EP2248599B1 - Dispositif doté de plusieurs buses d'air sec et de chambres de protection ainsi que procédé de distribution de colle - Google Patents

Dispositif doté de plusieurs buses d'air sec et de chambres de protection ainsi que procédé de distribution de colle Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2248599B1
EP2248599B1 EP09159659.3A EP09159659A EP2248599B1 EP 2248599 B1 EP2248599 B1 EP 2248599B1 EP 09159659 A EP09159659 A EP 09159659A EP 2248599 B1 EP2248599 B1 EP 2248599B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
space
needle
adhesive
piston
medium
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP09159659.3A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2248599A1 (fr
Inventor
Beatus Michael Ineichen
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robatech AG
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Robatech AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by Robatech AG filed Critical Robatech AG
Priority to EP09159659.3A priority Critical patent/EP2248599B1/fr
Priority to PCT/EP2010/055990 priority patent/WO2010128020A1/fr
Publication of EP2248599A1 publication Critical patent/EP2248599A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2248599B1 publication Critical patent/EP2248599B1/fr
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05C—APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05C5/00—Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is projected, poured or allowed to flow on to the surface of the work
    • B05C5/02—Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is projected, poured or allowed to flow on to the surface of the work the liquid or other fluent material being discharged through an outlet orifice by pressure, e.g. from an outlet device in contact or almost in contact, with the work
    • B05C5/027—Coating heads with several outlets, e.g. aligned transversally to the moving direction of a web to be coated
    • B05C5/0275—Coating heads with several outlets, e.g. aligned transversally to the moving direction of a web to be coated flow controlled, e.g. by a valve
    • B05C5/0279—Coating heads with several outlets, e.g. aligned transversally to the moving direction of a web to be coated flow controlled, e.g. by a valve independently, e.g. individually, flow controlled
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05C—APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05C5/00—Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is projected, poured or allowed to flow on to the surface of the work
    • B05C5/02—Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is projected, poured or allowed to flow on to the surface of the work the liquid or other fluent material being discharged through an outlet orifice by pressure, e.g. from an outlet device in contact or almost in contact, with the work
    • B05C5/0225—Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is projected, poured or allowed to flow on to the surface of the work the liquid or other fluent material being discharged through an outlet orifice by pressure, e.g. from an outlet device in contact or almost in contact, with the work characterised by flow controlling means, e.g. valves, located proximate the outlet

Definitions

  • the invention relates to devices with a plurality of nozzle openings and adhesive feeds.
  • the present invention relates to an apparatus for applying a flowable moisture-curing medium (e.g., adhesive or sealant) to a workpiece.
  • a flowable moisture-curing medium e.g., adhesive or sealant
  • it is about the use of 1-component PUR adhesive.
  • the devices for this must be suitable for different applications or workpieces of different sizes to be bonded or sealed.
  • nozzles for example, in a common comb-like arrangement. Some of these nozzles can be closed with a slider or piston to adjust the application width. This type of device has the advantage that only those nozzles are actuated, which are actually required due to the dimensions of the workpiece. The other nozzles remain closed.
  • One-component adhesives are known which cure once they come into contact with moisture. These adhesives are sometimes referred to as moisture-curing cold glue or moisture-curing adhesive. As soon as these adhesives come in contact with moisture, the crosslinking process begins, which ultimately leads to the curing of the adhesive. Once the glue has cured, it can no longer be converted into the liquid form, as is the case with hot glue, for example.
  • FIG. 1 An example of a device designed to indicate adhesive is in the document DE 20 2005 011119 U1 refer to.
  • Said document shows a device which is specially designed for dispensing adhesive beads.
  • This device has a plurality of nozzle openings and adhesive feeds, wherein adhesive can be delivered in the form of beads at least through a part of the nozzle openings.
  • Each of the nozzle orifices is operable by a high pressure needle valve or high pressure piston valve with needle or piston movable up and down, and at each high pressure needle valve or high pressure piston valve, a space is provided in a rearward area, which is pressurized with a medium. This space surrounds the needle or the piston sealingly.
  • sealing elements are arranged in the region of the space, which surround the needle or the piston, wherein the needle or the piston with respect to the sealing elements is movable up and down.
  • membrane-based application systems are used to deliver or apply such moisture-curing adhesives, as the diaphragm valves provide good sealing between the adhesive and the air.
  • the membrane-based application systems have a number of disadvantages. Among other things, the diaphragm valves tolerate no pressures that are above 20 bar. In addition, the life (calculated in number of valve strokes) is relatively low and the diaphragm valves are expensive.
  • the object was to provide a device for applying a flowable medium, adaptable to different large workpieces or job conditions is adaptable and avoids the mentioned disadvantages of early curing or soiling as far as possible.
  • the object is to provide a device for applying a flowable medium, which allow working with a large distance between the nozzle and the material and which makes it possible that the medium forms an intimate connection with the material.
  • the task is to create a corresponding method.
  • the object is achieved by a device according to claim 1 and by a method according to claim 4.
  • the device according to the invention is equipped with a plurality of nozzle openings and switchable adhesive feeds, wherein adhesive can be dispensed at least through a part of the nozzle openings.
  • Each nozzle orifice is operable by a high pressure needle valve or high pressure piston valve with needle or piston movable up and down.
  • At each high-pressure needle valve or high-pressure piston valve is located in a rear region of the needle or the piston, a protective space which surrounds the needle or the piston sealing. The shelter is exposed to a protective medium.
  • the invention is particularly suitable for moisture-curing (moisture-curing) adhesives.
  • a dried air stream is used as the protective medium
  • This embodiment is particularly advantageous because the device has a very high reliability because of a low seal wear.
  • Fig. 1 is a device 10 with a plurality of nozzle openings 11.1 - 11.4 arranged in a row and with switchable adhesive supply lines 12.
  • This device 10 is operable in a first operating mode or a second operating mode.
  • the Fig. 1 is shown through all the nozzle openings 11.1 - 11.4 through adhesive (here adhesive beads) KR delivered.
  • adhesive here adhesive beads
  • Each of the nozzle openings 11.1 - 11.4 is formed on or in a housing 13.1 - 13.4.
  • the housing / s 13.1 - 13.4 have an adhesive channel 15 (see, eg Fig. 3 ) for supplying the adhesive K to the nozzle opening 11.1 - 11.4.
  • the adhesive K is supplied via hoses or tubes 12 to the adhesive channel 15 or the adhesive channels 15.
  • a flow chamber 16 in the immediate region of the nozzle opening 11.1 - 11.4 arranged in or on the housing 13.1 - 13.4 arranged. Details are the Fig. 3 refer to.
  • a gas supply 17 is connected to the flow chamber 16. In Fig. 1 this gas supply 17 is indicated schematically by a thin line. In practice, this gas supply 17 has a larger diameter because of the required gas flow, or it is per nozzle opening 11.1 - 11.4 own gas supply 17 available.
  • the device 10 each comprises an outlet opening 14.1 - 14.4 (see, for example Fig. 3 ) in the region of each of the nozzle openings 11.1 - 11.4.
  • the outlet openings 14.1 - 14.4 are arranged so that when supplying gas G through the gas supply 17 into the flow chamber 16 and the supply of adhesive K through the adhesive channel 12 to the nozzle opening 11.1 - 11.4 through the outlet opening 14.1 - 14.4 at the same adhesive K and gas G are deliverable.
  • the exiting gas G and the outlet openings 14.1 - 14.4 are in Fig. 1 not recognizable.
  • Fig. 1 shows the following exemplary further details.
  • a plurality of adhesive beads KR are dispensed parallel to one another onto a material M (also called a material) with the device 10. It is provided for this purpose, a relative movement V between the device 10 and the material M.
  • Fig. 1 It can be seen that one housing or housing part 13.n can be provided per nozzle opening 11.n. But it is also conceivable that all nozzle openings are housed 11.n in a common housing. If a housing or housing part 13.n is provided per nozzle opening 11.n, then an adhesive feed 12 and / or a gas feed 17 is preferably also provided per nozzle opening 11.n.
  • the individual flow chamber 16 and the outlet opening 14.1-14.4 are arranged with respect to the respective nozzle opening 11.1-11.4 so that the gas G forms a gas jacket around the adhesive K around.
  • This principle is in Fig. 3 indicated schematically, where it is shown that a leaking adhesive bead KR is surrounded by a slightly conical gas jacket G.
  • the device 10 is designed in such a way that all the nozzle openings 11.1 - 11.4 can always be supplied with the gas G through the gas supply 17 both in the first operating mode and in the second operating mode.
  • a sufficiently powerful gas source 20 must be used, which is able to permanently provide a gas volume flow of sufficient size.
  • the device 10 operates with a pressure tank 21 as a buffer between the gas source 20 and the flow chambers 16.
  • the pressure tank 21 is optional.
  • FIG. 2A another device 10 of the invention is shown in a schematic plan view.
  • the device also comprises four nozzle openings 11.1 - 11.4 arranged in a row here. That is to say, the nozzle openings 11.1 - 11.4 sit along a common line L.
  • the nozzle openings 11.1 - 11.4 can, however, also be grouped in a different arrangement (eg staggered relative to one another).
  • device 10 is operated in the moment shown in the first mode of operation. In this mode, adhesive beads KR are delivered through all the nozzle openings 11.1-11.4. This results in a first application width transverse to the movement V of the material M, which is designated here by B1.
  • Fig. 2B the same device 10 of the invention is shown in a schematic plan view.
  • device 10 is operated in the moment shown in the second mode of operation.
  • less than four nozzle openings 11.1 - 11.4 (here the nozzle openings 11.1 and 11.2) are supplied with adhesive K. Therefore, only two adhesive beads KR are produced.
  • B2 is smaller than B1.
  • Fig. 2C the same device 10 of the invention is shown in a schematic plan view.
  • device 10 is operated in the moment shown in a third mode of operation.
  • less than four nozzle openings 11.1 - 11.4 (here the nozzle openings 11.1, 11.2 and 11.4) are supplied with adhesive K. Therefore, only three adhesive beads KR are produced in this example. This results in an application width transverse to the movement V of the material M, which corresponds to the application width B1, wherein, however, the distance between two of the adhesive beads KR is greater.
  • Fig. 3 shows a section through a part of a further embodiment of the invention. It is the section through a housing 13.1 shown with a nozzle opening 11.1.
  • the adhesive K is guided from the right through an adhesive channel 15 into a nozzle chamber 18 of the housing 13.1.
  • a nozzle needle 19 can be moved up and down to open or close the nozzle opening 11.1.
  • the individual flow chamber 16 surrounds a lower portion of the nozzle 24 at 360 degrees. That is, the flow chamber 16 is arranged rotationally symmetrically around the nozzle 24 around. This can be achieved by placing or attaching a cap-like housing 22 to the lower region of the nozzle 24.
  • a sealing ring 23 may be arranged in the upper area, as in FIG Fig. 3 indicated. Laterally (here from the right), the gas flow G through a gas supply 17 into the flow chamber 16 blown. The gas stream G circulates around the nozzles 24 as it enters the flow chamber 16, where it leads to a cooling effect if cold gas G is introduced. If you want to prevent premature cooling, the gas G is preheated.
  • Fig. 4 shows a view of a part of another embodiment of the invention. It is a view of a housing 13.n shown with a nozzle 24 with nozzle opening 11.n. The nozzle 24 and the nozzle opening 11.n are shown in dashed lines, since they are surrounded by a cap-like housing 22 having a sealing ring 23 or a rubber-like sealing collar at the top.
  • the gas flow G is injected at such a pressure in the flow chamber 16 that there is an overpressure. Due to this overpressure, gas G, together with the adhesive K, exits downwards through an outlet opening 14.1.
  • the gas G encases the adhesive bead KR as indicated.
  • the housing 22 is designed so that the outlet opening 14.1 is formed in the housing 22.
  • the outlet opening 14.1 can also be provided on the housing 13.1 of the nozzle 24.
  • each nozzle opening 11.n is individually switchable, which can be achieved, for example, with an electromagnetically movable nozzle needle 19 in a nozzle chamber 18.
  • a cap-like housing 22 made of a plastic material or rubber material is used, which can be inserted by hand over the nozzles and replaced if necessary.
  • the cap-like housing 22 may have a side gas port 17 for connection to a gas source 20, as in FIG Fig. 4 shown.
  • the adhesive supply and / or the gas supply can be completely controlled by a controller 30 (clocked switched on and off).
  • the controller 30 is in Fig. 1 indicated schematically.
  • a device 10 according to the invention can be equipped with various control and control elements in order to be able to monitor the method according to the invention. These control and control members may e.g. be controlled by the controller 30.
  • the mentioned gas source 20 and / or the pressure tank 21 is / are preferably provided in the various embodiments with a sensor 32 which, like a hygrometer, measures the moisture content of the air.
  • the dried gas (preferably in the form of dried air) preferably has a relative humidity in a range of 0-0.5%, preferably 0.45%.
  • Particularly preferred is one of the devices 10 previously described, but which is designed so that the gas stream G exiting the exit opening 14.n has a dew point (or dew point temperature) of 40 ° C atm.
  • the gas source 20 and / or the pressure tank 21 are designed so that exits per nozzle opening 11.n between 1 and 1.5 standard liters of gas per minute through the outlet opening 14.n. Per day and nozzle opening 11.n you need about 40 m 3 of dry gas. By providing the individual flow chambers per nozzle, the consumption of dry gas can be kept relatively small.
  • the gas source 20 In a device 10 with twenty nozzle openings 11.1 - 11.20, the gas source 20 must thus be able to produce about 20 to 30 standard liters of gas per minute.
  • the nozzle openings 11.n which are not needed are immersed in a liquid bath containing a liquid which prevents hardening of the adhesive.
  • no gas G must be supplied to the respective nozzles 24 as soon as the nozzles 24 are immersed in the liquid.
  • gas source 20 a compressed air refrigerant dryer or an adsorption dryer is used as the gas source 20.
  • gas source 20 are membrane or disk dryers.
  • the device 10 has, in addition to the flow chamber 16 according to the invention per nozzle a shelter 40 with a protective medium SM.
  • the protective space 40 is arranged in the rear region of the needle or piston valve so that the needle or the piston 19 of the valve penetrates the protective space 40.
  • high-pressure valves which are operated at pressures above 30 bar and have to complete a large number of strokes, small amounts of adhesive K can escape backwards along the needle or the piston 19. This adhesive K hardens or clogs. Without special countermeasures valve seals are damaged, which means that often manual intervention for the maintenance of the device 10 would have to be made.
  • FIG. 3 shows the example of an embodiment of a device 10 equipped with a protective space 40 containing the protective medium SM.
  • the needle or the piston 19 of the valve has at its output end here a spherical shape 44. However, it may also have a different shape.
  • At the rear end of the needle or the Piston 19 penetrates this a space 40, as shown.
  • the needle or piston 19 is enclosed by sealing elements (eg, sealing rings) to prevent or reduce the backward leakage of adhesive K.
  • seals 41, 42 are disposed immediately below and above the shelter 40.
  • a channel 43 or a reservoir for the protective medium SM is provided, as in Fig. 5 to recognize. Should during an up and down movement (in Fig.
  • Fig. 6 the example of an embodiment of a device 10 is shown, which is equipped with a shelter 40 in which the protective medium SM is introduced via a feed channel 43.1 and removed via a discharge channel 43.2.
  • the needle or the piston 19 of the valve has a slightly pointed shape at its output end here. But it can also have a different shape.
  • the needle or piston 19 is enclosed by sealing elements (eg, sealing rings) to prevent or reduce the backward leakage of adhesive K.
  • seals 41, 42 are disposed immediately below and above the shelter 40. Laterally, a reservoir may be provided for the protective medium SM, which in Fig. 6 can not be seen.
  • the Protective medium SM moves in the shelter 40, that is promoted, as an exemplary embodiment in Fig. 6 shown.
  • a small pumping system which keeps the protective medium SM in motion so that never a supersaturation of the protective medium SM can occur with adhesive residues.
  • the described devices 10 have a long service life and can easily complete significantly more than 100,000 strokes of the nozzle valves without maintenance. It can even be reached 1'000'000 strokes.
  • the present invention is particularly suitable for use in the wood industry, where, for example, load bearing roof beams with high reliability.
  • distances L between the nozzle and material M which are larger than 20 mm and preferably up to 50 mm can be made possible.
  • the solution according to the invention can also be used in the "near range” e.g. between 2 and 5 mm distance.
  • the invention allows a precise and intimate wetting of the material M, since the adhesive K is discharged at a high exit velocity.
  • the measures described, the maintenance costs compared to conventional devices is significantly lower.

Landscapes

  • Coating Apparatus (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)

Claims (6)

  1. Dispositif (10) comprenant plusieurs ouvertures de buse (11.1 - 11.4) et des alimentations de colle (12, 15) commutables, la colle (K) pouvant être délivrée au moins par une partie des ouvertures de buse (11.1 - 11.2), dans lequel :
    - chaque ouverture de buse (11.1 - 11.2) peut être actionnée par une soupape haute pression à pointeau ou à piston comprenant un pointeau ou un piston (19) mobile verticalement, et
    - il est agencé une chambre (40), au niveau de chaque soupape à pointeau ou à piston, dans la zone arrière du pointeau ou du piston (19), et
    - la chambre (40) est alimentée par un fluide (SM),
    - la chambre (40) entoure hermétiquement le pointeau ou le piston (19), et
    - dans la zone de la chambre (40) des éléments d'étanchéité (41, 42) enveloppent le pointeau ou le piston (19), le pointeau ou le piston (19) étant mobile verticalement par rapport aux éléments d'étanchéité (41, 42),
    caractérisé en ce que
    - la chambre est une chambre de protection (40),
    - les éléments d'étanchéité (41, 42) sont de forme annulaire,
    - chaque chambre de protection (40) est remplie d'air sec qui fait office de fluide de protection (SM).
  2. Dispositif (10) selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la chambre de protection (40) est raccordée selon la technique des fluides à un canal d'alimentation (43.1) et à un canal d'évacuation (43.2) afin de pouvoir imprimer un mouvement au fluide de protection (SM).
  3. Dispositif (10) selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la chambre de protection (40) peut être alimentée en air sec par une alimentation de gaz.
  4. Procédé de distribution de plusieurs lignes ou bandes de colle (KR) agencées parallèlement via plusieurs ouvertures de buse (11.1 - 11.4) sur un matériau (M), comprenant les étapes consistant à :
    - amener un fluide (SM) dans une chambre (40) entourant hermétiquement le pointeau ou le piston (19), des éléments d'étanchéité (41, 42), dans la zone de la chambre (40), entourant le pointeau ou le piston (19),
    - amener la colle (K) dans les chambres de buse (18) pouvant être activées et désactivées,
    - actionner les soupapes haute pression à pointeau ou à piston afin de délivrer la colle (K) sous forme de lignes ou de bandes de colle (KR) au moins via une partie des ouvertures de buse (11.1 - 11.4),
    dans lequel, en actionnant les soupapes haute pression à pointeau ou à piston, les pointeaux ou pistons (19) sont déplacés verticalement par rapport aux éléments d'étanchéité (41, 42) et pénètrent dans une zone arrière de la chambre (40) qui est alimentée en fluide (SM),
    caractérisé en ce que :
    - la chambre est utilisée comme chambre de protection (40),
    - les éléments d'étanchéité (41, 42) sont de forme annulaire,
    - chaque chambre de protection (40) est remplie d'air sec faisant office de fluide de protection (SM).
  5. Procédé selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que les lignes ou bandes de colle (KR), après être sorties des ouvertures de buse (11.1 - 11.4), ont une vitesse de jet supérieure à 4 m/s, en particulier comprise entre 4 m/s et 12 m/s.
  6. Procédé selon la revendication 4 ou 5, caractérisé en ce qu'il est utilisé des soupapes haute pression à pointeau ou à piston qui fonctionnent avec une pression interne supérieure à 30 bar, de préférence dans une plage comprise entre 35 bar et 100 bar.
EP09159659.3A 2009-05-07 2009-05-07 Dispositif doté de plusieurs buses d'air sec et de chambres de protection ainsi que procédé de distribution de colle Active EP2248599B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP09159659.3A EP2248599B1 (fr) 2009-05-07 2009-05-07 Dispositif doté de plusieurs buses d'air sec et de chambres de protection ainsi que procédé de distribution de colle
PCT/EP2010/055990 WO2010128020A1 (fr) 2009-05-07 2010-05-03 Dispositif comprenant plusieurs buses haute pression et chambres de protection et procédé pour émettre un adhésif

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP09159659.3A EP2248599B1 (fr) 2009-05-07 2009-05-07 Dispositif doté de plusieurs buses d'air sec et de chambres de protection ainsi que procédé de distribution de colle

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2248599A1 EP2248599A1 (fr) 2010-11-10
EP2248599B1 true EP2248599B1 (fr) 2013-08-07

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EP09159659.3A Active EP2248599B1 (fr) 2009-05-07 2009-05-07 Dispositif doté de plusieurs buses d'air sec et de chambres de protection ainsi que procédé de distribution de colle

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EP (1) EP2248599B1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2010128020A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

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CN104238202A (zh) * 2014-09-30 2014-12-24 合肥京东方光电科技有限公司 一种用于涂布封框胶的涂布装置、涂布系统及涂布方法

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102017100861A1 (de) 2017-01-18 2018-07-19 HELLA GmbH & Co. KGaA Vorrichtung zur vorrübergehenden Ruhestellung einer Einrichtung für den Klebstoffauftrag
CN115445858A (zh) * 2022-09-02 2022-12-09 无锡车联天下信息技术有限公司 一种一次挤压点胶机
CN116899820B (zh) * 2023-09-14 2024-01-02 常州银河世纪微电子股份有限公司 一种用于芯片双孔点胶头及其点胶方法

Citations (1)

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DE202005011119U1 (de) * 2005-07-12 2005-09-29 Elektrobau Wehrmann Gmbh Auftragsvorrichtung zum Auftragen von mehreren Kleberraupen

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5145689A (en) * 1990-10-17 1992-09-08 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Meltblowing die
IE940697A1 (en) * 1994-09-06 1996-03-06 Loctite Ireland Ltd Applicator for liquids such as adhesives
US5618566A (en) * 1995-04-26 1997-04-08 Exxon Chemical Patents, Inc. Modular meltblowing die
US6220843B1 (en) * 1998-03-13 2001-04-24 Nordson Corporation Segmented die for applying hot melt adhesives or other polymer melts

Patent Citations (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE202005011119U1 (de) * 2005-07-12 2005-09-29 Elektrobau Wehrmann Gmbh Auftragsvorrichtung zum Auftragen von mehreren Kleberraupen

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104238202A (zh) * 2014-09-30 2014-12-24 合肥京东方光电科技有限公司 一种用于涂布封框胶的涂布装置、涂布系统及涂布方法

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EP2248599A1 (fr) 2010-11-10

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