Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
  • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
  • G01L1/24—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet
  • G01L1/242—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
  • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
  • G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
  • G01B11/18—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge using photoelastic elements
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
  • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
  • G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
  • G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
  • G01D5/353—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre
  • G01D5/3537—Optical fibre sensor using a particular arrangement of the optical fibre itself
  • G01D5/35377—Means for amplifying or modifying the measured quantity
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
  • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
  • G02B6/02071—Mechanically induced gratings, e.g. having microbends

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a multimode optical fiber and mode coupled transducer. It has applications in the field of metrology.
• Fiber optic sensors have been the subject of many investigations for many years. Multimode optical fiber and mode-coupled solutions have been studied in the laboratory and the appearance of components such as the Bragg fiber network has enabled the design of very precise and multiplexable optical fiber sensors in large-scale networks, particularly for surveillance. civil engineering structures (bridge, tunnel, etc.).
• the fiber Bragg grating is a component sensitive to temperature, to longitudinal deformation along its cylindrical axis of symmetry and finally to pressure. In fact, this component is an extremely versatile element which, integrated in suitable transduction mechanisms, is suitable for the measurement of very numerous physical and chemical parameters while providing the sensors thus developed with added values of the measurement by optical techniques.
• Bragg grating technology remains at a significant cost.
• multi-mode optical fiber sensors have become competitive, in particular because their manufacturing processes admit very wide tolerances in comparison with single-mode optical fiber technologies.
• the object of the present invention is to propose a multimode optical fiber component which is sensitive (at least) to temperature, to longitudinal deformation along the axis of cylindrical symmetry of the fiber and to pressure while being very low cost. It also becomes possible with the invention to exploit the transduction mechanisms already developed for fiber Bragg gratings.
• the parameter to be measured in the environment will be called "measurand" in the following.
• the invention relates to an optical fiber transducer, said transducer being sensitive to at least one parameter (also called the measurand) of an environment in which it is placed, the modification of the parameter (s) causing a modification of at least one a measurable characteristic of a light wave injected into the optical fiber and passing through the transducer, the optical fiber being multimode and having means for the modification of the characteristic of the light wave to be a function of a mode coupling modification driven by modifying the parameter of the environment, the means leading to the modification of the coupling of modes causing during the modification a deformation of the fiber in the transducer in a given pattern.
• the parameter also called the measurand
• the means leading to the modification of the coupling mode is a hollow tube having internally a pattern in relief and enclosing the optical fiber at the transducer in a cross section of the fiber.
• the following means can be used alone or in any technically possible combination, are employed:
• the mode coupling modification is furthermore due to a modulation of the numerical aperture of the fiber (the refractive indices of the core and of the optical cladding have different coefficients of variation)
• the deformation is a set of micro-curvatures causing coupling of the modes of the fiber without transformation of the structure of the modes of the fiber,
• the deformation is an isotropic spatial modulation of the diameter of the fiber causing a coupling of the modes of the fiber without transformation of the structure of the modes of the fiber, the deformation is an anisotropic spatial modulation of the diameter of the fiber,
• the deformation is a spatial modulation of the diameter of the fiber
• the deformation varies according to the variation of the parameter of the environment
• the deformation by spatial modulation of the diameter of the fiber varies in diameter (variable restrictions of the fiber, in particular by radial forces / pressures on the tube) as a function of the variation of the parameter of the environment,
• the deformation by spatial modulation of the diameter of the fiber varies in frequency (the position of the deforming units varies, in particular by axial / longitudinal forces / pressures on the tube) as a function of the variation of the parameter of the environment,
• the hollow tube internally comprising a pattern in relief and enclosing the optical fiber at the level of the transducer does not constrain said fiber at rest, said fiber being undeformed at rest, (the rest corresponds to the basal state of the parameter, that is to say it has no action on the transducer, ie this action corresponds to a basic considered state)
• the tube is in two longitudinal parts closing on the fiber
• the tube is in two longitudinal parts which can be separated from each other at least in the region of the transducer comprising the embossed pattern, (the two parts act as a clamp that can be clamped or loosened on the fiber)
• each longitudinal portion comprises at at least one of its two longitudinal ends an extension acting as an elastic lever arm enabling the corresponding part to be brought back to a rest position in the absence of any action of the environment parameter (s), said extension having no influence on the characteristics of the light wave, (the rest corresponds to the basal state of the parameter, either that it has no action on the transducer, or that this action corresponds to a state considered basic)
• each longitudinal part comprises at each of its two longitudinal ends an extension acting as an elastic lever arm enabling a return to a position of resting the corresponding part in the absence of action of the environment parameter (s), said extension having no influence on the characteristics of the light wave, (the rest corresponds to the basic state of the parameter, ie has no action on the transducer, or that this action corresponds to a state considered basic) - each longitudinal portion is an elongate half-cylinder,
• the tube is in two longitudinal parts joined and joined together
• the two longitudinal parts are joined together by welding, gluing, crimping or clipping,
• the relief pattern comprises vertices and valleys whose amplitudes and spatial distribution are chosen according to at least one of the parameters of the environment and the measured characteristics of the light wave
• the environment parameter is selected from one or more of the following possibilities:
• the measured characteristic of the light wave is chosen from one or more of the following possibilities: attenuation of the light wave passing through the transducer;
• the optical fiber comprises an inner core and an outer optical cladding
• the optical fiber further comprises an outer coating
• the tube is placed on the outer coating of the optical fiber, the outer coating of the optical fiber is removed at the level of the transducer, the tube being placed around the optical cladding of the fiber,
• the core and the optical cladding of the fiber are made of glass
• the glass of the optical cladding is doped
• the outer coating is a mechanical sheath
• the mechanical sheath is made of polyimide
• the tube is made of aluminum.
• the invention also relates to a method for producing an optical fiber transducer, such as for a transducer according to one or more of the characteristics described and having a pattern in relief inside a hollow tube enclosing the fiber and modifying the coupling of guided and / or radiated modes as a function of at least one parameter acting on said transducer by deformation, the pattern is determined from a spatial perturbation spectrum as a function of the modes to be coupled for the type of deformation provided for the parameter to be measured.
• the process can be declined in the various ways described.
• the present invention will now be exemplified without being limited thereto with the following description in relation to: FIG.
• FIG. 1 which schematically represents one of the two parts of an example of a radial force transducer tube according to the invention, the various 2, which schematically represents one of the two parts of an example of an axial force transducer tube according to the invention, the various components of which are not part of the invention.
• ladder. 3 which schematically shows a transducer in an exploded view, the two parts of a structured tube being separated from the optical fiber and of them, and
• FIG. 4 which is an enlargement of a section of tube structured at the level of a structuring to visualize a portion of an example of relief pattern.
• An optical fiber is a waveguide, that is a medium capable of guiding a wave signal that propagates along an axis which is the cylindrical axis of symmetry of the fiber and is called the axis of propagation. fiber.
• the fiber is constituted in its simplest version of a heart and an optical sheath of confinement, called "sheath".
• the optical properties of the core and the sheath are slightly different so that any signal coupled to one end of the fiber perceives two different propagation speeds between the core and the sheath.
• the sheath may be a material very similar to that of the heart or air or vacuum.
• the refractive index of the core should only be greater than that of the sheath. Note that the fiber is often surrounded by an outer coating that is intended to protect it mechanically, this coating is sometimes confused with the sheath.
• the optical signal respects the fiber guiding conditions determined by the refractive indices of the core and sheath with respect to the wavelength of the signal, a portion of the signal energy is confined in the core of the fiber and stays in the sheath around the heart.
• the signal energy is transmitted from the signal input end in the fiber to the output end of the fiber signal without loss (without attenuation) .
• the signal is said guided.
• the signal does not respect the guiding conditions of the fiber, the signal can propagate along the axis of the fiber (its energy is distributed without confinement between the core and the sheath) but its energy is entirely transmitted to the fiber. sheath and to the outside environment of the fiber after a certain distance traveled by the signal along the axis of the fiber.
• the energy is said to be radiated away from the fiber and the signal is said to be radiating or radiated.
• the fiber is said to be multimode if there exists in this fiber several different ways for a signal coupled to the fiber (injected into the fiber) to be guided and therefore to propagate along the fiber. These different ways of being guided and spreading are called guided modes of multimode fiber.
• the guided modes of a fiber constitute a finite and discrete set. Guided modes are indexed according to their group order (index m). Each group of guided modes brings together the guided modes whose propagation constant has the same value (the propagation constant measures the distance between two points along the propagation axis at which the phase of the mode is the same, modulo 2 ⁇ ).
• the value of the propagation constant of each group of guided modes of index m is less than the value of the propagation constant of groups of guided modes with index less than m.
• the value of the propagation constant of all the guided modes is less than the value of the wave vector that the signal would have if it were propagated in a medium identical to that of the core of the fiber but without a guiding structure (free propagation ).
• the value of the propagation constant of all the guided modes is greater than the value of the wave vector that the signal would have if it propagated in a medium identical to that of the cladding of the fiber but without a guiding structure.
• the groups of guided modes can be ordered: the guided modes of the group of order 1 have the largest constant of propagation whereas the guided modes of the highest order group M have the smallest propagation constant .
• M is the number of groups of guided modes in the fiber.
• Rayon modes constitute a continuous and bounded whole. They are indexed by the value of their propagation constant, a value between 0 and the value of the wave vector that the signal would have if it were propagated in a medium identical to that of the cladding of the fiber but without a guiding structure. .
• the value of their propagation constants is therefore less than the value of the propagation constants of all the guided modes.
• modes of propagation of the optical signal can exchange energy with each other, a disturbance causing a modification of the mode structure throughout the disturbed segment of the fiber.
• the modes are said to be coupled.
• These energy exchanges can be modeled as a function of coupling coefficients that quantify the importance of energy exchange between modes throughout the disturbed segment of the fiber.
• a disturbance causes the coupling between the guided modes, between the ray modes and between the guided modes on the one hand and the ray modes on the other hand.
• the guided modes undergo loss of energy and therefore an attenuation of their energy.
• the guided modes are said to be absorbent (provided that nothing in the environment of the fiber - including the tube or the possible mechanical sheath - couples the energy radiated back into the core of the fiber). Beyond a certain distance determined by the characteristics of the fiber and the perturbation applied, the guided modes have lost all their energy. This distance is specific to each guided mode and is called its effective attenuation length.
• the disturbance does not stimulate any coupling between the modes of the fiber. If the values of the spectral components are greater than this value but lower than a higher value also determined by the characteristics of the fiber, the disturbance stimulates the coupling between certain guided modes of the fiber. Finally, if the value of the spectral components is greater than this second value, the disturbance stimulates the coupling between certain guided modes on the one hand and certain ray modes on the other hand.
• the spatial spectrum of the perturbation can be synthesized to stimulate coupling between all / or the guided modes or between / all the guided modes on the one hand and the / all the ray modes on the other hand.
• the spatial spectrum of the perturbation is limited to the spectral components that stimulate the coupling between guided modes, the analysis of the disturbance of a guide still provides that these modes are absorbing. Consequently, the stimulation of the coupling between all the guided modes up to the guided modes of the group of order m allows the energy of all these modes of order lower than m to be shunted towards the modes of the order group m which being absorbing cause the loss of energy of all these modes beyond its effective attenuation distance.
• This coupling via a chosen group of absorbent guided modes is an indirect coupling of the energy. It requires spectral components whose value is higher than the value of the spectral components that couples the guided modes to the ray modes. Finally, the loss (attenuation) rate of this coupling is exactly m / M.
• the amplitude of the spatial spectral components of the perturbation determines the coupling force between the modes and therefore their effective attenuation length. If the signal is detected before having traveled the greatest effective attenuation length of all the guided modes, a modulation of the amplitude of the disturbance causes a modulation of the energy of the signal detected at the exit of the segment. disturbed the guide.
• the length of the disturbance (and thus the length of the pattern in relief in the tube) to the smallest effective attenuation length of the guided modes to establish a better efficiency of the modulation of the losses by the amplitude of the disturbance.
• the modulation of the losses by the amplitude of the perturbation modulates the amplitude of the spectral components of the spatial spectrum of the disturbance but not their frequency.
• the frequency of the spatial spectral components of the perturbation one can consider the case of a monochromatic perturbation and the other cases in which the non-monochromatic spectrum can be known or not. Note that the modulation of the losses by the frequency of the perturbation modulates the frequency of the spectral components of the spatial spectrum of the disturbance but not their amplitude.
• the perturbation to be applied is sinusoidal with a pitch or spatial period ⁇ .
• a disturbance favors the coupling between two modes whose difference between the values of their respective propagation constants is equal to the norm of the spatial wave vector of the perturbation, ie 2 ⁇ / ⁇ .
• the transducer of the invention consists of an optical fiber buried in a disturbing medium called “surrounding medium", said “surrounding medium” being structured so that it applies to the surface or the volume of the fiber a disturbance with a spatial spectrum (amplitude and distribution in space) determined.
• a disturbance of the micro-curvature type is a curvature of the fiber in a plane containing its axis of propagation. Unlike a simple curvature often called macro-curvature, a micro-curvature is a disturbance and not a simple modification of the fiber at rest.
• the macro-curvature transforms the structure of modes of the fiber that is to say that the profile of these modes changes in a determined way so that we can say that the structure of the modes adapts somehow to the new position of the fiber.
• this modification is analysable even if the modelization proceeds by approximation to the first order or the second order of the exact solutions of the modes in the macro-curvature.
• micro-curvature for its part, is treated as a perturbation that does not modify the modeling of the mode structure (modes of the fiber at rest) but couples the modes between them.
• the disturbance by micro-curvature is most often understood as a succession of micro-curvatures throughout the disturbed segment of the fiber.
• the coupling of modes that become absorbent reflects the fact that the mode structure of the fiber at rest does not have time to adapt to successive state changes.
• the shape of the micro-curvatures determines which spectral components are present in the spatial spectrum of the disturbance and with what weights. The shape thus determines which modes are coupled and the amplitude of the perturbation (to which the weights of the spectral components are proportional) determines the strength of the coupling between the actually coupled modes.
• the analysis of these spectral components and their weights namely the analysis of the spectrum of the micro-curvature can be reduced to the analysis of the spectrum of the curvature of the fiber.
• the analysis of the micro-curvatures thus amounts to analyzing the curvature of the micro-curvatures.
• This spectrum therefore determines which groups of modes are actually coupled and therefore whether the coupling is direct or indirect or both simultaneously.
• the modulation in the context of the micro-curvature can be obtained by "movement” effect or by "numerical aperture” effect of the multimode fiber.
• the "motion” effect there are two methods for modulating the energy of the guided signal between its entry into the disturbed segment and its output from the same disturbed segment.
• each guided mode always carries energy at the output of the disturbed segment. If the fiber fully conforms to the shape of the micro-curvatures and only the amplitude of the micro-curvatures is modulated, then the force of the coupling between the actually coupled modes, ie the weight of the spectral components of the micro-curvatures (which weights are proportional to the amplitude of the micro-curvatures), is modulated and therefore the energy of the guided signal at the output of the disturbed segment is modulated proportionally. It is a modulation by the amplitude of the spatial spectrum of the disturbance. This method requires a movement converging towards the axis of the fiber of the "surrounding environment" and this, in the plane of micro-curvatures.
• the effective spectrum of the micro-curvatures modulates the energy of the guided signal between its entry into the disturbed segment and its output from this same disturbed segment. It is a modulation by the frequency of the spatial spectrum of the disturbance.
• This method also requires a convergent movement of the "surrounding environment" towards the axis of the fiber and this, in the plane of micro-curvatures.
• a variation of the refractive index of the core of the fiber due to a variation of a parameter of the environment (the measurand) different from the variation of the refractive index of its optical cladding due to the same variation of a parameter of the environment (the measurand) causes a variation of the numerical aperture of the fiber and therefore a variation of the coupling modes effectively coupled and therefore a modulation of the energy of the guided signal between its entry into the disturbed segment and its output from this same disturbed segment.
• a variation of the numerical aperture actually means a change in the structure of the modes. Treated as a disturbance, the numerical aperture variation causes the coupling between the modes.
• thermo-optics variable of the refractive index as a function of temperature
• elasto-optics variable of the refractive index as a function of the stress induced by pressure or deformation
• This method which does not require movement of the "surrounding environment" with the exception of pre-movement, is therefore a method of modulation "by numerical aperture”.
• the isotropic modulation of the diameters of the multimode fiber consists of a modulation of the transverse dimensions of the fiber, that is to say the dimensions of its cross section (which is the surface perpendicular to the axis of the fiber ) and it modifies the transverse dimensions of the heart. It also modifies the transverse dimensions of the optical cladding of the fiber provided that the cladding is not the "surrounding medium" itself. It finally modifies the transverse dimensions of the coating of the fiber if it exists.
• the isotropic modulation of the diameters of the fiber is a disturbance of the fiber and causes, as in the case of micro-curvatures, the coupling between the modes of the fiber which become absorbent. Its spectrum therefore determines which groups of modes are actually coupled and therefore whether the coupling is direct or indirect.
• micro-curvatures there exist with the isotropic modulation of diameters two methods by "motion" effect to modulate the energy of the guided signal between its entry into the disturbed segment and its output from this same disturbed segment. - If the length of the disturbed segment is smaller than the smaller of the effective attenuation lengths of the guided modes of the fiber, then each guided mode always carries the energy at the output of the disturbed segment.
• the force of the coupling between the actually coupled modes ie the weight of the spectral components of the modulation (which are proportional to the amplitude of the modulation of the diameters of the fiber) are modulated and therefore the energy of the guided signal at the output of the disturbed segment is modulated proportionally.
• This method of modulation by the amplitude of the spatial spectrum of the perturbation requires a movement converging towards the axis of the fiber, the "surrounding environment" all around the fiber.
• the modes coupled together by the modulation of the diameters of the fiber lose all their energy before the guided signal leaves the disturbed segment.
• the pitch of the modulation of the diameters of the fiber varies according to the parameter (the measurand)
• the number of absorbed coupled modes of 1 to m ie the rate of modes m / M whose energy is totally lost at the exit of the disturbed segment also varies.
• the effective spectrum of the modulation of the diameters of the fiber modulates the energy of the guided signal between its entry into the disturbed segment and its output from this same disturbed segment.
• This method by the frequency of the spatial spectrum of the disturbance requires a movement, applied to the fiber, of the "surrounding medium” along and parallel to the axis of the fiber but also a determined and pre-applied movement converging towards the axis of the fiber of the "surrounding medium”.
• a variation of the refractive index of the core of the fiber due to the variation of the parameter of the environment (the measurand) different the variation of the index of refraction of its sheath due to the same variation of the parameter (the measurand) causes a variation of the numerical aperture of the guide and thus a variation of the coupling ratio of the actually coupled modes and consequently a modulation of the energy of the guided signal between its entry into the disturbed segment and its exit from this same disturbed segment.
• a variation of the numerical aperture actually means a change in the structure of the modes. treated As a disturbance, the numerical aperture variation causes the coupling between the modes.
• the difference in refractive index variation between the core and the sheath is due to the difference in sensitivity of the refractive index to the parameter (the measurand) between the core and the sheath.
• the pre-disturbance by the modulation of the diameters of the fiber by the motion brings the disturbed segment to the point of operation where the sensitivity of the energy losses of the guided signal to the variations of the numerical aperture is the best.
• thermo-optics variable of the refractive index as a function of temperature
• elasto-optics variable of the refractive index as a function of the stress induced by pressure or deformation
• This method does not require movement of the "surrounding environment" except the pre-movement and is therefore a method of modulation "by numerical aperture".
• the modulation of the transverse dimensions of the fiber modifies the transverse dimensions of the core. It also modifies and the transverse dimensions of the sheath of the fiber provided that the sheath is not the "surrounding environment" itself. It finally modifies the transverse dimensions of the coating of the fiber if it exists.
• the modulation is termed anisotropic in the straight section of the fiber.
• An example consists in modulating the diameter of a fiber with a circular cross section along the disturbed segment by elongating it in one direction and decreasing it in the perpendicular direction (elliptic contour) and then inversely in the same directions (rotation of the contour elliptical).
• Such a disturbance is called anisotropic modulation of the diameters of the fiber.
• the anisotropic modulation is a disturbance of the fiber and causes, as in previous disturbance cases, the coupling between the modes of the fiber which become absorbent. Its spectrum therefore determines which groups of modes are actually coupled and therefore whether the coupling is direct or indirect.
• This method of modulation by the amplitude of the spatial spectrum of the disturbance requires a movement converging, towards the axis of the fiber, of the "surrounding medium" all around the fiber. If the length of the disturbed segment exceeds the greatest effective attenuation length of the guided modes of the fiber, the modes coupled together by the modulation of the diameters of the fiber lose all their energy before the guided signal leaves the disturbed segment. . If the pitch of the modulation of the diameters of the fiber varies according to the parameter (the measurand), then the number of absorbed coupled modes from 1 to m, ie the rate of modes m / M whose energy is totally lost at the exit of the disturbed segment also varies.
• the effective spectrum of the modulation of the diameters of the fiber modulates the energy of the guided signal between its entry into the disturbed segment and its output from this same disturbed segment.
• This method of frequency modulation of the spatial spectrum of the perturbation requires a movement applied to the fiber by the "surrounding medium” along and parallel to the axis of the fiber but also a determined and pre-applied motion converging towards the axis of the fiber by the "surrounding environment" all around the fiber.
• a variation of the refractive index of the fiber core due to the measurand different from the variation of the refractive index of its sheath due to the same measurand causes a variation of the numerical aperture of the guide and therefore a variation of the coupling ratio of the actually coupled modes and therefore a modulation of the energy of the guided signal between its entry into the disturbed segment and its output of this same disturbed segment.
• a variation of the numerical aperture actually means a change in the structure of the modes. Treated as a disturbance, the numerical aperture variation causes the coupling between the modes.
• the difference in the refractive indices between the core and the sheath is due to the difference in sensitivity of the refractive index to the measurand between the core and the sheath.
• the pre-disturbance by the modulation of the diameters of the fiber by the motion brings the disturbed segment to the point of operation where the sensitivity of the energy losses of the guided signal to the variations of the numerical aperture is the best.
• thermo-optical reffractive index versus temperature
• elasto-optical reffractive index versus stress
• pressure-induced or deformation-induced are examples of effects that allow a measurand to modulate the numerical aperture of the fiber.
• This method does not require movement of the "surrounding environment" except the pre-movement and is therefore a method of modulation "by numerical aperture".
• the diameters of the fiber vary by thermal extension.
• the refractive indices of the core and sheath of the fiber also vary. If, moreover, the variations in refractive index due to the thermal gradient are different between the core and the optical cladding of the fiber (difference in sensitivity of the refractive index at the temperature between the core and the cladding), the numerical aperture varies.
• each fiber slice has its own structure of guided modes, and this effect is thermo-geometric or thermo-optical, in fact by a combination of both.
• the spatial spectrum of the temperature gradient determines the nature of the coupling (direct or indirect). If the thermal extension of the fiber and the "surrounding medium" in the direction of the axis of the fiber is negligible, then a modulation of the amplitude of the thermal gradient modulates the coupling force between the actually coupled modes is to say the weight of the spatial spectral components of the temperature gradient and therefore modulates the energy of the signal between its entry into the disturbed segment and its output from this same segment, assuming that the length of the disturbed segment is smaller than the smallest effective attenuation length of guided modes. This modulation is done by the numerical aperture.
• the pattern of the tube enclosing the optical fiber is determined as a function of the modes to be coupled for the type of deformation provided and the parameter to be measured (in particular the manner in which it will act on the tube and therefore the fiber).
• the "surrounding medium" around the fiber is formed of two identical half-cylinders which are symmetrically joined together to form a cylindrical tube with an inside diameter and an outside diameter.
• the inner surface of the two half-cylinders is structured by machining (with a mechanical tool or by laser machining) or etching (chemical etching after masking, for example) so as to form the pattern of the mechanical disturbance that must be applied to the fiber.
• the two half-cylinders enclose the fiber and are welded together to form a tube around the fiber which tube applies to the fiber the mechanical disturbance synthesized as desired.
• the two half-cylinders are glued, crimped or clipped together around the fiber.
• This mechanical disturbance is either a set of micro-curvatures or an isotropic or anisotropic modulation of the diameters of the fiber.
• the pattern is determined in advance by the synthesis of its spatial spectrum and according to whether the coupling mode chosen is the direct or indirect mode and according to the fact that the modulation of the spatial spectrum is done by the amplitude or the frequency and is induced by the motion or numerical aperture.
• the fiber segment enclosed in the tube formed by the two half-cylinders whose internal surface is structured, is the multimode optical fiber transducer. Such a transducer arrangement is its preferred general structure.
• This general transducer structure can be modified according to the parameter to which it is desired to make it sensitive and we will consider four examples in the following which are: the sensitivity to the displacement of the "surrounding environment”, the pressure of the "surrounding environment”, the longitudinal deformation of the "surrounding environment” and the thermal expansion of the "surrounding environment”.
• Displacement sensitivity The general structure of the transducer is modified to make it sensitive to the displacement of the two half-cylinders towards each other.
• Mechanical disturbance is a set of micro-curvatures.
• the thickness of one or each of the half-cylindrical extensions is reduced to form two flexible beams. adjacent to the structured segment according to the reason for the disturbance.
• the structured segments may be made to rest on the fiber by deforming it when subjected to a force, then return them to their initial position when the force exerted is removed provided that the inflection of the beams occurs in their elastic domain (outside plastic domain).
• This condition is determined by the elasticity of the material, the thickness and length of the beams and finally the course of their inflection. Note that the extensions as their name suggests extend the structure and are not bridges on the half-cylinders.
• the two half-cylinders grip the fiber and the ends of the opposite extensions to the structured segments are themselves welded together, the extensions forming flexible beams being not secured with their vis-à-vis.
• the extensions only exist on one side of the half-cylinders (structured segments).
• FIG. 1 An example of a half-cylinder 1 is given in FIG. 1 with the structured segment 2 having raised patterns 6 internally.
• the structured segment 2 is extended on each side, axially / longitudinally, by beams 3 (or elastic tabs) and extensions 4 themselves with tabs 5 for attachment to complementary tabs of the opposite half-cylinder (not shown).
• the forces applied are radial and schematized by thick arrows. These forces represented in axial compression may also be in axial tension (in the case where the fiber is pre-stressed at rest).
• transducer results from the joining of two half-cylinders 8 with a structured internal face 6 and enclosing a multimode optical fiber 9, as shown in FIG. 3 in an exploded view.
• any force exerted on the transducer perpendicular to the axis of the tube ( radial force) and micro-curvatures and in the region of the segments machined according to the pattern of the micro-curvatures brings the two half-cylinders closer to one another and causes a modulation of the curvature of the micro-curvatures printed on the fiber . This results in a modulation by the movement of the guided signal between its entry into the disturbed segment and its output from this same segment.
• the transducer is sensitive to displacement, namely the displacement transmitted to the (x) half-cylinder (s) with its / its extensions (beams) by any mechanism which mechanism may possibly hold the other half-cylinder stationary.
• displacement namely the displacement transmitted to the (x) half-cylinder (s) with its / its extensions (beams) by any mechanism which mechanism may possibly hold the other half-cylinder stationary.
• the general structure of the transducer is modified to make it sensitive to the pressure exerted on the transducer tube.
• the mechanical disturbance is either a set of micro-curvatures or a modulation of the diameters of the isotropic or anisotropic fiber.
• the fiber is micro-curved so that its curvature is that of the micro-curvatures of the machined pattern on the inner surface of the half-rolls, ie the fiber completely marry the reason for machining half-cylinders.
• the fiber is pre-disturbed by the movement when the two half-cylinders enclose it and are welded together.
• the tube thus induces an initial rate of loss of the energy of the signal guided by the fiber between its entry into the disturbed segment and its output from this same segment and generates an initial distribution of stresses in the core, the cladding (if different from the "Surrounding environment") and the coating (if any) of the fiber.
• the material of the core, the sheath and the coating of the fiber and the tube are all selected and their thicknesses so that any pressure exerted on the tube will be at least partially transmitted to the coating, the sheath and the core of the fiber. .
• the materials of the fiber are still chosen so that they have distinct elasto-optical coefficients (distinct sensitivities between the coating, the sheath and the core of the refractive index at the pressure exerted on the material).
• any pressure exerted on the transducer causes modulation by the numerical aperture of the guided signal between its entry into the disturbed segment and its output from this same segment.
• the initial amplitude of the disturbance is chosen so that the sensitivity of the numerical aperture to the variations in the pressure exerted is maximum.
• the choice of materials and the amplitude of the pressure exerted on the transducer cause the modulation by the amplitude of the spatial spectrum of the perturbation due to the compression of the tube to be not negligible, then, the modulation by the motion of the guided signal is added to the modulation by the numerical aperture.
• the general structure of the transducer is modified to make it sensitive to the longitudinal deformation exerted on the transducer tube along its axis of symmetry (longitudinal deformation).
• the mechanical disturbance is either a set of microbends or a modulation of the diameters of the isotropic or anisotropic fiber.
• the fiber is micro-curved so that its curvature is that of the micro-curvatures of the machined pattern on the inner surface of the half-rolls, ie the fiber completely marry the reason for machining half-cylinders.
• the fiber is pre-disturbed by the movement when the two half-cylinders enclose it and are welded together.
• the tube thus induces an initial rate of loss of energy of the signal guided by the fiber between its entry in the disturbed segment and its exit from the same segment and generates an initial distribution of stresses in the core, the sheath (if different from the "surrounding environment") and the coating (if it exists) fiber.
• the material of the core of the fiber, the sheath and the coating of the fiber as well as that of the tube are all chosen as well as their thicknesses and the length of the segment disturbed so that the tube has an apparent elasticity allowing to deform it longitudinally ( along its axis of symmetry) by exerting a given force.
• any longitudinal deformation modulates the spatial spectrum of the perturbation by the frequency and by the movement. It follows that the energy of the guided signal is modulated between its entry into the disturbed segment and its output from this same segment.
• FIG. 2 An example of a half-cylinder 10 is given in FIG. 2 with the structured segment 2 having raised patterns 6 internally.
• the structured segment 2 extends on each side, axially / longitudinally, by flanges (flanges) 7 allowing the application of axial / longitudinal forces.
• the flanges 7 may comprise bored or threaded orifices (not shown).
• the structured segment 2 comprises tabs 5 allowing their attachment to complementary tabs of the opposite half-cylinder (not shown).
• the forces applied are axial and schematized by thickened arrows (compression or traction).
• the materials of the fiber can still be selected so that they have distinct elasto-optical coefficients (distinct sensitivities between the coating, the sheath and the core of the refractive index to the stress exerted on the material). If the choice of materials and the amplitude of the deformation exerted on the transducer cause the variation of the refractive index of the core of the fiber and the variation of the refractive index of the cladding of the fiber (these two variations being determined by the elasto-optical coefficients of each medium) are not negligible and are different, the modulation of the guided signal is then done by the numerical aperture. It is added to the modulation of the spatial spectrum by frequency and motion provided that it is not negligible. It is substituted if it is negligible.
• the initial amplitude of the disturbance is chosen so that the sensitivity of the numerical aperture to the variations of the pressure exerted is maximum.
• the general structure of the transducer is modified to make it sensitive to the temperature surrounding the transducer tube.
• the mechanical disturbance is either a set of micro-curvatures or a modulation of the diameters of the isotropic or anisotropic fiber.
• the fiber is micro-curved so that its curvature is exactly that of the micro-curvatures of the pattern machined or engraved on the inner surface of the half-rolls, this is at say that the fiber completely matches the half-cylinder pattern.
• the fiber is pre-disturbed by the movement when the two half-cylinders enclose it and are welded together.
• the tube thus induces an initial rate of loss of the energy of the signal guided by the fiber between its entry into the disturbed segment and its output from this same segment and generates an initial distribution of stresses in the core, the cladding (if different from the "Surrounding environment") and the coating (if any) of the fiber.
• the core material of the fiber, sheath and coating of the fiber and the tube are all selected so that the temperature surrounding the tube induces longitudinal expansion of the tube.
• the tube then exerts a longitudinal deformation on the fiber and thus modulates the spatial spectrum of the perturbation by frequency and motion. It follows that the energy of the guided signal is modulated between its entry into the disturbed segment and its output from this same segment.
• the material and the thickness of the tube may be further chosen so that the thermal expansion of the tube in the plane of the cross section of the fiber is not negligible.
• the tube then exerts a pressure on the fiber and thus causes a modulation of the spatial spectrum of the disturbance by the amplitude which modulates the energy of the guided signal between its entry into the disturbed segment and its output from this same segment.
• the materials of the fiber may finally be selected so that they have distinct thermo-optical coefficients (distinct sensitivities between the coating, the sheath and the core of the refractive index at the temperature surrounding the material).
• the temperature variations cause a modulation of the numerical aperture of the fiber.
• the energy of the guided signal is thus modulated between its entry into the disturbed segment and its output from this same segment.
• this modulation by the numerical aperture always adds to the preceding ones and is substituted when the modulations by the movement are negligible.
• the initial magnitude of the disturbance is chosen so that the sensitivity of the numerical aperture to the temperature variations is maximum if this modulation is exploited.
• the choice of the materials of the transducer according to their properties are as many degrees of freedom that make it possible to produce a transducer that is sensitive either to the surrounding temperature, or to the longitudinal deformation along its axis, or to the pressure / force / stress, or to displacement.
• an almost total attenuation (plus 99% of energy loss) by coupling of the fundamental guided mode LP O i of the same fiber to the most strongly coupled radiated mode for the same amplitude of perturbation of the core diameter of the fiber optical provides a length of several meters for the transducer.
• the step of the perturbation optimizes the energy exchange, that is to say that its inverse multiplied by 2 ⁇ is equal to the difference between the propagation constants of the coupled modes.
• Disturbance amplitudes of the order of a few micrometers reduce the length of the transducer to a few millimeters for the total exchange of energy between the guided modes LP O i and LP 02 and a few centimeters for an almost total loss of energy.
• modulation of the signal by direct coupling and by spectrum modulation of a perturbation which consists in the isotropic modulation of the core diameter of the fiber requires a transducer length of several centimeters (for example from 5 cm to 10 cm. cm according to the wavelength and the amplitude of the disturbance) in order to lose almost completely the energy of the guided modes then coupled to the ray modes by the perturbation.
• the modulation of the spectrum of the disturbance results from the movement (for example longitudinal traction along the axis of the tube which is the axis of the variations induced by the disturbance) or from the modulation of the numerical aperture.
• the spectrum of the perturbation is synthesized as follows.
• the largest spatial frequency corresponding to the smallest required disturbance step and the smallest spatial frequency corresponding to the largest required disturbance step are determined so that the number of guided modes coupled to all the ray modes is M - m ⁇ n ⁇ for a disturbance that is at a certain point of action.
• the guided modes whose energy is thus lost are of order of group of m ⁇ n + 1 to M.
• the spectrum is then the window of the components of spatial frequency between the smallest spatial frequency and the greatest spatial frequency of the spectrum .
• the spectrum of the spatial frequencies of the perturbation is translated into ordinary space by an apodized oscillation of pitch equal to the smallest step of the spectrum of the perturbation.
• the rate of apodization is determined by the spatial width of the spatial frequencies of the perturbation spectrum.
• an optical fiber whose core is made of glass (amorphous silica), with a core diameter of 200 ⁇ m excited by an optical wave of wavelength in the vacuum of 630 nm and a numerical aperture of 0.2.
• M 141 groups of guided modes.
• a variation of its core diameter with a perturbation spectrum whose smallest step is 50 ⁇ m and the largest step 8.535 mm couples the 100 group order modes from 42 to 141.
• the amplitude the perturbation is of the order of one micrometer for a transducer a few centimeters in length.
• the pressure transducer consists of an optical fiber glass material (amorphous silica) for the core and glass doped for the optical cladding.
• the mechanical sheath is preferably polyimide.
• the core diameter is 200 microns, the optical cladding diameter a few tens of microns extra, for example 230 microns and the mechanical cladding diameter of a few tens of additional micrometers also, for example 240 microns. It can be determined that an isotropic disturbance amplitude of the diameter of the fiber of the order of 10 microns on the mechanical sheath causes a few micrometers on the core of the fiber.
• a transducer can be made with an aluminum tube with a wall thickness of 7 mm and which is engraved on its inside.
• Aluminum has a Young's modulus of 75 GPa, ie of the same order of magnitude as those of glass and doped glass and greater than that of polyimide. In such a case, the transmission of the transducer is 29.05% (loss of energy of 700 modes out of a total of 747 guided modes).
• the Young's modulus of the tube When such a transducer is immersed in a pressure field and the Young's modulus of the tube is not too large in front of that of the core material of the fiber at least, an internal stress field extends through all the transducer body from the outer surface of the aluminum tube to the center of the fiber core. If this were not the case for the Young's moduli, the tube would see the components of the stress tensor almost cancel out at the limit of its cylindrical inner surface and thus transmit no stress to the different layers of the optical fiber. Thus, it is preferable that the Young's modules of the fiber (core and optical cladding) and of the hollow tube in which the fiber is placed, are adjacent.
• the Young's modulus of the tube will be chosen not to be too high compared to that of the fiber at the risk of seeing the sensitivity of the transducer reduce, see the transducer no longer react to changes in its environment. It is therefore possible to choose materials for the tube according to the materials of the fiber or vice versa.
• the variation of the field of the internal stresses of the different materials of the fiber due to the variations of the internal stresses of the whole of the transducer due themselves to the variations of the pressure field in which the transducer is immersed modulates by the elasto-optical effect the refractive index of the core and the refractive index of the optical cladding of the fiber. This variation does not have the same amplitude between the two media because the glasses are slightly different because of the doping.
• the numerical aperture of the fiber is modulated by the variations in the pressure field in which the transducer is located.
• the modulation is of the order of a few thousandths to a few hundredths depending on the doping of the optical cladding and the modification of the elasto-optical coefficients with respect to those of undoped glass.
• An increase of 1 hundredth of the numerical aperture causes an increase of the transmission by an additional 16.87% which brings it to 45.95% (loss of energy of 80 modes out of a total of 148 guided modes) which is perfectly detectable by a simple photo-detector circuit wired on amplifier transimpedance then amplifier.
• An increase of 1 thousandth of the numerical aperture causes an increase in the transmission of 1.42% additional that brings it to 30.5% (loss of energy of 98 modes out of a total of 141 guided modes) which is a variation of the "small signal" type and which is still easily detectable thanks to synchronous modulation and demodulation techniques which have the advantage of extracting from the noise level the systematic and repeatable variations due to the variation of the pressure field measured.
• the structure of the spectrum modulation deformation transducer and the previous movement is taken over by replacing the material of the optical cladding with PMMA of the same thickness (YPMMMA ⁇ 3.3 GPa) and the material of the mechanical cladding. by Tefzel® of the same thickness (YTefzel ⁇ 0.8 GPa).
• the disturbance of more small step of 30 microns and amplitude of 30 microns then induces a deformation of the core diameter of 2.96 microns or 7.45% of the initial diameter of the heart.
• the transmission is then 58.46% (loss of energy of 64 modes out of a total of 260 guided modes) for a numerical aperture of 0.37.
• the structure of the deformation transducer by the modulation of the numerical aperture is again implemented but with a smaller pitch of the applied disturbance of 30 ⁇ m at room temperature.
• the transmission is then 75.38 3 Zo (loss of energy of 64 modes out of a total of 260 guided modes) for a numerical aperture of 0.37.
• the thermo-optical coefficients of the fused silica and the PMMA being respectively 9.2 ⁇ 6 Heterodyne Interferometric Measurement of the Thermo-Optic Coefficient of Single Fiber Mode, Springfield chang et al., Chinese Journal of Physics, vol. . 38, No.
• a temperature variation of 10 9 C results in a variation of the transmission of the transducer of 0.85% additional (loss of energy of 63 modes out of a total of 265 guided modes) for a numerical aperture of 0.3769.
• a change in temperature of 50 ° C results in a further 4.55% change in transducer transmission (57 modes of energy loss over a total of 284 guided modes) for a 0.4033 numerical aperture.
• a change in temperature of 100 ° C results in a further 7.9% change in transducer transmission (51 modes of energy loss over a total of 305 guided modes) for a numerical aperture of 0.4338.
• FIG. 4 shows an internal structuring of a tube whose pattern has been determined according to the methods of the present invention.
• the methods of modulation of the optical signal that can be implemented in the context of the invention are:
• micro-curvatures isotropic modulation of the fiber rays, anisotropic modulation of the fiber rays, the direct coupling or indirect coupling of the modes,
• the preferential implementation is however the modulation of the intensity of the light signal by the direct coupling of the guided modes to the ray modes and by the isotropic modulation or the anisotropic modulation of the diameters of the fiber, which this modulation occurs by the spectrum or the amplitude, by the movement or numerical aperture.
• the sensitivity of the required transducer is more easily achievable while maintaining the dimensions of the transducer small because the necessary dimensions of the relief of the inner surface of the hollow tube of the transducer are of the order of tens to hundreds of micrometers .
• the depth (or height) of india ations of the embossed pattern is at most "l OO ⁇ m unlike conventional microbending where deformations of the order of mm are implemented.
• transducer of the invention inserted into suitable transduction mechanisms allows the measurement of many physical or chemical parameters.

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Mechanical Light Control Or Optical Switches (AREA)
• Light Guides In General And Applications Therefor (AREA)
• Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)

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