EP2256278A2 - Procédé de fonctionnement d'un dispositif d'entraînement ainsi que dispositif d'entraînement et dispositif d'aération ou d'obscurcissement - Google Patents

Procédé de fonctionnement d'un dispositif d'entraînement ainsi que dispositif d'entraînement et dispositif d'aération ou d'obscurcissement Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2256278A2
EP2256278A2 EP10157205A EP10157205A EP2256278A2 EP 2256278 A2 EP2256278 A2 EP 2256278A2 EP 10157205 A EP10157205 A EP 10157205A EP 10157205 A EP10157205 A EP 10157205A EP 2256278 A2 EP2256278 A2 EP 2256278A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
energy
actuator
drive device
movement
window
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP10157205A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2256278A3 (fr
Inventor
Hendrik Boedeker
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP2256278A2 publication Critical patent/EP2256278A2/fr
Publication of EP2256278A3 publication Critical patent/EP2256278A3/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05F—DEVICES FOR MOVING WINGS INTO OPEN OR CLOSED POSITION; CHECKS FOR WINGS; WING FITTINGS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, CONCERNED WITH THE FUNCTIONING OF THE WING
    • E05F15/00—Power-operated mechanisms for wings
    • E05F15/60—Power-operated mechanisms for wings using electrical actuators
    • E05F15/603—Power-operated mechanisms for wings using electrical actuators using rotary electromotors
    • E05F15/611—Power-operated mechanisms for wings using electrical actuators using rotary electromotors for swinging wings
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05F—DEVICES FOR MOVING WINGS INTO OPEN OR CLOSED POSITION; CHECKS FOR WINGS; WING FITTINGS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, CONCERNED WITH THE FUNCTIONING OF THE WING
    • E05F15/00—Power-operated mechanisms for wings
    • E05F15/70—Power-operated mechanisms for wings with automatic actuation
    • E05F15/71—Power-operated mechanisms for wings with automatic actuation responsive to temperature changes, rain, wind or noise
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2201/00—Constructional elements; Accessories therefor
    • E05Y2201/20—Brakes; Disengaging means; Holders; Stops; Valves; Accessories therefor
    • E05Y2201/218—Holders
    • E05Y2201/22—Locks
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2201/00—Constructional elements; Accessories therefor
    • E05Y2201/20—Brakes; Disengaging means; Holders; Stops; Valves; Accessories therefor
    • E05Y2201/23—Actuation thereof
    • E05Y2201/246—Actuation thereof by auxiliary motors, magnets, springs or weights
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2201/00—Constructional elements; Accessories therefor
    • E05Y2201/40—Motors; Magnets; Springs; Weights; Accessories therefor
    • E05Y2201/43—Motors
    • E05Y2201/434—Electromotors; Details thereof
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2400/00—Electronic control; Electrical power; Power supply; Power or signal transmission; User interfaces
    • E05Y2400/10—Electronic control
    • E05Y2400/45—Control modes
    • E05Y2400/452—Control modes for saving energy, e.g. sleep or wake-up
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2400/00—Electronic control; Electrical power; Power supply; Power or signal transmission; User interfaces
    • E05Y2400/61—Power supply
    • E05Y2400/628—Solar cells

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for operating a drive device, which has as an input element an actuator, with a power supply device which has at least one energy collector and an energy store for storing the energy provided by the energy collector and for outputting the stored energy to the actuator.
  • the invention further relates to a drive device and a ventilation device or shading.
  • the drive device serves to provide a force or a torque to a consumer.
  • the energy delivery device which has the energy collector and the energy storage.
  • the energy collector is used in the sense of an "energy harvesters" the collection of energy from an environment of the drive device.
  • the energy collected by the energy collector is temporarily stored in the energy store. This cached energy may be delivered to the actuator to operate the drive device.
  • the electrical power that a space-saving energy collector generates is usually in milliwatts.
  • the energy storage which serves to temporarily store the energy provided by the energy collector, must be correspondingly large in size to allow operation of the actuator in a satisfactory manner.
  • the problem again arises that charging the energy store by means of the energy collector takes a very long time. This is especially true in the field of home automation, in which, for example, windows should be opened and / or closed by means of the drive device. At the same time, the space available for accommodating the energy collector is very small. Reliable opening or closing of the window by means of the drive device is thus not possible without providing an external power supply.
  • the method for operating a drive device with the features mentioned in claim 1 has the advantage that with the drive device, a reliable energy self-sufficient operation is possible. This is accomplished by periodically loading the actuator with all of the energy stored in the energy store to effect a step of stepping in a first direction. It is therefore initially provided that the energy storage is charged by means of the energy collector. Subsequently, the entire energy in the energy store is applied to the actuator delivered, whereby a movement in the first direction is effected.
  • the energy store is dimensioned such that the energy stored in it is sufficient to carry out a step of the stepwise movement.
  • the actuator should therefore not be operated in a continuous operation or complete an adjustment process to an end.
  • the adjusting process proceeds stepwise and the energy of the energy storage is sufficient in each case to perform a step of this movement or the setting process.
  • the energy storage and the energy collector with the actuator or the step size of the step to be performed are tuned.
  • the energy storage device may for example be designed such that it can absorb slightly more energy than is necessary to carry out the step in order, for example, to compensate for environmental influences on the energy store (for example cold) or an aging process of the energy store.
  • the drive device according to the invention is particularly applicable for a connection in the field of building technology, especially for ventilation devices such as windows, roof clutches or the like, but also for covers, shading devices and so on, so those systems that should be opened and closed from time to time, to regulate a climate in the respective building.
  • the drive device for driving the said systems can be operated energy self-sufficient, for example, to be able to dispense with the laying of lines and to be able to provide them so in inaccessible places.
  • a window can act as a self-sufficient, intelligent system together with energy-independent sensor technology and / or regulation so that a user of the building no longer has to actively take care of regulating the climate.
  • the mechanical placement of such systems, such as windows and shadows is very energy consuming while the available space for the actuator and the energy storage space - especially when integrated into a housing of said systems, such as a window frame - is very low. For this reason, it is provided to perform the adjusting movement of the respective system stepwise by means of the actuator, wherein the stored energy in the energy storage is substantially completely delivered to this, in order to perform the step of the stepwise movement.
  • the movement is initially directed in the first direction.
  • the drive device which realizes a combined system of actuator, energy storage and energy collector, which is able to meet all the relevant requirements for a control mechanism such as a window or a shade.
  • These requirements are in particular small size, simple and inexpensive production and long life.
  • the method allows efficient and without connection to an external power supply, for example, windows and other building elements to operate by energy gained from the environment, without having to provide a large energy storage.
  • a development of the invention provides that a locking of the actuator is provided such that a movement in a second direction opposite to the first direction is prevented.
  • the locking of the actuator is performed. This is set in such a way that the movement in the second direction, which is opposite to the first direction, is not possible.
  • an adjusting movement can be carried out against a gravitational influence and then a backward movement due to the influence of gravity can be prevented.
  • a development of the invention provides that the lock is releasable to allow the movement in the second direction. Based on the example of It is easy to see from Window's that it should be possible to close it again after it has been opened.
  • the lock is releasable. If the lock is released, the movement can take place in the second direction, for example, the window close due to the influence of gravity. In this case, the movement in the second direction may also be provided in several steps by releasing the lock or run continuously. In the latter case, the window can be opened stepwise, ie slowly, and for example brought to a defined position (for example partially opened). If it is desired to close the window, this can be done by releasing the lock, wherein preferably the closing of the window takes place quickly and continuously.
  • a development of the invention provides that the movement takes place in the second direction due to the influence of gravity or spring force. It has already been mentioned above that the movement in the second direction takes place under the influence of gravity. Alternatively or additionally, a spring may be provided, whose spring force causes the movement in the second direction. Likewise, however, the spring force may also be directed counter to the influence of gravity, so that the movement in the second direction is damped due to the influence of gravity by the spring force.
  • a development of the invention provides that for releasing the locking, a further actuator is provided, which is acted upon by energy from the energy storage.
  • the energy stored in the energy store can therefore not only be used to operate the actuator in order to effect the movement in the first direction. Rather, it is provided that the other actuator is supplied by the energy storage with energy, the release of the lock should be effected.
  • a further development of the invention provides that, when the energy store is charged, a control device determines whether the movement in the first direction is carried out by means of the actuator or the release of the locking by means of the further actuator, for which purpose sensor data and / or external specifications are evaluated in particular.
  • the control device thus serves to control the drive device. It determines whether the movement is in the first direction or in the second direction. In the former case, the control device controls the actuator so that the stepwise movement in the first direction is performed. If the movement is to be in the second direction, the control device activates the further actuator so that the lock is released.
  • the control device may have sensors or be connected to such. The sensor data supplied by these sensors are used by the controller to set the direction of movement. Alternatively or additionally, external specifications can also be evaluated. This means that, for example, a user can specify whether the drive device should effect the movement in the first direction or in the second direction. For this purpose, a wired or wireless connection to the controller may be provided.
  • a further development of the invention provides that the distance traveled in the second direction is limited by restoring the lock. If the actuator is to be brought into a certain position by the movement in the second direction, which does not correspond to the starting position, then the lock can be restored as soon as this position is reached. In this way, for example, a fully open window can be brought into a half-open position, without having to complete a complete closing by releasing the lock and then a gradual opening of the window must be performed.
  • the drive device is used for opening and closing a ventilation device, shading or the like, for driving a pump or for providing a valve.
  • the ventilation device may be, for example, a window, a roof dome or the like.
  • the pump may be a circulating pump, which is intended to circulate a liquid only slowly or only from time to time.
  • the drive device can be used to position the valve, wherein in particular a control valve, for example, for underfloor heating, is provided, which only has to be set at longer intervals.
  • the invention further relates to a drive device, in particular for a ventilation device, a shading or the like, and in particular for carrying out the method according to the preceding embodiments.
  • the Drive device has an actuator as the drive element and has a power supply device having at least one energy collector and an energy storage for storing the energy provided by the energy collector and for providing the stored energy to the actuator. It is provided that the actuator can be acted upon periodically with the total energy stored in the energy storage in order to effect a step of a stepwise movement in a first direction.
  • the drive device is particularly suitable for systems in which one or a few positions are to be reached quickly. Such a system may, for example, be the window which is to be quickly closed, or a shade which must be fully opened when the house is left by the user.
  • parameters such as temperature, air quality and so on, due to which the drive device can be addressed by a controller change much more slowly, often over a period of minutes to hours.
  • the movement in the second direction ie to close the window, however, must be done quickly.
  • the corresponding system can be designed such that it autonomously performs the movement in the second direction, that is, for example, merges into a closed state.
  • ventilation devices in the form of roof hatches this is given intrinsically, for example, due to the influence of gravity.
  • Windows or shadows can be provided with a spring, in particular a tension spring.
  • the gravity or the spring force must be overcome and additional energy expended to overcome friction.
  • a development of the invention provides that a locking counteracts a movement in a second direction opposite to the first direction.
  • the locking is thus intended to allow the movement in the first direction, while the movement is inhibited in the second.
  • a development of the invention provides that for locking a pawl is provided.
  • the pawl is part of a locking device, which is a moving back or turning back of the actuator in the second Direction does not allow.
  • the pawl engages, for example, in a sawtooth-shaped element.
  • a development of the invention provides that the lock can be released by means of a further actuator to allow the movement in the second direction.
  • the further actuator is, for example, connected to the pawl in such a way that release of the latching device can take place. In this case, the movement in the second direction is possible.
  • the actuator is a stepping or traveling wave motor or an electric motor with a worm gear and a clutch.
  • Such motors can be used as an alternative to the locking device or the pawl. It must therefore be provided no mechanical locking device. Rather, it is crucial that the drive device can proceed in small steps in the first direction and is held in the meantime in the assumed position, so no movement can take place in the second direction. For this purpose, even the conventional electric motor provided with the worm gear and the clutch can be used. Likewise, a piezobased actuator using the chimney climber principle may be used.
  • a development of the invention provides that a plurality of actuators are arranged in parallel or in series.
  • the actuator or the drive device to be able to reach several positions quickly, this can be realized by multiple actuators are arranged in parallel or in series.
  • an increased actuating force can be achieved, while in the serial arrangement increased travel ranges are possible.
  • the invention further relates to a ventilation device or shading. It has a drive device according to the above.
  • the FIG. 1 shows a drive device 1, which is for operating a window 2 - which represents a ventilation device 2 '- is used. It should be realized by means of the drive device 1, a tilting movement about a pivot axis 3, as indicated by the arrow 4.
  • the drive device 1 has an actuator 5, with which a linear movement, as indicated by the arrow 6, can be achieved.
  • the actuator 5 has an operative connection to the window 2 in such a way that the window 2 can be swung out by a movement of the actuator 5 in a first direction, that is, from a closed position into a tilted and thus open position.
  • the actuator 5 must overcome a spring force of a spring 7, which is designed as a compression spring.
  • the spring 7 is in the FIG.
  • the actuator 5 moves stepwise to the left, wherein it counteracts the spring 7, which is designed as a compression spring. The movement of the actuator 5 takes place periodically, that is, it runs gradually.
  • the catch 8 is provided, wherein a pawl 9 engages in a locking counter-element 10 in a latching manner and the latching connection thus produced prevents the window 2 from moving backwards.
  • the locking counter-element 10 is formed, for example, sawtooth. In the illustrated position of the pawl 9, this occurs against a locking surface 11 of the locking counter-element 10 when the window 2 is moved in a second direction due to the spring force of the spring 7. This will be prevented.
  • the pawl 9 runs on a sliding surface 12, whereby the pawl 9 can pass from a first detent region 13 into a second detent region 14.
  • a further actuator 15 which can cause a movement in the direction of the arrow 16, the pawl 9 can be out of the sphere of influence of the locking counter-element 10 and also reverted into this. This means that the latching connection can be canceled by the further actuator 15 at least temporarily. If the latching connection is not present, then the spring 7 moves the window 2 back into its initial state, ie a closed position.
  • Both the actuator 5 and the further actuator 15 are controlled by a control device (not shown).
  • an energy delivery device 17 is provided, which has an energy collector 18 and an energy store 19.
  • the energy storage 19 is coupled to the energy collector 18 such that it stores energy provided by it.
  • the energy collector 18 is, for example, a solar element for generating electrical energy from solar energy.
  • the energy store 19 is designed such that the energy stored in it is just sufficient to displace the locking counter-element 10 by means of the actuator 5 in such a way that the pawl 9 can move from the latching area 13 into the next latching area 14. For this purpose, the entire energy stored in the energy store 19 is delivered to the actuator 5.
  • the window 2 can therefore be moved only gradually to its fully open position. By contrast, it is possible by releasing the lock 8 to bring the window 2 in one step in its closed position.
  • the drive device 1 thus has as a central element a lock 8, which is designed as a ratchet mechanism, for which purpose, for example, a sawtooth-shaped contour is provided.
  • the lock 8 blocks in the direction in which the window 2 would intrinsically move due to the spring force of the spring 7 (second direction).
  • the actuator 5 serves to move the system in the first direction opposite to the second direction.
  • the further actuator 15 is, for example, mounted orthogonally to the blocking counter-element 10 or the actuator 10, so that it is able to release the latching connection between the pawl 9 and the counter-blocking element 10.
  • the drive device 1 also has the control device, which is likewise supplied by the energy supply device 17, for example.
  • the energy collector 18 recovers energy from an environment of the drive device 1 and the window 2 and charges the energy storage 19 quickly. If the energy store 19 is full, the control device decides whether the window 2 should be opened, closed or left in its current position. If the window 2 is to be opened, the actuator 5 pulls the window 2 a step in the first direction, so that the pawl 9 gets from the first latching area 13 into the second latching area 14.
  • the energy required for this purpose is supplied by the energy store 19, which must of course be matched to the detent 8 or a distance between the detent areas 13 and 14, respectively. Subsequently, the energy storage 19 is recharged before the next step is possible. In this way, the window 2 is moved slowly and gradually to a target position. In this case, the stored in the drive device 1 potential energy - by tensioning the spring 7 - to. If the window 2 is closed, then the actuator 15 is actuated, so that the latching connection of the lock 8 is opened. Due to the spring force of the spring 7, the window 2 now moves in the second direction, so that the window 2 closes. A partial closing can be set, for example, over a period of actuation of the actuator 15.
  • the energy storage 19 may be deflated to provide a time scale for the next step. However, this is not necessary, but depends on a corresponding design of the control device.
  • the FIG. 2 shows diagrams 20 to 29.
  • the abscissa of the diagrams 20 to 29 generally corresponds to the time, while the diagrams 20 and 25 on their ordinate the position of the window 2, the diagrams 21 and 26, the energy stored in the energy storage 19, the diagrams 22 and 27 the potential energy stored in the spring 7, the diagrams 23 and 28 represent a speed of the actuator 5 and the diagrams 24 and 29 represent a speed of the further actuator 15.
  • Diagrams 20 to 24 show the time courses of said variables during opening of the window 2, while the diagrams 25 to 29 depict them during closing. In highlighted areas 30, the energy storage device 19 is charged by means of the energy collector 18.
  • the spring 7 is tensioned so that potential energy is built up, as indicated by diagram 22.
  • the diagram 23 shows that the actuator 5 is actuated in each case for a short time, ie periodically, as soon as the energy store 19 is full.
  • the actuator 15 is not actuated during the opening of the window 2, as the diagram 24 shows.
  • the closing of the window 2 is shown. This is done by means of an actuation of the actuator 15, as shown in diagram 29.
  • the window 2 shifts to its closed position (diagram 25).
  • the actuator 15 the entire energy stored in the energy store 19 is likewise consumed, as can be seen in diagram 26.
  • By closing the window 2 the potential energy of the spring 7 is reduced (Diagram 27).
  • An actuation of the actuator 5 does not take place (diagram 28).

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  • Power-Operated Mechanisms For Wings (AREA)
  • Fluid-Pressure Circuits (AREA)
EP10157205.5A 2009-05-20 2010-03-22 Procédé de fonctionnement d'un dispositif d'entraînement ainsi que dispositif d'entraînement et dispositif d'aération ou d'obscurcissement Withdrawn EP2256278A3 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102009003290A DE102009003290A1 (de) 2009-05-20 2009-05-20 Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Antriebsvorrichtung sowie Antriebsvorrichtung und Belüftungseinrichtung oder Verschattung

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2256278A2 true EP2256278A2 (fr) 2010-12-01
EP2256278A3 EP2256278A3 (fr) 2014-04-23

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP10157205.5A Withdrawn EP2256278A3 (fr) 2009-05-20 2010-03-22 Procédé de fonctionnement d'un dispositif d'entraînement ainsi que dispositif d'entraînement et dispositif d'aération ou d'obscurcissement

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Country Link
EP (1) EP2256278A3 (fr)
DE (1) DE102009003290A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106246056B (zh) * 2016-08-12 2018-07-06 广西科技大学鹿山学院 自关型防雨窗

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS61285331A (ja) * 1985-06-13 1986-12-16 Matsushita Electric Works Ltd 太陽電池を用いた換気装置
CH671496B5 (fr) * 1987-12-11 1990-03-15 Asulab Sa
WO1990001606A1 (fr) * 1988-08-04 1990-02-22 Noel Carroll Actuateur pour grille d'entree
JP2006194065A (ja) * 2004-12-17 2006-07-27 Hamada Kousyou Co Ltd 窓（扉、戸等の開閉手段を含む）のロック及び／又は開閉を自動制御する窓の自動開閉システム
FR2907612B1 (fr) * 2006-10-18 2009-01-23 Somfy Sas Procede de commande du mouvement d'un ecran mobile d'un dispositif domotique autonome

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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EP2256278A3 (fr) 2014-04-23
DE102009003290A1 (de) 2010-11-25

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Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK SM TR

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Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK SM TR

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