Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
  • F01K27/00—Plants for converting heat or fluid energy into mechanical energy, not otherwise provided for
  • F01K27/005—Plants for converting heat or fluid energy into mechanical energy, not otherwise provided for by means of hydraulic motors
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
  • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
  • F01K25/04—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for the fluid being in different phases, e.g. foamed
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
  • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
  • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an installation for the production of cold, heat and / or work.
• Thermodynamic machines used for the production of cold, heat or energy all refer to an ideal machine referred to as a "Carnot machine".
• An ideal Carnot machine requires a heat source and a heat sink at two different temperature levels. It is therefore a machine “ditherme”. It is called Carnot machine when it works by providing work, and Carnot machine receiving (also called Carnot heat pump) when it works while consuming work.
• the heat Q h is supplied to a working fluid Gx from a hot source at the temperature Tj 1
• the heat Q b is transferred by the working fluid Gj to a cold well at the temperature T b and the net work W is delivered by the machine.
• the heat pump mode the heat Q b is taken by the working fluid Gj at the cold source T b
• the heat Q h is transferred by the working fluid to the hot well at the temperature Tj 1 and the net work W is consumed by the machine.
• the effectiveness of a ditherme machine that is to say, an actual machine running or not as the Carnot cycle, is at most equal to that of the ideal Carnot machine and depends only on the temperatures of the source and the well.
• the practical realization of the Carnot cycle consisting of two isothermal steps (at temperatures T h and T b ) and two reversible adiabatic stages, faces several difficulties that have not been completely solved so far.
• the working fluid can remain always in the gaseous state or undergo a change of liquid / vapor state during the isothermal transformations at T h and T b .
• the object of the present invention is to provide a thermodynamic machine operating in a cycle close to the Carnot cycle, improved over the machines of the prior art, that is to say a machine that works with a change in liquid / vapor state of the working fluid to maintain the advantage of the small required contact surfaces, while substantially limiting irreversibilities in the cycle during the adiabatic steps.
• An object of the present invention is constituted by an installation for the production of cold, heat and / or work, comprising at least one modified Carnot machine.
• Another object of the invention is constituted by a method for producing cold, heat and / or work, using an installation comprising at least one modified Carnot machine.
• a plant for the production of cold, heat and working comprises at least a Carnot machine modified consisting of: a) A 1 assembly includes a Evap evaporator associated with a heat source, a condenser COND associated with a heat sink, a DPD device for pressurizing or expanding a working fluid G T , means for transferring the working fluid G ⁇ between the condenser Cond and DPD, and between the evaporator Evap and DPD; b) 2nd assembly includes two CT transfer speakers and CT 'which contain a transfer liquid L ⁇ and G working fluid ⁇ in the form of liquid and / or vapor, the transfer liquid L ⁇ and the fluid working being two different fluids; c) means for selective transfer of the working fluid G T between the condenser Cond and each of the transfer chambers CT and CT 'on the one hand, between the evaporator Evap and each of the transfer speakers CT and CT', 'somewhere else ; d) means for selective transfer of the liquid L T between
• modified Carnot cycle means a thermodynamic cycle comprising the steps of the theoretical Carnot cycle or similar steps with a degree of reversibility of less than 100%;
• modified Carnot machine means a machine having characteristics a), b), c) and d) above;
• hydraulic converter means either a hydraulic pump or a hydraulic motor: - "hydraulic pump” means a device that uses mechanical energy supplied by the environment to the "modified Carnot machine” for pumping a hydraulic transfer fluid L ⁇ at low pressure and return it at higher pressure;
• auxiliary hydraulic pump means a device that uses mechanical energy supplied by the environment to the "modified Carnot machine” or taken from the work delivered to the environment by the “modulated Carnot machine” to pressurize either the transfer liquid L ⁇ is the working fluid Gj in the liquid state;
• hydraulic motor refers to a device that delivers to the environment the mechanical energy generated by the Carnot machine modified by depressurizing the high pressure transfer L ⁇ liquid and returning it to lower pressure;
• “environment” means any element outside the modified Carnot machine, including heat sources and sinks and any part of the installation to which the modified Carnot machine would be connected;
• reversible transformation means a reversible transformation in the strict sense, as well as a quasi-reversible transformation.
• the sum of the entropy variations of the fluid that undergoes the transformation and the environment is zero during a strictly reversible transformation corresponding to the ideal case, and slightly positive during a real, quasi-reversible transformation.
• the degree of reversibility of a cycle can be quantified by the ratio of the efficiency (or COP coefficient of performance) of the cycle and that of the Carnot cycle operating between the same extreme temperatures. The greater the reversibility of the cycle, the closer this ratio (by lower value) of 1.
• isothermal transformation means a strictly isothermal transformation or under conditions close to the theoretical isothermal nature, knowing that, under real operating conditions, during a transformation considered as isothermally carried out cyclically, the temperature T undergoes slight variations, such as ⁇ T / T of ⁇ 10%;
• adiabatic transformation means a transformation without any exchange of heat with the environment or with heat exchanges that are sought to minimize by thermally isolating the fluid that undergoes the transformation and the environment.
• the process for producing cold, heat and / or working according to the invention consists in subjecting a working fluid G ⁇ to a succession of modified Carnot cycles in an installation according to the invention comprising at least one Carnot machine. changed.
• a modified Carnot cycle comprises the following transformations: an isothermal transformation with heat exchange between G ⁇ and the source, respectively the heat sink; an adiabatic transformation with a decrease in the pressure of the working fluid G ⁇ ; an isothermal transformation with heat exchange between Gj and the well, respectively the heat source; an adiabatic transformation with increasing pressure of the working fluid Gj.
• the method is characterized in that: the working fluid is in biphasic liquid-gas form at least during the two isothermal transformations of a cycle, the two isothermal transformations produce or are produced by a volume change of G ⁇ concomitant with the moving a transfer liquid L ⁇ which drives or is driven by a hydraulic converter, and as a result, work is supplied or received by the installation via a hydraulic fluid which passes through a hydraulic converter for at least the two isothermal transformations.
• the work is received or delivered by the installation via a hydraulic fluid that passes through a hydraulic converter during only one of the adiabatic transformations.
• the Carnot cycle and the modified modified Carnot machine are called "1 type”.
• the work is received or delivered by the installation via a hydraulic fluid that passes through a hydraulic converter during the two adiabatic transformations.
• the Carnot cycle amended and modified Carnot machine are called "the 2nd type".
• FIG. 1 represents the liquid / vapor equilibrium curves for various fluids that can be used as working fluid G T.
• the saturation vapor pressure P (in bar) is given in ordinate, in logarithmic scale, as a function of the temperature T (in 0 C) given in abscissa.
• FIG. 2 represents a schematic view of a modified type motor Carnot machine of the 2nd type.
• Figure 3 shows in the diagram of Mollier refrigerators a motor modified Carnot cycle followed by a working fluid Gj.
• the pressure P is given in logarithmic scale, according to the mass enthalpy h of the working fluid.
• FIG. 4 shows in a Mollier diagram three Carnot cycles modified engines of the 2nd type which have the same temperature T b of the working fluid during the heat exchange with the cold well and increasing temperatures
• T h , T h and T h of the working fluid during heat exchange with the hot source are identical to T h , T h and T h of the working fluid during heat exchange with the hot source.
• FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of a modified motor Carnot machine of the 1st type.
• FIG. 6 shows in the Mollier diagram of a Carnot cycle modified engine 1 type followed by a Gj working fluid.
• the pressure P is given in logarithmic scale, as a function of the mass enthalpy h of the working fluid.
• FIG. 7 represents a schematic view of a 2nd type receiving modified Carnot machine.
• FIG. 8 represents in the Mollier diagram a modified Carnot cycle of the 2nd type followed by a working fluid Gj.
• the pressure P is given in logarithmic scale, according to the mass enthalpy h of the working fluid.
• 9 shows a schematic view of a Carnot machine receiving Amended 1st type.
• Figure 10 shows in the Mollier diagram of a Carnot cycle modified receptor 1 type followed by a G ⁇ working fluid.
• the pressure P is given in logarithmic scale, according to the mass enthalpy h of the working fluid.
• FIG 11 shows a schematic view of a modified Carnot machine operable according to the user choice according to the motor mode 1 type or of the type 1 receptor.
• Figures 12a and 12b schematically illustrate two embodiments of modified motor Carnot machines operating between the same extreme temperatures T h and T b and indicating the direction of heat exchange and work between these machines and the environment.
• Figure 12a shows an embodiment of a thermal coupling at an intermediate temperature level between two modified motor Carnot machines.
• Figure 12b shows another embodiment with a single motor modified Carnot machine.
• FIG. 13 diagrammatically represents the temperature levels of the heat sources and sinks and the direction of the heat and work exchanges, in an installation comprising a modified high temperature motor driven Carnot machine mechanically coupled to a low temperature receiving modified Carnot machine.
• FIG. 14 diagrammatically represents the temperature levels of the heat sources and sinks and the direction of the heat and work exchanges, in an installation comprising a modified low temperature motor driven Carnot machine mechanically coupled to a high temperature receiving modified Carnot machine.
• FIGS. 15a to 15h schematically represent the heat and work exchanges between a modified Carnot machine (or machine combinations) and the environment, as well as the temperatures of the heat sources and sinks, for 8 examples involving different working fluids.
• Figures 16, 17 and 18 respectively represent in the Mollier diagrams of water, n-butane and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane the various modified Carnot cycles which are involved in the 8 examples of FIG. 15.
• a modified Carnot machine may have a driving machine or receiving machine configuration.
• the machine may be of the 1st type (exchange of work between the transfer liquid and the environment during an adiabatic transformations) or 2nd type (exchange of work between the transfer liquid and environment during the two adiabatic transformations).
• a Carnot machine modified may further have a configuration which allows, depending on the choice of the user, an operation in motor mode (1st or 2nd type) or in receiver mode (1st or 2nd type).
• the method of managing a prime mover comprises at least one step during which heat is supplied to the installation, in order to recover work during at least one of the transformations of the modified Carnot cycle.
• the method of managing a receiving machine comprises at least one step in which work is being performed at the plant to recover heat at the hot well at T h or to draw heat at the cold source. at T b during at least one of the isothermal transformations of the modified Carnot cycle.
• the method according to the present invention consists in subjecting a working fluid G T to a succession of cycles between a heat source and a heat sink.
• the working fluid G T and the transfer liquid Lj are preferably chosen such that G ⁇ is poorly soluble, preferably insoluble in L ⁇ , that G ⁇ does not react with L ⁇ and that G ⁇ in the state liquid is less dense than L ⁇ .
• Said means may for example consist of interposing between Gj and L T a flexible membrane which creates an impermeable barrier between the two fluids but which poses only a very low resistance to displacement of the transfer liquid and a low resistance to heat transfer.
• Another solution is constituted by a float which has a density intermediate between that of the working fluid G ⁇ in the liquid state and that of the transfer liquid L ⁇ .
• a float can constitute a great material barrier, but it is difficult to make it perfectly effective if one does not want friction on the side wall of the CT and CT 'enclosures.
• the float can constitute a very effective thermal resistance. Both solutions (membrane and float) can be combined.
• the transfer liquid L ⁇ is selected from liquids which have a low saturated vapor pressure at the temperature of operation of the installation in order to avoid, in the absence of separation membrane as described above, the limitations due to disseminating G ⁇ vapors through the vapor ⁇ L to the condenser or evaporator.
• ⁇ L can be water, or a mineral or synthetic oil, preferably having a low viscosity.
• the working fluid G T undergoes transformations in the thermodynamic range of temperature and pressure, preferably compatible with the liquid-vapor equilibrium, that is to say between the melting temperature and the critical temperature. However, during the modified Carnot cycle, some of these transformations may occur in whole or in part in the field of subcooled liquid or superheated steam, or the supercritical domain.
• a working fluid is preferably selected from pure substances and azeotropic mixtures, to have a monovariant relationship between temperature and pressure at equilibrium liquid - vapor.
• a modified Carnot machine according to the invention can also operate with a non-azeotropic solution as a working fluid.
• the working fluid Gj can be for example water, CO 2 , or NH 3 .
• the working fluid may also be chosen from alcohols having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, the alkanes having from 1 to 18 (more particularly from 1 to 8) carbon atoms, the chlorofluoroalkanes preferably having from 1 to 15 (more especially from 1 to 10) carbon atoms, and partially or fully fluorinated or chlorinated alkanes preferably having from 1 to 15 (more particularly from 1 to 10) carbon atoms.
• 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, propane, isobutane, n-butane, cyclobutane or n-pentane may be mentioned.
• a fluid that can be used as a working fluid can be used as a working fluid or as a receiving fluid, depending on the installation in which it is used, available heat sources, and the desired purpose.
• the working fluids and the transfer liquids are firstly chosen as a function of the temperatures of the available heat sources and heat sinks, as well as the maximum or minimum saturated vapor pressures desired in the machine, then depending on other criteria such as toxicity, environmental influence, chemical stability, and cost.
• the fluid G T may be in the CT or CT 'chamber in the state of two-phase liquid / vapor mixture at the end of the adiabatic expansion stage for the engine cycle or adiabatic compression for the receiver cycle.
• the liquid phase of Gj accumulates at the interface between G T and L ⁇ .
• the vapor content of G T is large (typically between 0.95 and 1) in the CT or CT 'chambers before the connection of said enclosures with the condenser, it is possible to envisage totally eliminating the liquid phase of G 1 in these speakers.
• This elimination can be carried out by maintaining the temperature of the working fluid G T in the CT or CT 'enclosures at the end of the communication steps of the CT or CT' and the condenser, to a value greater than that of the fluid.
• G ⁇ work, in the liquid state in the condenser, so that there is no liquid G ⁇ in CT or CT 'at this time.
• the installation comprises heat exchange means between the source and the heat sink, which are at different temperatures, and the evaporator Evap, the condenser Cond and the condenser. possibly the working fluid G T in the CT and CT 'transfer chambers.
• An installation according to the present invention may comprise a motor modified Carnot machine alone, or coupled to a complementary device, depending on the desired purpose.
• the coupling can be carried out thermally or mechanically.
• the DPD device consists of a device that pressurizes the working fluid G ⁇ in the liquid state saturated or subcooled liquid, for example a hydraulic auxiliary pump PHA 1 .
• DPD pressurizing or relaxing comprises on the one hand a compression / expansion chamber ABCD and transfer means associated therewith and on the other hand an auxiliary hydraulic pump PHA 2 which pressurizes the hydraulic transfer fluid L T.
• the cycle comprises the following transformations: an isothermal transformation during which heat is supplied at G T from the heat source to the temperature T 1 ,; an adiabatic transformation with a decrease in the pressure of the working fluid Gj; an isothermal transformation during which heat is supplied by G ⁇ to the heat sink at the temperature T b lower than the temperature Tj 1 ; an adiabatic transformation with increase of the pressure of the working fluid G T -
• the heat source is at a temperature higher than the temperature of the heat sink.
• Each cycle is constituted by a succession of steps during which there is a change in the volume of the working fluid Gj.
• This volume variation causes a displacement of the liquid L ⁇ which drives a hydraulic motor or is caused by a displacement of the liquid L ⁇ which is driven by an auxiliary hydraulic pump.
• the environment can be an ancillary device that transforms the work provided by the installation into electricity, heat or cold.
• FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of a modified driving Carnot machine of the 2nd type, which comprises a Evap evaporator, a condenser COND, a compression chamber / isentropic expansion ABCD, a hydraulic motor MH, an auxiliary hydraulic pump PHA 2 and two speakers of CT and CT 'transfer.
• a first circuit exclusively containing the working fluid G T
• a second circuit exclusively containing the transfer liquid Lj.
• Said circuits comprise different branches that can be closed by controlled valves.
• the evaporator Evap and the condenser Cond exclusively contain the fluid G ⁇ in general in the state of liquid / vapor mixture.
• said working fluid G T can be in the supercritical range at said temperature T h and under these conditions the Evap evaporator contains only G T in the gaseous state.
• the motor MH and the pump PHA 2 are traversed exclusively by liquid L ⁇ .
• the elements ABCD, CT and CT constitute the interfaces between the two circuits (G T and L T ) and they contain the hydraulic transfer fluid L T in the lower part and / or the working fluid G T in the liquid state. , vapor or liquid-vapor mixture in the upper part.
• ABCD is connected to Cond and Evap by circuits containing G ⁇ and closable respectively by solenoid valves EV 3 and EV 4 .
• Evap is connected to CT and CT 'by circuits containing G T and closable respectively by solenoid valves EV 1 and EV 1 .
• Cond is connected to CT and CT 'by circuits containing G ⁇ and closable respectively by solenoid valves EV 2 and EV 2.
• the closure means are two-way solenoid valves.
• Other types of controlled or non-controlled valves may, however, be used, such as pneumatic valves, slide valves, or check valves.
• Some pairs of two-way valves i.e., having an input and an output
• three-way valves one input, two outputs, or two inputs and one output).
• Other possible valve associations are within the reach of those skilled in the art.
• the liquid passing through the hydraulic motor always flows in the same direction.
• the high pressure transfer liquid L ⁇ is always connected to the motor MH at the same inlet (on the right in FIG. 2) and the transfer liquid L ⁇ at low pressure is always connected to the MH motor at the same output (on the left in Figure 2).
• a set of solenoid valves can connect them to the appropriate input / output of the MH engine.
• the hydraulic motor MH is connected in input (or upstream) to CT and CT 'by a circuit containing L ⁇ at high pressure and closable respectively by solenoid valves EV h and EV h' , at the output (or downstream) at CT and CT 'by a circuit containing L ⁇ at low pressure and closable respectively by solenoid valves EV b and EV b ' .
• the high pressure is in the chamber CT 'and the low pressure in CT; the solenoid valves EV h ' and EV b are open and the solenoid valves EV 11 and EV b' are closed; the transfer liquid flows through MH from right to left.
• the axis AX of the hydraulic motor MH is connected to a receiver (that is to say a labor consuming element), either directly or via a conventional coupling.
• the receiver is an alternator ALT, coupled directly to the axis of the hydraulic motor, and the auxiliary hydraulic pump PHA 2 is connected via a magnetic clutch EM.
• Other coupling modes such as a cardan, a belt, a magnetic or mechanical clutch can be used.
• other receivers may be connected on the same axis, for example a water pump, a receiving modified Carnot machine, a conventional heat pump (with mechanical steam compression). If necessary, a flywheel can also be mounted on this axis to promote the sequencing of the receiving and driving stages of the cycle.
• a modified Carnot cycle can be described in the Mollier diagram of the refrigeration engineers, which gives the pressure P, in logarithmic scale, according to the mass enthalpy h of the working fluid.
• Figure 3 shows the Mollier diagram of the engine modified Carnot cycle followed by the working fluid Gj.
• the isentropic expansion step of the saturated steam at the outlet of the evaporator can lead to a two-phase mixture or to superheated steam.
• the case of biphasic mixing is represented by the trajectory between dots "c” and "d” and the case of superheated steam is represented by the trajectory between points "c” and "d vs " in continuous line.
• the steam at the outlet of the evaporator can be superheated so that after the isentropic expansion there is only superheated steam or the saturated limit.
• This 3 rd case is shown in Figure 3 by the trajectory between points "c vs" and "d vs" in phantom.
• the heat exchange can be done in an exchanger integrated in the circuit of L ⁇ , said L ⁇ exchanging in turn with Gx at their interface in CT and CT '.
• the exchange can further be performed at the sidewall of CT and CT '. It is this last possibility which is represented in FIG. 2, on which heat at the temperature Tj is brought to Cx.
• the engine modified Carnot cycle is constituted by 4 successive phases beginning respectively at the instants t ⁇ , I 7 , t ⁇ and t ⁇ . It is described below with reference to the abcd vs -ea cycle of the Mollier diagram shown in FIG. 3. The principle is identical for the cycle abc vs -d vs -ea.
• the level of L ⁇ is low (denoted B) in ⁇ BCD and the cylinder CT, cl high (denoted II) in the cylinder CT '.
• the saturation vapor pressure of Gx has a low value P b in ABCD and CT, and a high value P h in Evap and CT '. It is at this moment in the cycle that the configuration of the installation shown schematically in FIG.
• the Gj vapor contained in CT ' continues to expand, but in a quasi-adiabatic manner (transformation c -> d -> d vs on the Mollier diagram, FIG. 3) and still forces the transfer liquid L ⁇ through the MH engine in the CT cylinder.
• this transformation can be decomposed into a strictly adiabatic expansion (c ⁇ d) which ends, according to the fluid G ⁇ , in the biphasic domain or in the superheated vapor, followed by a slight overheating (d
• the second part of the cycle is symmetrical: the evaporator, the condenser and ABCD are the seat of the same successive transformations, while the roles of the CT and CT 'are reversed.
• Phase ⁇ (between instants tg and tj): It is equivalent to the ⁇ phase but with inversion of the CT and CT 'transfer chambers.
• Phase ⁇ (between instants t ⁇ and t,):
• the evaporator is isolated from the rest of the circuit during the ⁇ and ⁇ phases whereas the heat input by the hot source at T h is a priori continuous. Under these conditions there will be during these phases of isolation a rise in temperature and therefore in pressure in the evaporator and then a sudden drop at times t ⁇ and t ⁇ reopening valves EVi or EV 1 ' .
• the transfer liquid Ly is incompressible, and that the level variations that occur simultaneously in the three enclosures ABCD, CT and CT 1 do not therefore are not independent. Moreover, these level variations of L ⁇ result or involve concomitant variations in the volume of the fluid G ⁇ .
• This results in the following equation between the mass volumes of Gj at different stages of the cycle: v e - v a v dvs - v c (eq 1) V; being the mass volume of G ⁇ in the thermodynamic state of point "i", where "i” is respectively e, a, d vs and c.
• the point -e- in the Mollier diagram is close to the point - a- (or even confused with) as represented schematically with the cycle a "-b "- c" -d vs -e "-a"
• the point -e- moves away from the point -a- and close to the point -d vs -
• the abcd vs -a cycle is preferable provided a heat source is available at the temperature T h sufficient for a temperature of the well T b fixed.
• the difference in temperature (T h -T b ) between the two isothermal transformations of the engine modified Carnot cycle can not exceed a certain value ⁇ T max , a function of one of the temperatures (T h or T b ) and the selected working fluid G ⁇ .
• ⁇ T max a certain value of one of the temperatures (T h or T b ) and the selected working fluid G ⁇ .
• the performance of the modified Carnot machine depends in particular on this value ⁇ T max .
• the ratio v a / v c is as close as possible to 1 (per value lower), preferably 0.9 ⁇ v a / v c ⁇ 1 and more particularly 0.95 ⁇ v a / v c ⁇ 1.
• thermodynamic transformations of this preferred embodiment are summarized in Table 3, and the state of the actuators (electro valves and pump clutch PHA 2 ) is summarized in Table 4 wherein x means that the corresponding solenoid valve is open or that the PHA 2 pump is engaged.
• the transfer liquid L ⁇ is sucked by the pump 2 and PHA discharged at a higher pressure to ABCD thereby compressing isentropically the liquid / vapor Gj contained in this chamber.
• this step corresponds to the following simultaneous transformations: a -> b in the ABCD enclosure; b ⁇ c in the Evap-CT 'set.
• Phase ⁇ (between instants t ⁇ and ts): At time I 7 , that is to say when the level of L ⁇ has reached the predefined values (J in CT 'and H in ABCD), we close EV 1 - and EV 4 , leave EV h - open and open solenoid valves EV 2 , EV 3 , EV b and EV r . It follows that :
• the vapor of G ⁇ contained in CT ' continues to expand, but adiabatically or quasi-adiabatically that is to say according to the transformation c -> d (optionally followed by d -> d vs) and discharges the transfer liquid L ⁇ through the MH in the engine cylinder CT.
• This transformation can be decomposed into a strictly adiabatic expansion (c -> d) that ends up according to the fluid G T in the biphasic domain or in the superheated vapor, followed by a slight overheating (d
• CT 'walls maintained at a temperature sufficient to allow it (between T b and T h ).
• the enclosure ABCD in communication with the condenser is brought back to the low pressure and the transfer liquid Lj that it contains in its lower part flows by gravity towards CT which must therefore be preferentially below ABCD.
• the electrovalve EV r is opened a little before the solenoid valve EV 3 and if there remains a little G T in the saturated liquid state in the upper part of ABCD, then the depressurization of L ⁇ during the put in communication with CT induces a partial or total vaporization of said rest of G ⁇ liquid initially at the high pressure P h . Under these conditions the pressure upstream of EV 1 .
• the vapor of G ⁇ contained in CT condenses in the condenser Cond (transformation d or d vs - »a).
• the condensates do not accumulate in Cond because they flow by gravity to the enclosure ABCD. From an energy point of view, during this ⁇ phase, heat Qj 3 is released at the condenser at T b , a little heat (taken from the hot source at T h ) is optionally consumed at CT ' to ensure the overheating d - »d vs and a work W ⁇ is also delivered to the outside.
• the other half of the cycle is symmetrical: the phase ⁇ (between the instants t ⁇ and t ⁇ ) is equivalent to the ⁇ phase but with reversal of CT and CT 'transfer chambers. the phase ⁇ (between the instants t ⁇ and t ⁇ ) is equivalent to the ⁇ phase but with inversion of the CT and CT 'transfer speakers.
• the installation operates at a steady state in which the hot source continuously supplies heat at the temperature T h at the evaporator Evap, heat is continuously delivered by the condenser Cond cold well at the temperature T b , and work is continuously delivered by the machine.
• the device of pressurization / relaxation Cond placed between the condenser and the evaporator Evap includes a PHAi auxiliary hydraulic pump and an EV 3 solenoid valve in series.
• Figure 5 is a schematic representation of the device. The elements identical to those of the driving machine of 2 nd type are designated by the same reference.
• the solenoid valve EV 3 can be replaced by a simple non-return valve, which can itself be integrated in the PHA 1 pump.
• the working fluid G ⁇ in the saturated liquid state at the outlet of the condenser Cond is directly pressurized by the pump PHAi and introduced into the evaporator Evap.
• the steps of the Carnot cycle modified engine 1 type are described below for the points that differ from what was described above for the modified Carnot cycle engine 2nd type in its general configuration.
• the first cycle is carried out from an initial state in which the working fluid Gj is maintained in the evaporator Evap at high temperature and in the condenser Cond at low temperature by heat exchange respectively with the hot source at T h and the cold well at T b , and all the communication circuits of the working fluid G ⁇ and the transfer liquid L ⁇ are closed.
• the saturated vapor G exiting the evaporator ⁇ P h enters CT 'and discharges the transfer liquid L ⁇ at an intermediate level (denoted J).
• L ⁇ passes through the MH engine while relaxing, which produces work.
• the work necessary for PHAi is provided by an independent electric motor, not shown.
• the pump PHAi can be connected to the axis of the hydraulic motor via the magnetic clutch EM, so that during this step, part of the work delivered by the hydraulic motor is recovered by the pump Phai.
• the transfer liquid L After being expanded by MH, the transfer liquid L is discharged in ⁇ CT.
• L T passes from the low level to the intermediate level (noted I), forces the vapors of G ⁇ towards the condenser where they condense.
• the working fluid G ⁇ in the saturated liquid state is sucked by the pump PHAi and discharged at higher pressure to Evap where it enters the state of subcooled liquid.
• this step corresponds to the following simultaneous transformations: a - »b between the condenser and the evaporator; b -> bi ⁇ c in the Evap-CT 'set; d vs - »e in all CT-Cond.
• auxiliary hydraulic pump PHAi is not running and that the solenoid valve EV 3 is not open if there is no liquid G T upstream of this pump.
• a liquid level sensor may be provided as a safety element to stop the pump and close the solenoid valve if necessary.
• the evaporation of Gj in Evap is continuously compensated by the contributions of liquid G ⁇ from the condenser so that the level of G ⁇ liquid in the evaporator is approximately constant.
• this transformation can be decomposed into a strictly adiabatic expansion (c -> d) which, depending on the fluid G ⁇ used, ends in the biphasic domain or in the superheated vapor, followed by a slight overheating (d - d vs ) by the CT 'walls maintained at a temperature sufficient to allow it (between T b and T h ). Due to the rise of the level of L T (from I to H) in CT, the rest of the Gj vapor in CT condenses in Cond (transformation e- »a). As in the previous step the condensates are aspirated by PHAi as they accumulate at the bottom of the condenser.
• the open circuits are closed at time tp, except that allowing the transfer of G ⁇ between Cond and Evap (by EV 3 ), the circuit of G ⁇ is opened between Evap and CT (by EVi) on the one hand, between CT 'and Cond (by EV 2' ) on the other hand, and the circuit is opened allowing the transfer of L T from CT to CT 'via the hydraulic motor MH (by EV h and EV b ), so that: * G ⁇ warms up and evaporates in Evap and the saturated vapor of G ⁇ leaving Evap at the high pressure P h , enters CT and forces L ⁇ to an intermediate level J;
• G T in the state of saturated or subcooled liquid arrives in the lower part of Cond condenser where it is sucked as and by PHAi, then discharged in the state of sub-cooled liquid in Evap; at time t ⁇ , the circuit of G T is closed between Evap and CT (ie closure of EVi) so that:
• the point “e” is always between the points “a” and “d vs " in the Mollier diagram and the temperatures T b and T 1 can be set in a totally independent way without affecting the operation of the machine.
• the Carnot machine motor Amended 1st type is simpler in its functioning and comprises fewer components.
• the transformation b - »b f generates significant irreversibilities which has an adverse effect on cycle efficiency.
• the increase in the difference (T h -T b ) has, conversely, a positive effect on this yield, it is possible, depending on the thermodynamic conditions and the fluid G ⁇ chosen, that the efficiency of the Carnot machine modified driving of 1st type is ultimately greater than that of the modified driving Carnot machine of the 2nd type, including in its preferred configuration.
• the heat source is at a temperature T b lower than the temperature T h of the heat sink.
• Each cycle consists of a succession of steps in which there is a change in the volume of the working fluid G ⁇ . This volume variation causes or is caused by a displacement of the liquid L ⁇ .
• the installation consumes work and restores it during other stages, but on the complete cycle, there is a net consumption of work provided by the environment by means of a hydraulic pump PH.
• the adiabatic expansion step is isenthalpic rather qu'isentropique. Indeed the work likely to be recovered during isentropic relaxation is low compared to the work involved during the other stages of the cycle.
• the isenthalpic expansion requires only a simple irreversible adiabatic expansion device, the pressurizing or relaxing device may be a capillary or an expansion valve.
• the pressurizing and expansion device is an adCDatic compression / expansion bottle ABCD and the associated transfer means.
• the coefficient of performance, or amplification of the Carnot machine receiving modified to be slightly reduced (but still higher than the equivalent machines of the prior art) but with a significant simplification of the process and a lower cost.
• the process of the invention is a succession of modified receptor Carnot cycles
• the heat source is at a temperature T b lower than the temperature T h of the heat sink.
• Each cycle is constituted by a succession of steps during which there is a change in the volume of the working fluid Gj. This change in volume causes or is caused by a displacement of the liquid L T.
• the installation consumes work and restores it during other stages, but on the complete cycle, there is a net consumption of work provided by the environment by means of a hydraulic pump PH.
• FIG. 7 represents a schematic view of a 2nd type receiving modified Carnot machine which comprises an Evap evaporator, a Cond condenser, an ABCD isentropic compression / expansion chamber, a hydraulic pump PH and two CT and CT transfer chambers. .
• These different elements are connected to each other by a first circuit exclusively containing the working fluid G ⁇ , and a second circuit exclusively containing the transfer liquid L ⁇ .
• Said circuits comprise different branches that can be closed by controlled or non-controlled means.
• the controlled valves are two-way solenoid valves. Other types of valves However, these controls may be used, such as pneumatic valves, slide valves, or check valves. Some pairs of two-way valves (ie, having an input and an output) may be replaced by three-way valves (one input, two outputs or two inputs and one output). Other possible valve associations are within the reach of those skilled in the art.
• the evaporator Evap and the condenser Cond exclusively contain the fluid G ⁇ in general in the state of liquid / vapor mixture. However, according to the working fluid G ⁇ and the temperature T h of the hot well, said working fluid G ⁇ can be in the supercritical range at T h and under these conditions the condenser Cond contains only G ⁇ in the state gaseous.
• the PH pump is traversed exclusively by liquid L ⁇ .
• the elements ABCD, CT and CT constitute the interfaces between the two circuits (G ⁇ and Lj). They contain the hydraulic transfer fluid Lj in the lower part and / or the working fluid G T in the liquid state, vapor or liquid-vapor mixture in the upper part.
• ABCD is connected to Cond and Evap by circuits containing G ⁇ and closable respectively by solenoid valves EV 3 and EV 4 .
• Evap is connected to CT and CT 1 by circuits containing G T and closable respectively by solenoid valves EV 1 and EV-.
• the pump PH is connected at the input (or upstream) to CT and CT 'by a circuit containing L x at low pressure and closable respectively by solenoid valves EV b and EV b > at the output (or downstream) at CT and CT by a circuit containing L ⁇ at high pressure and closable respectively by solenoid valves EV h and EV h ' .
• the solenoid valves EV h - and EV b are open and the solenoid valves EV h and EV b . closed, the transfer liquid flows through PH from left to right.
• the high pressure is then in CT and the low pressure in CT ', and the electro valves EVj 1' and EV b are closed and solenoid valves EV h and EV b ' are open but the transfer liquid passes through the hydraulic pump in the same direction (from left to right).
• ABCD is connected in its lower part by two branches in parallel with the circuit containing the transfer liquid L ⁇ .
• the branch closable by the solenoid valve EVj is connected to the high pressure circuit of L ⁇
• the branch closable by the solenoid valve EV r is connected to the low pressure circuit.
• the axis of the hydraulic pump PH must be connected to one or more motor devices (ie providing work) either directly or via a conventional coupling, such as a cardan, a belt , a clutch (magnetic or mechanical).
• motor devices ie providing work
• a conventional coupling such as a cardan, a belt , a clutch (magnetic or mechanical).
• the axis AX is connected to an electric motor ME via a magnetic clutch.
• EMi while another magnetic clutch EM 2 allows the coupling to other engines such as a hydraulic turbine, a gasoline or diesel engine, a gas engine, or a motor modified Carnot machine.
• a flywheel can also be mounted on this axis to promote the sequencing of the receiver and motor stages of the cycle.
• the device for introducing the working fluid G ⁇ into the evaporator is adapted so that G ⁇ is introduced in the liquid state into the evaporator but after the saturated liquid (point 3 of the Mollier diagram, FIG. either relaxed, and thus by occupying more volume and with a gaseous sky above the remaining liquid (point 4 of the Mollier diagram, figure 8).
• One solution, among others conceivable, is to introduce a flexible suction tube with its suction end fixed to a float in ABCD and just below the waterline.
• the enclosure ABCD must be placed above the liquid level G ⁇ in the evaporator (as shown in FIG. 7) and above CT and CT 'so that the evacuation is of G ⁇ liquid either L ⁇ in a tank or the other can be done by gravity.
• the modified modified Carnot cycle is constituted by 4 successive phases beginning respectively at the instants t ⁇ , t ⁇ , t ⁇ and t ⁇ . Only the cycle l-2 vs -3-4-5-l is described below because the variant with the point "l vs " does not bring any modification of principle.
• CT follow the same pressure evolution which, given the small amount of vapor, is not accompanied by a significant variation in the level of L ⁇ in CT.
• the transfer of liquid L ⁇ downstream PH isentropically compresses the G ⁇ vapors contained in CT 1 .
• the pressures upstream and downstream of the pump PH equilibrate at time t p .
• t ⁇ and t p there is theoretically no net consumption of work provided by the pump PH.
• the duration tp-t ⁇ is short because there is during this step no heat transfer.
• the solenoid valves EV 1 and EV 4 are opened.
• Phase ⁇ (between instants U and U) and phase ⁇ (between instants t ⁇ and t ")
• G ⁇ is maintained in the condenser Cond at high temperature by heat exchange with the hot well at Tj 1 , and in the evaporator Evap at a temperature less than or equal to T h by heat exchange with a medium external to the machine, said medium initially having a temperature T h .
• a net work is consumed by the hydraulic pump PH, Cond condenser continuously discharges heat to the hot well at high temperature T h , and heat is continuously consumed by Evap Evaporator, with production of cold to the external environment in contact with said evaporator Evap, the temperature T b of said external medium being strictly lower than T h .
• G ⁇ is maintained in the evaporator Evap at low temperature by heat exchange with the cold source at T b
• G ⁇ is maintained in the condenser Cond at a temperature T h > T b by heat exchange with a medium external to the machine, said medium initially having a temperature> T h .
• a net job is consumed by the hydraulic pump PH
• the cold source at T b brings heat continuously to the evaporator Evap
• the Cond condenser continuously discharges heat to the hot well, the installation producing heat to the outside environment in contact with said condenser Cond, the external medium having a temperature T h > T b .
• the modified receiving Carnot machine of the 2nd type is found in the ⁇ state of the cycle.
• the various thermodynamic transformations followed by the fluid Gj, and the levels of the transfer liquid Lj are summarized in Table 7.
• the state of the solenoid valves is summarized in Table 8, in which "x" means that the corresponding valve is open.
• the work consumption is continuous during the cycle time (except between the instants t ⁇ and tp on the one hand, t ⁇ and tg on the other hand), but not always at Constant power since the pressure difference across the hydraulic pump may vary.
• the average power over one cycle remains constant from one cycle to another, when a steady state of operation is reached and if the temperatures T h and T b remain constant.
• the condenser is isolated from the rest of the circuit during the ⁇ and ⁇ phases while the heat removal at the hot well at T h is a priori continuous.
• V 5 - V 3 V 1 - V 2Vs (eq 2)
• Vj being the mass volume of G ⁇ in the thermodynamic state of the point "i", "i” being respectively the points 5, 3, 1 and 2 VS.
• Examples of constant specific volume curve are shown in phantom in Figure 8.
• the mass volume at point "3" is always the weakest of the cycle, we always have, whatever T h and T b , the following double inequality:
• the pressurizing / expansion device is interposed in series between the condenser and the evaporation Cond tor Evap, it comprises a single expansion device such as for example an expansion valve VD, or a capillary and possibly in series an electro valve EV 3 .
• a single expansion device such as for example an expansion valve VD, or a capillary and possibly in series an electro valve EV 3 .
• FIG. 9 Such a device is shown in FIG. 9, in which the legends have the same meaning as the other figures, and the combination VD and EV 3 constitutes the expansion device.
• the working fluid G x in the saturated liquid state at the outlet of the condenser Cond is directly expanded and introduced into the evaporator Evap.
• Phase ⁇ (between instants t "and t ⁇ ):
• the working fluid G x in the saturated liquid state at high pressure P h is expanded by the valve V D and then introduced in the biphasic mixture state in the evaporator Evap, which compensates in mass the exit of G x gaseous towards CT.
• this step corresponds to the following simultaneous transformations: the 3 -> 4 transformation between Cond and Evap; the 4 -> 5 transformation in the Evap-CT set; transformation 1 -> 2 VS in CT '.
• the working fluid G x retained is supposed to lead to the outcome of this isentropic transformation in the superheated steam range.
• the G ⁇ vapors contained in CT 'desuperhuffle ie the transformation 2 VS -> 2 g partly in CT'
• condense completely in the condenser transformation 2 vs ⁇ 2 g ⁇ 3
• the fluid G 7 in the saturated liquid state is expanded by V D and introduced into the evaporator.
• Phase ⁇ (between instants t ⁇ and tg) and phase ⁇ (between instants ts and t ⁇ ):
• the choice of one or the other type of receiving machine will be made according to the means available, including the temperature of the source and the heat sink, and the working fluid Gj, and the target result.
• a same modified Carnot machine can alternately provide, depending on the user's choice, either the motor function or the receiver function.
• said modified Carnot machine will be qualified as "versatile".
• This possibility implies that the machine has the constituent elements necessary to satisfy each of the two operating modes (motor or receiver) as described above and additional elements making it possible to switch from one mode to another, the two modes being unable to operate simultaneously.
• Many constituent elements necessary for each mode can be identical; these are elements Cond, Evap, CT, CT ', most of the controlled valves and some parts of the circuits of G ⁇ and L ⁇ . It is therefore unnecessary to duplicate these elements in the versatile modified Carnot machine.
• Other elements are specific to a mode.
• the DPD device associating ABCD chamber and the solenoid valves EV EV 3 and 4, as described in Figure 2, allows the operation of 2nd type motor mode but not the operation in receiving mode of the 2nd type, such as described in Figure 7. the reciprocal is not true: the DPD device associating ABCD chamber and the solenoid valves EV EV 3 and 4, as described in Figure 7, allows the operation in receiving mode of 2nd type or engine of 2 nd type.
• a second example use of mismatch in the two modes further relates to the DPD devices but for Carnot machines modified to Type 1: the auxiliary hydraulic pump 1 PHA ( Figure 5) can not ensure the function of expansion of the working fluid as the expansion valve VD or the capillary C ( Figure 9) and vice versa.
• the hydraulic converter is either a pump or a motor. However, there are converters that can perform both functions in the direction of fluid flow.
• Figure 11 schematically represents a multipurpose modified Carnot machine that can provide the choice of the user to be the function of Carnot machine motor Amended 1 type or the Carnot machine function receiving Amended 1st type.
• the three other combinations of the two types are also possible: driving and driven of 2nd type, driving of 1st type and receiving of 2nd type, driving of 2nd type and receiving of 1st type. Selecting the operating mode (motor or receiver) does not require sophisticated means.
• the solenoid valves EV 3M t e 3R EV are opened and closed (closed and opened respectively) if the engine mode is selected (the receive mode, respectively).
• These two solenoid valves EV 3M and EV 3R can be replaced by a three-way valve.
• the hydraulic pump and the hydraulic motor are considered as two separate hydraulic converters; depending on the selected mode of operation, motor or receiver, one or the other of the converters is active according to the opening of the three-way solenoid valve EV RM , the said EV RM can be replaced by two solenoid valves two ways or any other actuator on the transfer liquid circuit.
• a modified Carnot machine can be coupled with a complementary device, by a thermal coupling or by a mechanical coupling.
• a modified driving or receiving Carnot machine according to the invention may be thermally coupled at its condenser and / or evaporator to a complementary device.
• the thermal coupling can be carried out by means of a heat transfer fluid or a heat pipe, or by direct contact or by radiation.
• the complementary device may be a driving or receiving thermodynamic machine.
• the two most interesting cases concern the coupling of a motor modified Carnot machine and a driving thermodynamic machine or the coupling of a receiving modified Carnot machine and a receiving thermodynamic machine.
• the thermodynamic machine (motor or receiver) receives heat from the condenser of the modified Carnot machine (respectively driving or receiving) or gives heat to the evaporator of the modified Carnot machine (respectively driving or receiving).
• Said driving or receiving thermodynamic machines can be a 2 nd modified Carnot machine motor (1 type or 2nd type) or receptor different from the first (1 type or 2nd type).
• FIGS. 12a and 12b One embodiment of a thermal coupling between two modified motor Carnot machines is diagrammatically illustrated in FIGS. 12a and 12b.
• Figure 12a shows the temperature levels of heat sources and sinks and the direction of heat and work exchanges between machines or with the environment.
• a first so-called high temperature machine (HT) operates between a heat source at the temperature T h and a heat sink at the intermediate temperature T m i, and it contains a working fluid G T j.
• a second machine, called low temperature (BT) operates between a heat source at T m2 and a heat sink at the temperature T b , and it contains a working fluid G T2 .
• HT high temperature machine
• BT low temperature
• Temperatures are such that Th> T ml > T m2 > T b > T am bi an te- If the heat transfer at the condenser of the HT machine and the evaporator of the BT machine is infinitely efficient (due to of an exchange surface and / or infinite exchange coefficients) the temperature T ra i and T m2 are substantially equal.
• the quantity of heat Q h is supplied to the HT machine at the temperature T h for the evaporation of the fluid G T i
• the heat Q b produced at the temperature T b by the condensation of the fluid G T2 is transmitted to the environment.
• the heat transfer between the source at T ml and the well at T 1112 is integral, that is to say that there is equality of Q m i and Q m2 , noted simply Q m in this case.
• the heat transfer between the source at T m i and the well at T 1112 is partial, that is, say Q ml is greater than Q m2 and the difference is delivered to the user.
• the working fluids Gj i and Gj 2 may be identical.
• the working quantities Wi and W 2 are supplied respectively by the machine HT and the machine BT.
• the thermal cascade association of modified motor Carnot machines can involve machines of the same types ( 1st or 2nd ) or of different types.
• a 1 advantage of the association in cascade of two machines Carnot mo- EU and EFTA drive of 2nd type lies in the fact that the temperature T h -T amplitude b is not limited as in the use of a single modified driving Carnot machine of 2nd type (due to the condition on the specific volumes expressed by equation (I)).
• the overall efficiency of the cascade association can always become greater than that of the machine alone when the difference (T h -T b ) of said association becomes greater than the maximum variation allowed for said single machine.
• a 2nd advantage of the association in cascade of two machines Carnot modified drive, 1 st or 2nd type, is that each pressure amplitude of G ⁇ i working fluids and Gj 2 is lower than that of working fluid of the single engine modified Carnot machine (1 st or 2 nd type) operating between the same extreme temperatures T h and T b .
• a cascade coupling can be performed using more than two modified motor Carnot machines, according to the same principle.
• the ere the machine is supplied with heat at the highest temperature T h for evaporating a working fluid, and the last cascade machine releases to the environment, the heat generated by the condensing temperature the lower T b , T b is nevertheless greater than the temperature of said environment.
• each intermediate machine receives the heat released by the condensation of the working fluid of the machine that precedes it, and transfers the heat released by the condensation of its own working fluid to the machine that follows it.
• Each machine provides a quantity of work to the environment.
• Two modified receiving Carnot machines may be cascaded in a manner analogous to that described above for the engines.
• the work and heat flows are in the opposite direction to those shown in Figure 12a.
• the cascade association of two modified receiving Camot machines has the significant advantage of reducing the pressure amplitude of each of the working fluids G T i and G T2 relative to that of the working fluid found in a single receiving modified Carnot machine, whether of the 1st or 2nd type, and operating between the same extreme temperatures T b and T h .
• a modified Carnot machine according to the invention may be mechanically coupled to a complementary device at the hydraulic motor if the machine is driving or the hydraulic pump if the machine is receiving.
• the mechanical coupling can be effected by means for example of a belt, a gimbal, a magnetic clutch or not, or directly on the shaft of the hydraulic motor or the hydraulic pump.
• the complementary device may be a motor device, for example an electric motor, a hydraulic turbine, a wind turbine, a gasoline engine, a gas engine, a diesel engine, or other engine modified Carnot machine.
• the complementary device may be a receiver device, for example a hydraulic pump, a transport vehicle, an alternator, a mechanical vapor compression heat pump, an air compressor, or another receiving modified Carnot machine.
• the complementary device may further be a motor-receiver device such as a flywheel for example.
• a particularly preferred embodiment of mechanical coupling is to couple a modified motor Carnot machine and a receiving modified Carnot machine.
• a 1st embodiment of an installation comprising a Carnot machine modified motor mechanically coupled to a Carnot machine modified receiver is shown schematically in Figure 13 with the temperature levels of the sources and heat sinks and the direction of the exchanges of heat and work.
• the prime mover contains a working fluid G TJ . It receives a quantity of heat Qj, from a source at temperature Tj 1 , it releases a quantity of heat Q 1nM at a temperature T mM and a work W.
• the temperature T h of the source is necessarily greater than temperature T mM of the heat sink.
• the receiving machine contains a working fluid G T2 - It releases a quantity of heat Q mR at a temperature T 1nR . She receives a quantity of heat Q b from a source at temperature T b and the work W released by the prime mover.
• the temperature T b of the source is necessarily lower than the temperature T mR of the heat sink.
• T b the production of cold at T b .
• T b the ambient outside temperature Tambiant_corrosion > the two mean temperatures T mM and T m R are equal and the amplification coefficient (Q mR + Q mM ) / Q h is greater than 1.
• a 2 nd embodiment of an installation comprising a machine
• Motor modified carnot mechanically coupled to a modified receiving Carnot machine is shown schematically in FIG. 14 with the temperature levels of the heat sources and sinks and the direction of the heat and work exchanges.
• the prime mover contains a working fluid G T2 - It receives a quantity of heat Q 1nM from a source at the temperature T m , it releases a quantity of heat Q b at a temperature T b and a work W.
• temperature T m of the source is necessarily greater than the temperature T b of the heat sink.
• the receiving machine contains a working fluid Gy 1 . It releases a quantity of heat Q h at a temperature T h . It receives a quantity of heat Q mR from the source at the temperature T m and the work W released by the prime mover.
• the temperature T m of the source is necessarily lower than the temperature T h of the heat sink.
• An installation according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a quantity of heat at a temperature higher than the temperature of the heat source available without consuming work provided by the environment.
• This application is particularly interesting when there is unused heat rejection and that it is needed at higher temperatures.
• An installation according to the present invention can be used to produce, from a heat source, electricity, heat or cold.
• the installation includes a modified motorized Carnot machine or a modified receiving Carnot machine, associated with a suitable environment.
• the working fluid and the transfer hydraulic fluid are selected according to the purpose, the temperature of the available heat source and the temperature of the available heat sink.
• a modified receiving Carnot machine can be used in the whole field of refrigerating machines and heat pumps: freezing, refrigeration, so-called "reversible” air-conditioning, that is, cooling in the summer and heating in the winter.
• CMV mechanical steam compression refrigeration machines
• COP Q t / W
• COA Q m / W
• these coefficients are much lower than (- about 50%) to those of the Carnot machine and therefore of the modified receiving Carnot machine of the present invention in particular 2nd type and to a lesser extent of the 1st type.
• Replacing existing CMV machines with modified receiving Carnot machines would reduce the electrical energy required to meet the same needs.
• the reasonable pressure range for the working fluid Gj of a modified receiving Carnot machine is between about 0.7 bar and about 10 bar.
• Carnot modified motor machines can be used for centralized or dispersed electrical production, production work for water pumping, desalination of seawater, etc., production work for a machine ditherme c ' that is to say for purposes of heating or refrigerating production and in particular a receiving modified Carnot machine.
• the advantages of a motor modified Camot machine and those of a modified receiving Carnot machine can be cumulated by combining the two machines. Indeed, the mechanical - electrical conversion is then no longer necessary, which eliminates the slight loss of efficiency that such conversion implies.
• An installation according to the invention can be used for the centralized production of electricity from a centralized heat source at high temperature, produced for example by a nuclear reaction. A nuclear reaction produces heat at 500 ° C.
• this heat involves either the use of a motor fluid compatible with this high temperature, or the implementation of an intermediate step using an overheated steam turbine. between 500 and 300 ° C., the heat at 300 ° C. being then supplied to a motor modified Carnot machine which would operate between this hot source at 300 ° C. and the cold well of the external environment. With such a difference in temperature it is necessary to combine in thermal cascade at least two modified motor Carnot machines involving different working fluids. For the higher temperature machine, water is well suited as a working fluid. In this configuration the advantage conferred by the invention is that the overall efficiency of electrical production is better than that of current nuclear power plants.
• An installation according to the invention can be used for the decentralized production of electricity, using as a heat source solar energy which is renewable, available everywhere but intermittent and fairly diluted (about 1 kW / m 2 maximum in good weather) .
• the current parabolic cylindrical solar collectors can bring the working fluid to 300 ° C.
• the work delivered by the turbine is lost between 500 and 300 0 C, but only a renewable energy source is used.
• An installation according to the invention can be used to transform heat into work, without necessarily converting it into electricity.
• Mechanical work can be used directly, for example for a hydraulic pump or for a heat pump whose compressor is not driven by an electric motor.
• the finalities are: the production of heat at a temperature level T m lower than that of the hot source at Tj, but with an amplification coefficient greater than 1 or a temperature level Tj 1 greater than that from the hot source to T m but with an amplification coefficient of less than 1, said amplification coefficients being greater than those of the prior art by the ad-or absorption systems.
• FIGs 15a to 15h summarize schematically, for each of the examples, the heat exchange and work between the machine (or associations of machines) of Carnot modified (s) and the environment, as well as the temperatures of sources and heat sinks.
• Example 1 (FIG 15a): three modified motor Carnot machines of 2 nd type in thermal cascade;
• Example 2 (Fig 15b.): Two machines Carnot modified drive of 1st type thermal waterfall;
• Example 5 (Fig. 15e): two modified Carnot machines receiving
• Example 8 (Fig 15h.) Mechanical coupling of a Carnot machine mo- motor MODIFIED low temperature 1st type and a Carnot machine modified receptor of 1 high temperature type.
• T b cold well temperature
• the engine modified Carnot cycle of 2 nd type is therefore retained in its preferred configuration, that is to say respecting the constraint of equal mass volumes of the working fluid leaving the condenser and the evaporator
• the working fluid used is R600 and it describes the cycle abcda in FIG. 17. It is noted that with this fluid the adiabatic expansion c-> d results in the domain of superheated steam but nevertheless very close to the saturation curve. Irreversibility is very weak. The yield ⁇ 3 of this cycle is 12.49%, compared to the 12.56% of a perfect Carnot cycle between the same temperatures.
• the objective is to produce work (electricity convertible) but with a simpler machine using Carnot machine associa- tions of modified drive 1st type.
• the temperature differences of the source and the heat sink are no longer limited by the constraint of equal mass volumes of the working fluid at the outlet of the condenser and the evaporator.
• excessive pressure differences create other technological problems; thus by taking again the same source and extreme heat sink (275 ° C and 40 0 C), it is better to associate two machines in thermal cascade rather than to realize a single machine operating on a gap so important.
• the association in thermal cascade (15b) consists in coupling two machines Carnot modified driving of 1st type, the first one uses water (R718) as working fluid and describes the ijbcki cycle of Figure 16, the second uses the n-butane (R600) as working fluid and describes the cycle efbcde of Figure 17.
• Example 3 The objective in Example 3 is the heating of the habitat by transmitters (radiators or underfloor heating) at low temperature.
• a modified receiving Carnot machine operating between 5 and 50 ° C. is well adapted to this application (FIG. 15c).
• Example 4 The objective in Example 4 is the cooling of the habitat in summer.
• a Carnot machine receiving modified 1 type operating between 15 and 40 0 C is well suited to this application ( Figure 15d).
• the working fluid used (R600) describes the 5-6-7-8-5 cycle of Figure 17. Compared to the previous example, it is chosen not to overheat before the isentropic compression step.
• the coefficient of performance of this modified receiving Carnot machine describing this cycle is:
• Example 5 The objective in Example 5 is low temperature refrigeration production (for freezing). Even if the temperature difference between the source and the heat sink is not limited by any constraint of equality of the mass volumes of the working fluid, it is preferable that there be no difference in pressure too high in the machine because it generates other technological problems. Thus with the cold source at -30 ° C. and the hot well at 40 ° C., it is preferable to combine two machines in thermal cascade rather than to make a single machine operating on such a large difference.
• the association in thermal cascade (see Figure 15) is to couple two machines Carnot receiving modified 1st type, the first uses R600 as working fluid and describes the 9-6-7-10-9 cycle of Figure 17 the second uses Rl 34a as the working fluid and describes the cycle 1-2-3-4-1 of FIG. 18.
• the overall coefficient of performance of the thermal cascade combination of these two modified receiving Carnot machines of 1 st type is:
• Example 6 Mechanical coupling of a Carnot machine modified high-temperature driving of 1st type and a Carnot machine receiving modified low temperature 1st type
• the aim in Example 6 (Figure 15f) is the freshening habitat in summer using as energy source only heat, for example from solar collectors.
• a first machine the Carnot machine driving modified 1 type using R600 working fluid and described in Example 2
• a second machine the Carnot machine receiving the modified 1st type described in Example 4
• Example 7 The objectives set out in Example 7 ( Figure 15g) are multiple: - workable cogeneration convertible into electricity and heat useful for heating (low temperature) of the habitat in winter; "low temperature” air conditioning, that is to say, compatible with conventional fan coil units for buildings (office or collective housing in particular). in any case, using as energy source only heat at a temperature accessible by a boiler or by cylindrical parabolic solar collectors.
• a first machine is coupled, the Carnot engine driving modified 1 type using the working fluid R718 describing the 1-mgnl cycle Figure 16, and a second machine, the Carnot engine modified receiving the 1st type described in example 3.
• the Ti 1 yield of the first machine is 25.34% (91% of Carnot yield) which is much higher than the current yield of photo voltaic solar collectors.
• the heat production Q m i completes the electricity production, ie 24.66% of the incident energy Qj 1 whereas the photovoltaic cells, they, do not deliver heat.
• Example 8 (FIG. 15h) is the production of medium pressure steam (2 bars) having as sole source of energy "low temperature” heat (85 ° C.) incompatible with the production. direct of said vapor. This is an example among others conventionally encountered on industrial sites where there are unused heat releases and needs at higher temperatures.
• thermotransformation between 85 and 120 0 C can be achieved by mechanically coupling a first machine, the Carnot machine receiving modified 1 type using R718, operating between 85 and 120 0 C and describing the 1-2-3-4-1 cycle of Figure 16, and a second machine, the Carnot machine motor amended the 1st type, operating between 85 ° C and 40 0 C (temperature above the atmosphere), using the working fluid R600 and described in Example 2.
• the COP 1 coefficient of performance of the first machine (receiver) is 9.14 (89% of the COP of the Carnot dither machine).
• N-butane (R600) discloses a motor cycle 1, the type in Example 2 ( Figure 15b) and a 1st type receiver cycle in Example 7 ( Figure 15g) and Carnot machine respectively driving modified or
• the receiver that uses this fluid R600 is associated in these two examples with another Carnot machine, in this case a motor, which uses water (R718) as a working fluid.
• an installation according to the present invention may comprise a Carnot driving machine 1 type (with the working fluid as R718) coupled to a Carnot machine polyvalente_ modified (as described in Figure 11 and with the R600 as working fluid) and that such an installation can be implemented for applications as different as that referred to in Example 2, and that which is referred to in Example 7.

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