EP2202014A2 - Temperaturgesteuerte Form - Google Patents

Temperaturgesteuerte Form Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2202014A2
EP2202014A2 EP09175735A EP09175735A EP2202014A2 EP 2202014 A2 EP2202014 A2 EP 2202014A2 EP 09175735 A EP09175735 A EP 09175735A EP 09175735 A EP09175735 A EP 09175735A EP 2202014 A2 EP2202014 A2 EP 2202014A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
core part
pipe
mold
sand
external
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP09175735A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2202014A3 (de
Inventor
Srinivas Rao
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nuovo Pignone SpA
Original Assignee
Nuovo Pignone SpA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nuovo Pignone SpA filed Critical Nuovo Pignone SpA
Publication of EP2202014A2 publication Critical patent/EP2202014A2/de
Publication of EP2202014A3 publication Critical patent/EP2202014A3/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/02—Sand moulds or like moulds for shaped castings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/10—Cores; Manufacture or installation of cores
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/12—Treating moulds or cores, e.g. drying, hardening
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
    • B22D27/04—Influencing the temperature of the metal, e.g. by heating or cooling the mould

Definitions

  • Embodiments of the subject matter disclosed herein generally relate to methods and molds and, more particularly, to mechanisms and techniques for controlling heat diffusion in a mold.
  • Certain industrial machines have to be fabricated such that their cast parts are substantially free of imperfections to prevent the development of defects or friction between various moving parts. Defects might develop when the parts of the machine are formed in one or more molds and the cooling during the casting process is not appropriate. Various fractures or other structural defects may then develop in the cast part.
  • One such device that has at least a part formed with a mold is a compressor.
  • the compressor is a machine capable of raising the pressure of a compressible fluid (e.g., a gas) through the use of mechanical energy.
  • a compressor uses the mechanical energy, for example, to rotate two moving parts against each other. By rotating the moving parts relative to each other, the compressor takes in a certain amount of fluid in a given time and increases the pressure of the fluid, thus compressing the fluid.
  • Compressors may have different sizes. For a compressor having a body or moving parts as long as a few meters, the amount of heat stored by the material that is cast in the mold is large and the cooling process associated with such large parts is not simple. The parts need to be cooled in a controlled way such that structural formations inside the parts are not impaired while cracks and other defects should be prevented.
  • screw compressors in which two screws or rotors with reverse pitch and with different diameters mesh with each other, so as to create a cavity that progressively moves from the intake area to the delivery area of the compressor, thus compressing the fluid.
  • the compression ratio (the ratio of (i) a given volume of fluid that is input to the compressor to (ii) the compressed fluid at the delivery area) depends upon the length and profile of the screws, as well as upon the shape of the discharge hole at the delivery area.
  • Such compressors are not equipped with valves and thus, mechanical forces that may create imbalances are not normally generated in this type of compressors.
  • the shaft of this type of compressor can reach high speeds while combining high flow rates with a low size.
  • FIG. 1 A cross section of such a compressor is illustrated in Figure 1 .
  • the compressor is provided with a casing or shell 10, inside which two screws or rotors 12 and 14 are housed and supported parallel to each other, with reverse pitch and different diameters.
  • the screws 12 and 14 meshes with each other.
  • the screws 12 and 14 move against one another to reduce the volume of the gas processed by the compressor and expel the compressed gas at suitable discharge ports (not shown).
  • Figure 2 shows the casing 10 of the compressor exposing an inner cavity 16 in which the screws 12 and 14 are housed.
  • the casing 10 may be formed in one or more parts. If the casing is formed in more than one part, those parts have to be assembled thereafter.
  • Screw compressors have the advantage of having simple mechanics, since the motion of the screws is continuous, and consequently undergo low mechanical stresses. Compared to other types of compressors, the screw compressors are capable of obtaining lower, but still high, compression ratios (3:1 to 4:1). In addition, the screw compressors may be disposed in series so to achieve a higher compression ratio. The mechanical efficiency of screw compressors is greater than that of alternative compressors, and therefore they are preferable for medium to large applications.
  • the cast casings and screws of oil-free screw compressors should also have smooth surfaces with a minimum number of irregularities or defects of any type.
  • any hole or cavity of the casing that houses the gaskets and the support bearings should have minimum defects.
  • the casings of the compressors may develop cracks, microporosities and/or gas inclusions.
  • the compressors have to undergo repairs, which may require time-intensive and expensive welding operations that have to be inspected in order to assure that the affected area was repaired.
  • Further machining steps may also be required to ensure proper repair.
  • each additional machining step involves set up time, inspection and re-machine to the finished size. The additional machining steps are added to ensure that the cast casing is free of defects. Defects found in the pre-machined condition are weld repaired and locally heat treated to relieve stresses associated with welding.
  • the cast casings of oil-free screw compressors are manufactured by known sand casting processes.
  • the sand casting process uses sand based molds for pouring the molten metal to form the desired parts.
  • the mold may include the so-called forming cores, which are designed to reproduce the hollow parts of the machine (e.g., the casing of the compressor has a hollow portion or cavity in which the screws are placed).
  • Each mold is obtained by packing sand into a suitable metal or wood container in which empty spaces are provided for the aforementioned hollow parts, so as to obtain the desired shape.
  • the inner cores are also made from sand.
  • the molds and the cores are assembled with the aid of glues, bolts to hold the cores from floating due to the buoyancy generated by the molten metal during the pouring step, or other fastening means.
  • the cope part of the mold may be held by stacking weights on the cope so that the drag and cope do not separate during the pouring operation.
  • a type of mold used for producing the casings of screw compressors may be made with a no-bake process, which uses a ready mixture including grains of sand precoated with thermosetting resins.
  • the grains are of various sizes and may include chromite, zircon or silica sand.
  • the silica sand has lower heat conductivity than chromite or zircon sands.
  • these sands alone cannot make the molds to generate casings without defects after the casting process, since the cooling of the cast piece does not occur uniformly and cannot be controlled.
  • chills are metal plates that may be molded into the molds.
  • the chills may be used, for example, molded inside the forming cores, and may be made in the form of steel or iron plates or nails, to promote uniform solidification of the part to be produced.
  • the chills act locally on the cores/molds, it is necessary to use a considerable amount of such chills to obtain improved results.
  • the presence of the chills tends to structurally weaken the forming cores.
  • a mold made from sand and including chills has a reduced structural strength, which could lead to weak cores.
  • the chills cannot be controlled or modified to adjust the cooling process as desired. In other words, no control may be exerted on the solidification process of the casting after the chills have been molded.
  • the chills also have the disadvantages that they have to be held in place during the core making process, they may move during the pouring step, they may adhere to the cast part, thus generating further defects, etc.
  • a sand based mold for casting a device having a cavity.
  • the sand based mold includes a core part including grains of sand bonded with a resin, where a shape of the core part fits a shape of the cavity of the device; and a first pipe embedded into the core part and configured to allow a compressed fluid to flow through the embedded pipe during a solidification process.
  • the first pipe has an inlet and an outlet that exit the core.
  • a method for controlling a cooling process in a part of a device that includes a cavity, the device being cast into a sand based mold.
  • the method includes embedding a first pipe into a core part of the sand based mold, where a shape of the core part fits a shape of the cavity of the device; attaching the core part to an external part, where the external part is part of the sand based mold; pouring liquid material into the mold such that the cavity is formed by the core part; and controlling the cooling process by circulating a coolant fluid through the embedded first pipe for a predetermined period of time.
  • a sand based mold for casting a casing of a compressor having a cavity.
  • the sand based mold includes a core part including grains of sand bonded with a resin, where a shape of the core part fits a shape of the cavity of the compressor to be formed; a first pipe embedded into the core part and configured to hold a fluid, the first pipe having an inlet and an outlet that exit the mold; an external part including the grains of sand bonded with the resin and configured around the core part such that molten material to be poured into the mold cannot escape; and a second pipe embedded into the external part and configured to hold the fluid, where the first and second pipes are completely embedded into the core part and the external part, respectively.
  • a method for forming a sand based mold includes shaping an external surface of a box to match an external surface of the mold; suspending a first pipe above the external surface of the box; and pouring a mixture of sand and at least a binding resin into the box such that the first pipe is completely embedded into the mold except an inlet and an outlet.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic view, in longitudinal section, of a screw compressor
  • Figure 2 is an schematic view of a casing of the screw compressor of Figure 1 ;
  • Figure 3 is a schematic view, in cross section, of a mold used for casting the screw compressor
  • Figure 4 is a schematic view of a core part of the mold according to an exemplary embodiment
  • Figure 5 is a schematic view of the core part having two parts according to an exemplary embodiment
  • Figure 6 is a schematic view of a mold for forming a core part of the mold according to an exemplary embodiment
  • Figure 7 is a schematic view of a core box in which the core part is formed according to an exemplary embodiment
  • Figure 8 is a schematic view of an external part of the mold according to an exemplary embodiment
  • Figure 9 is a flow chart illustrating steps for casting a part of a device according to an exemplary embodiment
  • Figure 10 is a flow chart illustrating steps for casting a device with a cavity according to an exemplary embodiment.
  • Figure 11 is a flow chart illustrating steps for forming a sand based mold according to an exemplary embodiment.
  • a mold 18 for forming the casing 10 shown in Figures 1 and 2 may have two parts, i.e., an external part 20 and a core part 24.
  • Each of the external part 20 and the core part 24 may include one or more parts.
  • Figure 3 shows an exemplary arrangement in which the external part 20 includes two parts 20a and 20b and the core part 24 includes a single part.
  • the external part 20 may define the exterior shape of the machine to be cast while the core part 24 may define the cavity of the machine.
  • the core part 24 forms the cavity 16 while the external part 20 forms the casing 10.
  • the shapes, sizes and profiles of the external part 20 and the core part 24 may vary from machine to machine depending on the desired machine to be cast.
  • the mold 18 may include only the external part 20, only the core part 24, or a combination thereof.
  • the core part 24, which is part of the mold 18, may have a cylindrical shape. This shape is exemplary and not intended to limit the scope of the exemplary embodiments.
  • the core part 24 may be used when the machine intended to be made has inner cavities, like for example the cavity 16 in Figure 2 , or when the machine has profiles that cannot be made with external molds.
  • the core part 24 may have a shape that reproduces the cavity 16 of the compressor 10.
  • One or more core parts 24 may be used for carrying out the casting.
  • Figure 5 shows such an example in which the cavity 16 of the compressor 10 is formed with a core part 24 having two members, i.e., 24a and 24b.
  • sand casting methods There are various production processes for obtaining the core part 24. Such processes, as already discussed, are using sand casting methods.
  • One of these processes is a no-bake process.
  • the no-bake process uses sand, binders and a catalyst mixed in a sand mixer. This mixture may be compacted/blown in a core box/pattern.
  • the catalyst hardens the sand mold and the core/mold can be removed from the core box or the patterns.
  • the sand grains may be of various sizes and may include various types of sand such as silica, chromite, zircon, olivine, phosphatite, alumina, etc.
  • the organic binder may, for example, be a dry phenolic resin (2 to 4% by weight), a thermosetting resin obtained by reacting phenol and formaldehyde, etc. Hexamethylenetetramine may be used as a catalyst and zinc or calcium stearate may be used as lubricants.
  • the mixture 26 may be inserted inside a suitable core box 28, as shown in Figure 6 .
  • the mixture 26 is then shaped to obtain the desired shape of the core part 24.
  • the core box 28 may be heated to a temperature around 250°C. This temperature may be achieved with an electrical resistance 30 or else through combustible gas burners 32 disposed around the core box 28.
  • the high temperature melts the precoating on the grains of sand (the sand is formed of grains), causing the grains to stick to each other and thus hardening of the core part 24. Once hardened, the core part 24 is extracted from the core box 28 through appropriate extractors (not shown).
  • chills 34 Prior to increasing the high temperature inside the core box 28, chills 34 may be inserted into the mixture 26, as shown in Figure 6 . Chills 34 may be placed in the core box 28 such that one surface of the chills is exposed (not shown) to the molten material to be poured to control the solidification of the casting. Because the bulk of the chill is embedded in the core, the structure of the core is weakened.
  • a first pipe 36 may be provided embedded in the core part 24.
  • the first pipe 36 may be fully embedded in the core part 24.
  • the first pipe 36 may be a one piece of seamless pipe with inlet and outlet ports 38 and 40 and configured to be connected to, for example, a pump (not shown) that is configured to circulate a compressed fluid through the first pipe 36.
  • no chills are embedded into the core part 24.
  • both the chills and the pipe may be embedded into the core part 24.
  • the first pipe 36 may be a steel duct manufactured without welding. Other materials may also be used to produce the first pipe. According to an exemplary embodiment, the first pipe 36 may be positioned inside the core part 24 at a distance from the surface of the core part 24. A distance from the first pipe to the surface of the core part may be between about 2.5 cm to about 5 cm.
  • the inlet and outlet 38 and 40 may be made to pass through a joining line between two external half-shells that may make up the mold 18. Figure 5 shows the inlet and outlet 38 and 40 exiting at the top of the core parts 24a and 24b.
  • the first pipe 36 may be distributed across a predetermined surface, inside the core part 24, that follows an external surface of the core part.
  • the first pipe 36 may be distributed across a cylindrical surface that mirrors the surface of the core part 24.
  • a thickness of the first pipe 36 may be in the range from about 0.2 cm to about 0.3 cm.
  • a second pipe 42 may be embedded into the core part 24.
  • the second pipe 42 as shown in Figure 4 , may be identical or different from the first pipe 36.
  • One or more of the pipes embedded into the core part 24 may be distributed uniformly such that the cooling process is uniform.
  • a coolant liquid or gas that flows through the first and/or second pipe may be air, compressed air, liquefied gas, or any appropriate fluid as will be recognized by those skilled in the art.
  • the core box 28 for forming the core part 24 is illustrated in Figure 7 , in which the first pipe 36 is exposed as the mixture 26 has not been added.
  • the inlet and outlet 38 and 40 of the first pipe 36 are shown connected to a pump 50.
  • the shape of a surface 52 of the core box 28 indicates the corresponding places of the screws 12 and 14 of the compressor 10 shown in Figure 1 .
  • the mold 18 may include, in addition to the core part 24, the external part 20, which may be formed in one or more rigid outer containers 44 as shown in Figure 8 .
  • the outer containers 44 may be manufactured in metal or wood.
  • Two half-shells 20 may be provided and the two half-shells may be coupled together to make the outside part of the mold 18.
  • Figure 8 shows only one of the two half-shells 20.
  • a shaped surface 46 is made, which defines the outline of the component to be manufactured through casting, for example, the casing 10 of the compressor.
  • the shaped surface 46 of the mold 18 may be made up of a sand of suitable material, mixed with binders and inhibitors (similar or different than the core part 24) that allow the sand to harden and that prevent undesired reactions from occurring when such sand comes into contact with the molten metal that will constitute the component 10.
  • At least one cooling pipe 48 is provided, as shown in Figure 8 , inside each external part 20 used in the mold 18.
  • a coolant fluid may circulate inside the cooling pipe 48, similar to the first pipe 36 of the core part 24.
  • the structure, composition and distribution of the cooling pipe 48 of the external mold 20 may be similar to those of the first pipe 36.
  • the first pipe 36 and/or the cooling pipe 48 By distributing the first pipe 36 and/or the cooling pipe 48 uniformly inside the mold 18, according to an exemplary embodiment, it is possible to obtain the forced but controlled cooling of the sand core 24 and the external mold 20 so as to cause a controlled solidification direction of the component 10 during the casting process.
  • Directional solidification is a process in which the castings' geometry does allow the solidification (of the molten material) to move towards the insulated risers that feed the shrink that occurs as the casting experiences a phase transformation.
  • the embedded cooling pipe promotes directional solidification by accelerating the freeezing process, thereby creating a surface skin that is free of defects. Without the cooling pipe, the surface skin free of defects might not be obtained.
  • This controlled cooling process produces less cracks and defects in the cast parts and also less imperfections.
  • at least one pipe is provided in the mold 18, either in the core part 24 or the external part 20.
  • Various coolant temperatures and speeds may be selected for cooling the mold as desired during a given time interval.
  • the mold 18 is formed in step 900 and may include at least one of the core part 24 and the external part 20.
  • the first pipe and/or the cooling pipe are disposed away from the surface of the mold 18.
  • the mold system 18 is assembled such that molten metal may be poured into the mold. If the mold system 18 includes two external parts and one core part, the core part is secured to at least one of the external parts and the external parts are connected to each other such that the molten metal cannot escape the mold system 18.
  • the inlet and outlet of the first pipe and the cooling pipe may be, in an optional step 904, connected to a corresponding pump for circulating a corresponding cooling fluid.
  • Different cooling fluids may be circulated in the first pipe and the cooling pipe by different pumps.
  • the first pipe and the cooling pipe may be connected to each other such that a single cooling fluid is circulated by a single pump.
  • the molten metal (or other fluid material) may be poured in step 906 to cast the desired machine part.
  • the cooling of the poured, molten metal is controlled in step 908 by controlling various parameters of the cooling fluid, e.g., flow rate, pressure, temperature, etc.
  • a method for controlling a cooling process in a part of a device that includes a cavity, the device being cast into a sand based mold, a shape of the sand based mold fitting a shape of the cavity of the device.
  • the method includes a step 1000 of embedding a first pipe into a core part of the sand based mold, a step 1002 of attaching the core part to an external part, where the external part is part of the sand based mold, a step 1004 of pouring liquid material into the mold such that the cavity is formed by the core part, and a step 1006 of controlling the cooling process by circulating a coolant fluid through the first pipe during a solidification process of the device.
  • the method for forming the sand based mold includes a step 1100 of shaping an external surface of a box to match an external surface of the mold, a step 1102 of suspending a first pipe above the external surface of the box, and a step 1104 of pouring a mixture of sand and at least a binding resin into the box such that the first pipe is completely embedded into the mixture except an inlet and an outlet.
  • Such methods advantageously allow the cast components to have a surface with a low degree of roughness and also with a reduced amount of gas bubbles. This is true because it is known that the residual gases that accumulate inside the molten steel have a decreasing solubility as the temperature decreases. Thus, gases inside the molten steel would move towards the inside of the cast piece, e.g., far from the surface skin.
  • the use of the first pipe 36 and/or the cooling pipe 48 may allow a controlled cooling of the core part 24 and/or the external part 20, which cannot be achieved with metallic chills, consequently eliminating most of the problems associated with the presence of chills in the mold.
  • the controlled cooling of the mold also promotes the directional solidification of the molten metal, so as to obtain a final product that is as uniform as possible in terms of its mechanical and structural characteristics.
  • the disclosed exemplary embodiments provide a mold and method for casting parts of a machine in which a cooling process of the mold is controlled. It should be understood that this description is not intended to limit the disclosed subject matter. On the contrary, the exemplary embodiments are intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents, which are included in the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Further, in the detailed description of the exemplary embodiments, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the claimed invention. However, one skilled in the art would understand that various embodiments may be practiced without such specific details.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
EP09175735A 2008-11-18 2009-11-12 Temperaturgesteuerte Form Withdrawn EP2202014A3 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12/273,243 US20100122788A1 (en) 2008-11-18 2008-11-18 Temperature controlled mold

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2202014A2 true EP2202014A2 (de) 2010-06-30
EP2202014A3 EP2202014A3 (de) 2013-03-06

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ID=42171064

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP09175735A Withdrawn EP2202014A3 (de) 2008-11-18 2009-11-12 Temperaturgesteuerte Form

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US (1) US20100122788A1 (de)
EP (1) EP2202014A3 (de)
JP (1) JP2010120085A (de)
KR (1) KR20100056391A (de)
CN (1) CN101898229A (de)
CA (1) CA2684538A1 (de)
RU (1) RU2009141600A (de)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP5661054B2 (ja) * 2012-02-06 2015-01-28 三菱重工業株式会社 鋳造方法
CN112808941B (zh) * 2020-12-30 2023-05-30 四川共享铸造有限公司 排气管铸件的砂芯及其铸造方法
CN115815527A (zh) * 2022-11-21 2023-03-21 西安鑫泰航智能制造有限公司 一种随形冷却内流道铝合金零件复合制造方法

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DE3120221C2 (de) * 1981-05-21 1989-08-10 Siempelkamp Gießerei GmbH & Co, 4150 Krefeld Herstellung von dickwandigen Abschirmtransport- und Lagerbehältern aus sphärolitischem Gußeisen
JPS62144850A (ja) * 1985-12-18 1987-06-29 株式会社クボタ 有底中空鋳鉄鋳物の静置鋳造用鋳型
JPH07224B2 (ja) * 1990-07-27 1995-01-11 株式会社遠藤樹脂モールド 鋳造冷却方法
JP2004143937A (ja) * 2002-10-21 2004-05-20 Aisin Takaoka Ltd 過給機用ハウジング及びその製造方法

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Publication number Publication date
KR20100056391A (ko) 2010-05-27
EP2202014A3 (de) 2013-03-06
US20100122788A1 (en) 2010-05-20
RU2009141600A (ru) 2011-05-20
JP2010120085A (ja) 2010-06-03
CA2684538A1 (en) 2010-05-18
CN101898229A (zh) 2010-12-01

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