EP2289169A2 - Oscillateurs de synchronisation et procédés correspondants - Google Patents

Oscillateurs de synchronisation et procédés correspondants

Info

Publication number
EP2289169A2
EP2289169A2 EP09739175A EP09739175A EP2289169A2 EP 2289169 A2 EP2289169 A2 EP 2289169A2 EP 09739175 A EP09739175 A EP 09739175A EP 09739175 A EP09739175 A EP 09739175A EP 2289169 A2 EP2289169 A2 EP 2289169A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
timing oscillator
signal
timing
oscillator
frequency
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP09739175A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Pritiraj Mohanty
Klaus Juergen Schoepf
Alexei Gaidarzhy
Guiti Zolfagharkhani
David M. Chen
Matthew J. Crowley
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sand 9 Inc
Original Assignee
Sand 9 Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US12/111,544 external-priority patent/US8044737B2/en
Priority claimed from US12/111,535 external-priority patent/US8044736B2/en
Application filed by Sand 9 Inc filed Critical Sand 9 Inc
Publication of EP2289169A2 publication Critical patent/EP2289169A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
    • H03L1/00—Stabilisation of generator output against variations of physical values, e.g. power supply
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H9/00—Networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic elements; Electromechanical resonators
    • H03H9/24—Constructional features of resonators of material which is not piezoelectric, electrostrictive, or magnetostrictive

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to timing oscillators as well as related methods and devices, and more particularly, to timing oscillators that include a mechanical resonating structure.
  • the generation of high frequency signals has become extremely important due to the increasing use and application of wireless technology and high frequency devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs) and mobile phones.
  • PDAs personal digital assistants
  • Oscillators can be mechanical, electrical, or a combination of the two, namely electro-mechanical, in nature.
  • Electro-mechanical oscillators are commonly used because of their ability to generate a stable signal at a precise frequency.
  • An electro-mechanical oscillator uses the vibrations of a mechanical element to create an electrical signal.
  • Electro-mechanical oscillator signals are often used in applications involving timers due to the precise and stable nature of the generated signal.
  • Electro-mechanical oscillators used in timing applications are often referred to as timing oscillators.
  • Timing oscillators can be used in several devices including digital clocks, radios, computers, oscilloscopes, signal generators, and cell phones. Timing oscillators generate a clock signal, for example, as a reference frequency to help synchronize other signals that are received, processed, or transmitted by a device. Often times, multiple processes are run simultaneously on a device and the execution of such processes rely on a clock signal that is generated by the timing oscillator. A designer's or user's ability to effectively manage and synchronize data at high speeds using timing oscillators makes electro-mechanical oscillators a valuable component of several hardware and software designs and devices.
  • An example of an electro-mechanical timing oscillator is a crystal oscillator.
  • the crystal When an electric field is applied to a crystal, the crystal becomes distorted. Upon removal of the electric field, the crystal returns to its previous shape and generates an electric field and voltage. This phenomenon is known as piezoelectricity.
  • the signal produced by the crystal will have a certain resonant frequency.
  • using a crystal oscillator for high frequency applications may have several disadvantages.
  • the resonant frequency of the signal generated from a crystal oscillator is dependent on the size and shape of the crystal. Most crystal oscillators are useful for generating signals in the KHz to MHz range whereas most of the latest technology demands signals in the GHz range.
  • a crystal is significantly large occupying more space on a chip compared to other available components.
  • One solution to overcome the limitation of the generated frequencies of a timing oscillator is to use multipliers.
  • the generated signal can be multiplied using a mixer or a number of other devices known to one of skill in the art to output a new signal at a much higher frequency.
  • a multiplier receiving a signal with a frequency of 50 MHz as an input can output a final signal of 2 GHz by multiplying the input signal by a factor of 40.
  • doubling a signal's frequency may result in increasing the phase noise, for example, by 6 dB.
  • Conventional timing oscillators may thus not be ideal for generating high frequency signals.
  • a timing oscillator comprises a mechanical resonating structure including a major element and a minor element coupled to the major element; a drive circuit designed to provide an input signal to the mechanical resonating structure; and a compensation circuit coupled to the mechanical resonating structure.
  • a timing oscillator comprises a mechanical resonating structure.
  • the timing oscillator is designed to generate a first signal and provide an output signal such that a frequency of the first signal is equal to or greater than a frequency of the output signal .
  • a device comprises a timing oscillator configured to generate a first signal and produce an output signal.
  • the device further comprises a dividing circuit configured to receive the output signal from the timing oscillator.
  • the dividing circuit is configured to produce a second output signal having a frequency greater than a frequency of the output signal from the timing oscillator.
  • a method comprises: generating a first signal using a timing oscillator comprising a mechanical resonating structure; and processing the first signal to provide an output signal having a frequency equal to or less than the first signal.
  • a timing oscillator comprises a bank of micromechanical resonating structures designed to provide multiple respective output signals.
  • the micromechanical resonating structures include at least one resonating structure having a large dimension of less than 100 micron.
  • At least one switch is associated with the bank of mechanical resonating structures. The at least one switch is designed to select a first signal from the output signals from the bank of micromechanical resonating structures.
  • a timing oscillator can be designed to produce an output signal.
  • the timing oscillator can have at least one mechanical resonating structure and a total height of the timing oscillator can be less than 0.5 mm.
  • a packaged integrated circuit comprises a timing oscillator designed to produce at least one output signal where the timing oscillator has a mechanical resonating structure, a device associated with the timing oscillator, and a package surrounding, at least in part, the timing oscillator and the device.
  • an integrated circuit comprises a timing oscillator designed to produce an output signal and a device associated with the timing oscillator.
  • the timing oscillator and the device are integrated on the same package and the timing oscillator has at least one mechanical resonating structure.
  • a timing oscillator comprises a mechanical resonating structure formed on a first substrate and a circuit formed on a second substrate. The circuit is electrically connected to the mechanical resonating structure.
  • FIG. IA shows a timing oscillator with a resonator and a drive circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. IB shows a timing oscillator with a resonator, a compensation circuit, and a drive circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows a mechanical resonating structure with major and minor elements, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 shows a timing oscillator with a bank of mechanical resonator structures according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 4A-4D show a packaged device of a timing oscillator device according to several embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 shows multi-substrate packaging of a timing oscillator according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Timing oscillators are described herein as well as related methods and devices.
  • the timing oscillators may include a mechanical resonating structure.
  • a drive circuit may provide an input signal to the mechanical resonating structure causing it to vibrate.
  • the mechanical resonating structure comprises more than one element coupled to one another.
  • the resonating structure may include a major element having a micron-scale dimension coupled to one or more minor elements having a nano-scale dimension.
  • a compensation circuit is built into the timing oscillator to adjust, or modify, the timing oscillator output signal. The compensation circuit can provide the required adjustments that arise due to several reasons including operational and manufacturing glitches.
  • FIG. IA illustrates a timing oscillator 100 according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • the timing oscillator includes a resonator 102 and a drive circuit 104.
  • the resonator 102 in FIG. IA is a mechanical resonating structure (also known as a mechanical resonator) which is a passive device that produces a signal at a desired frequency using mechanical elements as shall be described in more detail in FIG. 2.
  • the mechanical resonator can be tuned to adjust the output frequency.
  • the resonator may be tuned by selecting design parameters such as geometry, dimensions and material type. In general, a variety of different resonator designs may be used.
  • the mechanical resonator may include a major element coupled to one or more minor elements.
  • a resonator can produce self-sustained oscillations by being connected to a drive circuit with active electronic circuits.
  • the drive circuit can have a feedback loop that contains resistive and capacitive elements.
  • the resistive and capacitive elements can be tuned to generate a desired oscillator output signal.
  • the drive circuit contains an operational amplifier with a large gain resistor in a feedback loop. In general, any suitable drive circuit may be used.
  • a compensation circuit 106 can be integrated into the drive circuit or designed as a supplement to the drive circuit as shown in FIG. IB.
  • the compensation circuit may have a number of different configurations which may be suitable.
  • the compensation circuit may include multiple circuits and compartments where each compartment is designed to perform a desired compensation function.
  • the compensation circuit can be used to perform modifications to improve or rectify the timing oscillator's output signal. Inaccuracies in manufacturing chips and packages often result in process variations or malfunctioning components which can lead to undesirable output signals.
  • the compensation circuit can provide the means to rectify errors including but not limited to process variations, thermal variations, and jitter.
  • Jitter occurs when a signal has excess phase that varies with time resulting in the generation of an inconsistent signal. Jitter can be random in nature and is a common phenomenon observed in electronic devices and communication signals. Reducing jitter decreases the phase noise of a signal. Compensation circuit 106 may be designed to control and limit jitter. Internal thermal variations can arise as a result of fluctuations in the voltage or current levels in a device and can give rise to random motion of charge carriers, typically electrons, across semiconductor materials. Similar to jitter, the random motion of electrons generates thermal noise in circuits which deteriorates the quality of the output signal due to increased phase noise.
  • the compensation circuit 106 can be designed to rectify errors due to internal and external thermal variations.
  • the compensation circuit can contain a calibration table which stores information related to the operational frequency as a function of temperature. Thus, as the internal or external temperature varies, the compensation circuit can refer to the calibration table and adjust the tunable components of the timing oscillator to produce the desired signal output.
  • the compensation circuit can be programmed to take into account errors due to process variations. The programming may take place while testing the timing oscillator or before operating the timing oscillator.
  • Jitter, thermal variations, and process variations are discussed by way of example. It should be understood that the compensation circuit is not limited to adjusting the timing oscillator output only due to jitter, thermal variations, and process variations.
  • the compensation circuit can modify the timing oscillator output to take into account other various sources of error (e.g., stress) in the output of the mechanical resonator.
  • a synthesizer 108 is coupled to the compensation circuit 106.
  • the synthesizer can be external of the timing oscillator or integrated into the drive circuit 104.
  • a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) is an example of a synthesizer that can control the phase of a signal, which in one embodiment of this invention, is the signal generated from the mechanical resonator 102.
  • PLL Phase-Locked Loop
  • a PLL can be used to control signals at a large range of frequencies including frequencies as low as the KHz to as high as the GHz.
  • the synthesizer 108 may comprise a filter, oscillator, or other signal processing devices well known to one of skill in the art.
  • the synthesizer can include a phase detector to minimize the difference between a signal generated by a drive circuit and a signal generated by a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). This process is repeated until the VCO's output signal has a phase that matches the drive circuit's phase.
  • VCO voltage-controlled oscillator
  • synthesizer is not limited to the components listed above.
  • a synthesizer may not include all the components listed above and/or may include other circuit elements, such as a charge pump, to achieve the desired performance .
  • the output of the timing oscillator is coupled to a processing circuit 110.
  • the processing circuit 110 can include any type of circuit or device to process the signal generated by the timing oscillator 100.
  • the processing circuit 110 may include filters, mixers, dividers, amplifiers, or other application specific components and devices.
  • a generated signal can be transmitted to other devices using a transmitter built into the processing circuitry 110.
  • the output of the timing oscillator 100 may be connected directly to the processing circuit 110 or via the synthesizer 108. Configurations and connections between the processing circuitry 110, synthesizer 108, and timing oscillator 100 may vary depending on the type of application and generated signal desired.
  • FIG. 2 shows a mechanical resonator 102 including one suitable arrangement of mechanical elements according to some embodiments of the invention.
  • the mechanical resonator includes multiple minor elements 22 coupled to a major element 21.
  • the minor elements 22 are in the form of cantilever beams and the major element 21 is in the form of a doubly- clamped beam which extends between two supports.
  • An input signal, supplied by the drive circuit may be applied using a suitable excitation source which vibrates minor elements at a high frequency.
  • vibration of the minor elements 22 influences the major element 21 to vibrate at a high frequency but with a larger amplitude than that of the individual minor elements.
  • the mechanical vibration of the major element 21 may be converted to an electrical output signal which, for example, may be processed by the compensation circuit 106 or synthesizer 108.
  • the minor elements 22 have dimensions in the nanoscale and are thus capable of vibrating at fast speeds producing resonant frequencies at significantly high frequencies (e.g., 1-10 GHz).
  • the major element 21 coupled to the minor elements 22 then begins to vibrate at a frequency similar to the resonant frequency of the minor elements 22.
  • Each minor element contributes vibrational energy to the major element 21 which enables the major element 21 to vibrate at a higher amplitude than possible with only a single nanoscale element.
  • the vibration of the major element 21 can produce an electrical signal, for example, in the gigahertz range (or higher) with sufficient strength to be detected, transmitted, and/or further processed enabling the devices to be used in many desirable applications including wireless communications.
  • the minor elements 22 have at least one smaller dimension (e.g., length, thickness, width) than the major element 21. In the illustrative embodiment, the minor elements 22 have a shorter length than the major element 21.
  • the minor elements 22 may have nanoscale (i.e., less than 1 micron) dimensions. In some embodiments, at least one of the dimensions is less than 1 micron; and, in some embodiments, the "large dimension" (i.e., the largest of the dimensions) is less than 1 micron.
  • minor elements 22 may have a thickness and/or width of less than 1 micron (e.g., between 1 nm and 1 micron).
  • Minor elements 22 may have a large dimension (e.g., length) between about 0.1 micron and 10 micron; or, between 0.1 micron and 1 micron.
  • Major element 21 can have a width and/or thickness of less than 10 micron (e.g., between 10 nm and 10 micron).
  • Major element 21 may have a length of greater than 1 micron (e.g., between 1 micron and 100 micron); in some cases, the major element 21 has a length of greater than 10 micron (e.g., between 10 micron and 100 micron). In some cases, the major element has a large dimension (e.g., length) of less than 100 micron.
  • the dimensions of the major 21 and minor 22 elements are selected, in part, based on the desired performance including the desired frequency range of input and/or output signals associated with the device. It should be understood that dimensions outside the above-noted ranges may also be suitable. Suitable dimensions have also been described in International Publication No. WO 2006/083482 which is incorporated herein by reference above. It should also be understood that the major 21 and/or minor 22 elements may have any suitable shape and that the devices are not limited to beam- shaped elements. Other suitable shapes have been described in International Publication No. WO 2006/083482.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of the invention.
  • a timing oscillator 300 includes a drive circuit 104, a compensation circuit 106, a bank of mechanical resonators 302 comprising a plurality of mechanical resonators 102A, 102B, and 102C, and associated switches 304A, 304B, and 304C.
  • any number of mechanical resonators may be used in the timing oscillator.
  • the drive circuit 104 drives the bank of mechanical resonators 302.
  • Resonators 102 A, 102B, and 102C can be programmed to generate signals with different frequencies.
  • the bank of mechanical resonators 302 can be used to output a plurality of signals, each signal having a unique phase and frequency. Having a device with multiple frequency outputs can be useful when used in appliances, such as mobile phones, that are programmed for operating at different frequencies.
  • one can utilize a standard and preprogrammed bank of mechanical resonators to operate in conjunction with a plurality of devices.
  • the drive circuit is connected to switches 304A, 304B, and 304C.
  • the switches 304A, 304B, and 304C can be programmed for specific applications or set by default to select signals with a desired frequency or frequency range.
  • the switches can be mechanical, electrical, or electro-mechanical.
  • a switch could be a transistor.
  • the switches control the selection of outputs from the bank of mechanical resonators 302 for further processing.
  • any number of switches may be used for any number of mechanical resonators built into the bank of resonators 302.
  • a mechanical resonator may not be limited to one switch and may be connected to multiple switches.
  • a switch may be connected to multiple mechanical resonators.
  • a switch may be used for any purpose and is not limited for purposes of selection in the timing oscillator.
  • a selected timing oscillator output is passed through a filter.
  • filters can be used to limit the spectral band of the timing oscillator's output signal and can further optimize the output signal by removing spurious and / or unwanted components in a signal. Optimization of the output signal using a filter is optional and can be carried out by various components and devices. It should be understood that a filter can be coupled in any configuration with the timing oscillator 300 and may also be integrated into the timing oscillator 300.
  • a dividing circuit is coupled to the output of a timing oscillator.
  • the dividing circuit receives the signal generated by the timing oscillator as an input.
  • a dividing circuit can be programmed or adjusted by a user to reduce the operating frequency of the generated signal. Reducing the operating frequency of a signal can be conducted by various means including using a mixer. By dividing the frequency of an input signal, the resulting signal will have an improved phase noise. As indicated earlier, reducing a signal's frequency to half its initial frequency can improve the phase noise by a factor of 6 dB.
  • Some methods of the invention involve processing the signal generated by the mechanical resonator to provide a timing oscillator output signal that has a frequency greater than or equal to the generated signal.
  • timing oscillators may be used to generate high frequency signals, which, as noted above, may have improved phase noise.
  • the dividing circuit may be built into the timing oscillator or, according to some embodiments of the invention, be part of the processing circuitry 110 coupled to the timing oscillator.
  • a timing oscillator may also be configured to produce an output signal with a frequency that is equal to or less than the frequency of a signal generated by the resonator 102.
  • frequencies in the upper MHz range (e.g., greater than 100 MHz) or GHz range (e.g., between 1 GHz and 10 GHz) are generated without the need for a frequency multiplier as is needed for certain conventional timing oscillators.
  • the generated signal may have a frequency of at least 1 GHz (e.g., between 1 GHz and 10 GHz) where as the output signal may, for example, have a frequency of at least 100 MHz (e.g., between 100 MHz and 1 GHz).
  • a timing oscillator may also be used to provide an output signal and/or provide a generated signal in the lower MHz or KHz range.
  • the output signal and / or generated signal may have a frequency of at least 1 MHz (e.g., 13 MHz, 26 MHz) or, in some cases, at least 32 KHz.
  • the timing oscillator can be built on a single substrate. That is, all components of the timing oscillator may be formed on the same substrate. In some cases, additional components may also be formed on the same substrate.
  • the timing oscillator 100 and an additional device 404 are built on a single substrate 402 and surrounded, at least in part, by a package 406 on a single chip module 400 (e.g., circuit board).
  • the timing oscillator 100 could include a drive circuit, a mechanical resonator or a bank of mechanical resonators, and a compensation circuit and the device could be a filter, switch, or any other element needed to achieve a required design objective.
  • Examples of commonly used substrates for timing oscillators include any suitable semiconductor substrates such as silicon, III-V compounds, and the like.
  • Package 406 typically surrounds the timing oscillator and device so that they are not exposed to the ambient environment.
  • any suitable packaging material may be used.
  • the timing oscillators of certain embodiments of the invention may have dimensions which may enable them to be incorporated into a conventional chip package. This is in contrast with certain conventional timing oscillators which have larger dimensions.
  • the timing oscillators according to some embodiments of the invention may have a height of less than 0.8 mm; in some embodiments, less than 0.5 mm; and in some embodiments, less than 0.25 mm.
  • timing oscillator and an additional device may be implemented on the same chip but with different substrates.
  • FIG. 4B timing oscillator 100 is built on a substrate 408 whereas the additional device 404 is built on a different substrate 410.
  • the timing oscillator 100 and additional device 404 can be integrated into a single chip module 400.
  • the choice of substrate for the device will depend on the type device being used. If the timing oscillator comprises a bank of mechanical resonators, each mechanical resonator may be prepared on a different substrate.
  • the components of the timing oscillator can be packaged and manufactured as separate chips and integrated with the timing oscillator into a single multi-chip module.
  • a timing oscillator 100 can be designed and packaged 406A separately from the additional device (packaged 406B) and planted on a multichip module 412. In this embodiment, the timing oscillator and device can have the same substrate.
  • the timing oscillator 100 and additional device 404 can have different substrates 408 and 410, be packaged separately 406 A and 406B and still be integrated into a single multi- chip module 412.
  • the additional device may be any element, such as a filter, switch, electro, or electromechanical device, that helps achieve a design or performance objective.
  • a timing oscillator can be fabricated on two substrates in a flip-chip orientation as shown in FIG. 5.
  • one or more components of the timing oscillator may be formed on a first substrate and one or more components are formed on the second substrate.
  • the components on one substrate may be electrically connected to the components on the other substrate, for example, by an electrically conductive pathway that extends between the two substrates.
  • a first substrate 502 has a plurality of bonding sites with bumps 506 that extends upwards.
  • the second substrate 504 also has a plurality of bonding sites but with holes 508 etched onto the second substrate.
  • the second substrate 504 is flipped and corresponding bonding sites 506 and 508 of the first and second substrate are aligned so that the two substrates can be bonded together.
  • first substrate 502 and / or second substrate 504 include device and cap wafers which may include silicon, silicon germanium, or other doped and undoped semiconductor materials. Both substrates have packaging layers 516 and 518 implanted using packaging methods well known to one of skill in the art.
  • the mechanical resonator or a bank of mechanical resonators 510 may be situated on the first substrate 502. Additional circuitry 512 may be situated on the second substrate. Examples of additional circuitry 512 include and are not limited to compensation circuits, PLLs, filters, or any electronic components or devices that may be physically and functionally implemented on the second substrate 504.
  • the mechanical resonator 510 may be electrically coupled to the additional circuitry 512 using interconnects 514 or the bonding sites 506 and 508. According to one embodiment of the invention, the coupling may be achieved using vias filled with conductive material. In general, a via may be considered an element that allows interconnection between multiple interconnect layers of a device.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Oscillators With Electromechanical Resonators (AREA)
  • Piezo-Electric Or Mechanical Vibrators, Or Delay Or Filter Circuits (AREA)
  • Inductance-Capacitance Distribution Constants And Capacitance-Resistance Oscillators (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur des oscillateurs de synchronisation ainsi que sur des procédés et dispositifs correspondants. Un oscillateur de synchronisation peut comprendre une structure résonante mécanique comprenant des éléments majeurs et des éléments mineurs couplés aux éléments majeurs. L'oscillateur de synchronisation peut générer des signaux stables avec un bruit de phase faible à de très hautes fréquences, ce qui permet d'utiliser efficacement un oscillateur de synchronisation dans un certain nombre de dispositifs comprenant des ordinateurs et des téléphones mobiles dans un but de synchronisation de temps et de données. Le signal généré par l'oscillateur de synchronisation peut être accordé à l'aide d'un circuit d'attaque et d'un circuit de compensation.
EP09739175A 2008-04-29 2009-04-29 Oscillateurs de synchronisation et procédés correspondants Withdrawn EP2289169A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12/111,544 US8044737B2 (en) 2008-04-29 2008-04-29 Timing oscillators and related methods
US12/111,535 US8044736B2 (en) 2008-04-29 2008-04-29 Timing oscillators and related methods
PCT/US2009/002612 WO2009134372A2 (fr) 2008-04-29 2009-04-29 Oscillateurs de synchronisation et procédés correspondants

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2289169A2 true EP2289169A2 (fr) 2011-03-02

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EP09739175A Withdrawn EP2289169A2 (fr) 2008-04-29 2009-04-29 Oscillateurs de synchronisation et procédés correspondants

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EP (1) EP2289169A2 (fr)
JP (1) JP2011519249A (fr)
WO (1) WO2009134372A2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8487715B2 (en) 2006-09-20 2013-07-16 Trustees Of Boston University Nano electromechanical integrated-circuit bank and switch
US8314665B2 (en) 2006-09-20 2012-11-20 Trustees Of Boston University Nano electromechanical integrated-circuit filter
US7990229B2 (en) 2008-04-01 2011-08-02 Sand9, Inc. Methods and devices for compensating a signal using resonators

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7760039B2 (en) * 2002-10-15 2010-07-20 Marvell World Trade Ltd. Crystal oscillator emulator
CN1993890A (zh) * 2004-06-24 2007-07-04 诺基亚公司 频率合成器

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO2009134372A3 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2009134372A3 (fr) 2010-06-24
JP2011519249A (ja) 2011-06-30
WO2009134372A2 (fr) 2009-11-05

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