycans). This matrix gives the skin its turgidity and its mechanical properties of firmness, elasticity and tone.
• Macromolecules of collagen are fibrous proteins formed of three polypeptide chains connected by covalent and hydrogen bonds. There are 19 types of collagen, half of which are in the skin. The majority of dermal collagens belong to type I, III and V fibrillar collagens.
• the composition of the dermis is 80% type I collagen and 20% type III collagen; however, this ratio changes with age following aging phenomena.
• Elastins are proteins organized into fibers within the dermis and give the skin its elasticity and flexibility properties. These elastins are rich in hydrophobic amino acids.
• the degradation of the ECM occurs during certain physiological processes such as scarring, embryonic development or angiogenesis but also in pathological situations such as arthritis, osteoarthritis or atherosclerosis or even during stages of tumor progression with the formation of metastases (Fisher et al, 1997. N. England J. Med., 337, 1419-28, Shapiro, 1998. Current Oponions in Cell Biology, 10, 602-608).
• MMPs matrix metalloproteinases
• MMP-I or interstitial collagenase, degrades the triple helix of type III fibril collagens mainly but also collagens I, II, VII, VIII and X.
• MMP-3 degrades glycoproteins such as fibronectin and laminin, certain proteoglycans, elastin, gelatin and collagens IV and V. These two MMPs are expressed by both keratinocytes and fibroblasts.
• chemically crosslinked HA gels are injected intradermally to fill the depression dug by the wrinkle.
• the crosslinking makes it possible to increase the persistence of the product inside the dermis.
• the product is injected correctly and according to the genetic profile of each, the product allows filling in 4 to 6 or 8 months. It is then completely resorbed in the dermis.
• Such HA-based or HA-crosslinked gels allow a reduction of the wrinkle by a mechanical effect of filling the cutaneous depression resulting from this wrinkle.
• These products are effectively endowed with this mechanical effect and do not contribute to any preventive or curative treatment with respect to skin aging and degradation of the ECM, essential to maintaining the mechanical properties of the skin such as its elasticity and his firmness.
• Such implants if they allow erasure of wrinkles or fine lines, provide a limited effect over time and only partially mask the effects of intrinsic aging of the skin at its holding structures represented by the ECM.
• Silicone gels or oils are easy to use, but have the disadvantage of migrating into the tissues just below the injection sites. Chronic inflammation phenomena or allergic reactions have thus appeared.
• the silicone is not biodegradable, and is found in certain organs such as the liver.
• Different suspensions of polymeric particles have also been proposed, but most have caused rejection reactions, infections, or inflammation.
• collagen suspensions have been implemented in recent years.
• collagen is resorbed relatively quickly (between 1 and 3 months), and causes some allergic reactions due to its origin, usually of bovine or porcine origin. It therefore remains the need to have injectable implants capable of performing a wrinkle filling action but also to revitalize the dermis and the epidermis and to help limit the cellular senescence processes accompanying cutaneous aging while not presenting disadvantages mentioned above, or much less pronounced, all accompanied by simplicity and comfort in the implementation.
• the present invention thus relates to an implant that can be injected subcutaneously or intradermally in the form of a monophasic hydrogel, characterized in that it comprises, by weight, from 0.5% to 5%, preferably 0.5% to 4% by weight. %, more preferably 2% of hyaluronic acid, and wherein: - 50% to 95%, preferably 60% to 90%, more preferably 85% by weight of the hyaluronic acid is in the form of crosslinked gel; 5% to 50%, preferably 10% to 30%, more preferably 15% by weight of the hyaluronic acid is in free form, or in the form of one of its physiologically acceptable salts, a mass molecular weight between 500 and 2800 kDa, preferably between 750 and 2600 kDa, more preferably between 800 and 2500 kDa, more preferably still between 1000 and 150O kDa, in a physio-logically acceptable fluid vector, the ratio between the weight of the gel of cross-linked hyaluronic acid and
• the implant may comprise approximately 80% of crosslinked hyaluronic acid and approximately 20% of free hyaluronic acid, this mainly in the context of an application of the implant according to the invention to treatment of fine wrinkles.
• the amount of crosslinked hyaluronic acid will preferably be about 85% and the amount of free hyaluronic acid about 15%.
• hyaluronic acid or HA means a non-sulfated linear glycosaminoglycan composed of repeating units of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
• monoophasic hydrogel refers to a hydrogel in the form of a single homogeneous phase.
• physiologically acceptable hyaluronic acid salt is used especially for the sodium and potassium salts and their mixtures.
• the salt is the sodium salt.
• the crosslinked hyaluronic acid gel according to the invention has a viscosity of between 200 and 2000 Pa.s, more particularly between 500 and 1800 Pa.s, more particularly between 1000 and 1800 Pa.s.
• the viscosity of an implant intended for the treatment of deep wrinkles is established at around 1000 to 1500 Pa.s, particularly around 1200.
• the viscosity of such an implant is around 200 at 500 Pa.s, more particularly around 350 Pa.s.
• the viscosities indicated correspond to values measured for a shear rate of 0.01 s -1 .
• the crosslinked hyaluronic acid constituting the gel according to the invention has a molecular mass of between 1000 and 6000 kDa, more advantageously between 1000 and 4000 kDa.
• the injectable implant further contains chondroitin sulfate.
• the amount of chondroitin sulfate represents, by weight, between 0.05% and 5% of the total weight.
• the chondroitin sulfate has a molecular mass of between 2 and 80 kDa, more preferably between 20 and 50 kDa.
• the implant according to the invention can contain various usual additives.
• various usual additives By way of example, mention may be made of dyes, coloring pigments, vegetable oils, thickeners, pH modifiers and osmolarity adjusters.
• the free hyaluronic acid, or one of its physiologically acceptable salts, is advantageously distributed homogeneously inside the crosslinked hyaluronic acid gel.
• the vector fluid is advantageously a sterile, pyrogen-free isotonic buffer.
• the injectable implant according to the invention advantageously also contains at least one other active ingredient used in dermo-cosmetics.
• the dermo-cosmetic active ingredient is chosen from vitamins, antioxidants, mineral salts, antiseptics and chondroitin sulfate.
• the injectable implant contains mannitol which exerts an antioxidant effect on the dermis and contributes to preserving the HA of depolymerization induced by free radicals generated within the dermis by stress. oxidative. Indeed, the combination of mannitol with HA has been described as improving the protection against free radical-induced damage (Belda et al, 2005, J. Cataract Refract, Surg., 31: 1213-1218). It is thus an aspect of the present invention to provide an injectable implant as defined above and containing mannitol as an antioxidant.
• Another aspect of the present invention resides in the use of mannitol within an injectable implant according to the present invention in order to protect the dermis from free radicals and / or to limit the depolymerization of the hyaluronic acid contained.
• the subject of the invention is therefore also the use of hyaluronic acid in free form, or in the form of one of its physiologically acceptable salts, with a molecular mass of between 500 and 2800 kDa, preferably between 750 and 2600 kDa, more preferentially between 800 and 2500 kDa, in the presence of an antioxidant, such as mannitol, more preferably still between 1000 and 1500 kDa for the manufacture of an implant intended to protect the dermis from free radicals and / or to limit the depolymerization of the hyaluronic acid of the dermis and / or to prevent skin aging.
• the implant according to the present invention is injected into the superficial, medium or deep dermis.
• the activation of the fibroblasts then generates a modulation of the mechanisms involved in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix, which results in a revitalization of the dermis.
• the implant according to the present invention has the double advantage of obtaining a direct and immediate effect of reduction of the wrinkle by mechanical filling of the cutaneous depression and an indirect effect on a longer term of cellular regeneration via a stimulation of the synthesis of collagen and regulation of MMPs.
• Crosslinked hyaluronic acid contributes directly to the mechanical filler effect and, by its cross-linked nature, makes it possible to obtain such an effect durably over longer periods than the uncrosslinked HA.
• the free HA contained in the implant according to the invention inhibits the overexpression of MMP-I as well as the overexpression of collagen III. Because of this regulatory action on MMP-I, it contributes to the limitation of the destructuration and the destruction of the MEC, an essential structure to maintain the mechanical properties of firmness and elasticity of the skin.
• the fraction of free HA as used in the implant according to the invention inhibits the expression of type III collagen without affecting that of collagen type I, it is reasonable to believe that the implant according to the invention is likely to restore the collagen III / collagen I ratio as measured in young tissues. It is thus an object of the present invention to use an implant according to the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for maintaining and / or restoring the collagen III / collagen I ratio as measured in young tissues.
• the combination of the free HA of molecular weight between 500 and 2800 kDa with the crosslinked HA gel results in the hydration and maintenance of the volume of the skin, immediately. In addition, it induces a fibroblastic uptake of the dermis, mainly due to the presence of free HA, and this fibroblast recovery is prolonged over time as the in vivo degradation of the cross-linked HA gel is achieved.
• the implant according to the present invention can be represented as a three-dimensional mesh constituted by the crosslinked HA comprising within it free HA molecules capable of inducing a stimulation of the fibroblasts, of inhibiting the degradation of the ECM by inhibition of the MMPs and to regulate collagen synthesis by orienting it to a state corresponding to that observed in young tissues.
• These free HA molecules are released progressively from this three-dimensional matrix of crosslinked HA by both passive diffusion and via the temporal degradation of the crosslinked HA matrix during the weeks and months following the injection. This progressive release allows this action of rejuvenation, cell stimulation in situ via these free HA molecules which are preserved from the biological degradation within said matrix throughout the weeks and can thus exert their action over a longer period than if they were injected alone.
• hyaluronic acid in free form, or in the form of one of its physiologically acceptable salts, with a molecular mass of between 500 and 2800 kDa, preferably between 750 and 2600 kDa, more preferably between 800 and 2500 kDa, more preferentially still between 1000 and 1500 kDa, distributed within a crosslinked hyaluronic acid gel, for the manufacture of a subcutaneous implant intended for the filling of wrinkles and the epidermal cellular recovery and / or the maintenance of the mechanical properties of firmness and elasticity of the skin.
• the implant according to the invention combines the mechanical effect of the crosslinked gel, which swells and reshapes the wrinkle, with the biological action of free HA.
• the invention also relates to a kit in the form of a syringe containing an injectable implant as described above.
• the subject of the invention is also the implant as described above as a medicament.
• the invention also relates to the use of an injectable implant as described above for the filling of wrinkles, fine lines, skin depressions and / or scars including the subcutaneous injection of such an implant.
• the injectable implant according to the invention can be used for the preparation of a medicinal product intended to stimulate epidermal and dermal metabolism and / or to revive epidermal cellular activity.
• the injectable implant according to the invention can be used for the preparation of a medicament intended to stimulate the antioxidant activity of the dermis and / or to prevent skin aging.
• the invention also relates to a cosmetic method for filling wrinkles and / or fine lines, comprising injecting at least one injectable implant according to the invention.
• the invention also relates to a process for preparing an injectable implant as described above. It can be prepared by any technique known to those skilled in the art, for example by a diepoxy, especially butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) or 1,2,7,8-diepoxy-octane. With crosslinking in basic medium, the diepoxy concentration can vary for example between 5 and 15% relative to hyaluronic acid for cross-linking in a water bath at 45-55 ° C for 1.5 to 6 h.
• the crosslinked gel is then purified by the standard techniques of those skilled in the art: various deionized water baths, alcoholic precipitation, dialysis, etc. to eliminate traces of residual crosslinking agent. To this purified gel, HA of weight The appropriate molecular molecule, previously hydrated in a suitable buffer, will be added. The finished product will finally be degassed, put in syringe or any other suitable container and sterilized by autoclaving.
• An advantageous process according to the invention comprises the following steps: 1) preparation of a crosslinked gel according to the following steps:
• the pH of the gel after sterilization is about 7 and the osmolarity around 250 to 350 mOsm, preferably between 300 and 320 mOsm.
• MMP-I is an interstitial collagenase that degrades the triple helix of fibrillar collagens such as collagens I and III. At the cutaneous level, it is expressed and secreted by fibroblasts and keratinocytes. MMP-I is involved in aging. Indeed, its overproduction during aging could be implicated in the loss of firmness and elasticity, and the appearance of wrinkles. When senescence is induced with H 2 O 2 , a very large increase in MMP-I is observed in fibroblasts.
• Fibroblasts are obtained from skin derived from operative waste of young subjects. The samples were washed in PBS and ethanol. Small pieces of skin were cut and distributed in culture dishes and immersed in a medium favorable for the proliferation of fibroblasts (DMEM + 10% FCS). In this medium, primocine was added. It is an antibiotic, antifungal and antimicrobial. Crop boxes are incubated.
• the fibroblasts are seeded in boxes of cultures. 24 hours later, the active ingredient to be tested is added according to the appropriate concentration in DMEM. After 24 hours of incubation, the cells are subjected to oxidative stress. They are incubated for 2 hours at 37 ° C., in a solution of H 2 O 2 at 75 ⁇ M in PBS. It is an acute stress that induces senescence of the cells. The fibroblasts are then placed back into DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS. 72 hours after the end of the stress, the fibroblasts returned to senescence.
• senescent fibroblasts the HA are added to a final concentration of 1 ⁇ g / ml, they are left during the stress H 2 O 2 , or 24 hours of incubation.
• HA are incubated for 24 h at 1 ⁇ g / ml. 1.2. Extraction of the total RNAs using the Rneasy extraction kit (Qiagen) at the end of the experiment (D5, ie 72 h post-stress).
• RNAs Assay of total RNA.
• the qualitative and quantitative determination of the total RNAs is performed using the LabChip RNA 6000 Nano Assay Kit and the Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100. It is based on the principle of electrophoretic migration of samples in a nanoscale. The ratio of 28S / 18S ribosomal RNAs is calculated; it is informative for assessing the integrity of RNAs. In addition, the purity of the RNAs with respect to the genomic DNA is estimated.
• Real-time PCR makes it possible to quantify the level of transcriptional expression of a gene of interest by amplification of the cDNAs, obtained by reverse transcription, of the mRNAs of the gene present in the cell lysate.
• the reaction mixture consists of cDNA and the mixture of the pair of primers of interest with a solution of iQ SybrGreen Supermix (Biorad) containing, inter alia, Taq Polymerase and an interlaying agent of the minor groove of the double helices of DNA: Sybr Green (fluorescent intercalating agent).
• the reaction is carried out in the Icycler IQ thermal cycler (Biorad); it is a series of cycles of denaturation / hybridization / elongation.
• RNAs are "backtranscribed" to cDNA using the Reverse Transcription System (Promega) kit and the Gene Amp PCR System 2400 (Perkin Elmer).
• the level of expression of the gene of interest is normalized by the level of expression of reference genes, which vary little with senescence.
• the level of expression of the gene of interest is calculated according to the formula: 2 (CTmin-CT) where CT means "cycle threshold”. It is normalized, with respect to the expression of the three reference genes selected, according to the calculation: 2 (CTmin-CT) / normalization factor.
• MMP-I Overexpression of MMP-I was reduced by 40% in the presence of HA 450 kDa (10 ⁇ g / ml), 75% in the presence of HA 800 kDa (10 ⁇ g / ml), 71% in the presence of HA 1500 kDa ( 10 ⁇ g / ml), 83% in the presence of 2600 kDa HA (10 ⁇ g / ml).
• the 450 kDa molecular weight HAs are active on MMP-I.
• HA with a molecular weight greater than 800 kDa are more active since they inhibit overexpression from -75 to -83%.
• free HA inhibits the overexpression of type III collagen, and this is particularly notable for HAs with a molecular weight of 800 kDa that inhibit overexpression from -118 to -93%.
• the free HA contained in the implant according to the present invention contribute to limiting the destruction and destructuring of the ECM. Furthermore, knowing that the collagen III / collagen I ratio has been shown to increase during aging, the HA contained in the implant according to the invention make it possible to restore the ratio measured in the young tissues.
• the finished product can finally be degassed, filled into syringes and sterilized by steam autoclaving in a cycle, for example 125 ° C for 7 min, 127 ° C for 4 min. or 130 0 C for 3 min.
• the pH of the product is 7.1
• the osmolarity of 320 mOsm is 7.0
• the rheological characterizations give an elastic modulus G 'of 45 Pa.s at a frequency of 1 Hz.
• the final concentration of the gel is measured at 19.8 mg / g (carbazole assay, European Pharmacopoeia method), for a predicted concentration of 20 mg / g.

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