EP2313902A1 - Löschplatte für eine lichtbogen-löschkammer - Google Patents
Löschplatte für eine lichtbogen-löschkammerInfo
- Publication number
- EP2313902A1 EP2313902A1 EP09777016A EP09777016A EP2313902A1 EP 2313902 A1 EP2313902 A1 EP 2313902A1 EP 09777016 A EP09777016 A EP 09777016A EP 09777016 A EP09777016 A EP 09777016A EP 2313902 A1 EP2313902 A1 EP 2313902A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- extinguishing plate
- plate according
- extinguishing
- composite
- thickness
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 230000005294 ferromagnetic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 13
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003870 refractory metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910001316 Ag alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910006501 ZrSiO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002242 deionisation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003302 ferromagnetic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012768 molten material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007751 thermal spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000531 Co alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 206010010144 Completed suicide Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001030 Iron–nickel alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910020068 MgAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910016006 MoSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVYYOKWPCQYKEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Fe].[Co] Chemical compound [Fe].[Co] QVYYOKWPCQYKEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008033 biological extinction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012799 electrically-conductive coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008393 encapsulating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001513 hot isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011224 oxide ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052574 oxide ceramic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005298 paramagnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006223 plastic coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
- H01H9/30—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts
- H01H9/34—Stationary parts for restricting or subdividing the arc, e.g. barrier plate
- H01H9/36—Metal parts
Definitions
- the invention relates to extinguishing plates for arc extinguishing chambers in switching devices, in particular in circuit breakers.
- extinguishing plates often referred to as quenching plates, are known for example from WO 2006/010572 A1.
- extinguishing chambers are known in the switching devices.
- a subdivision of arcs in partial arcs takes place in extinguishing chambers, which contain an array of extinguishing plates, according to the deionization principle.
- metal sheets are arranged parallel to each other or fan-shaped and isolated from each other.
- WO 2006/010572 A1 teaches to use coated extinguishing plates which consist of a ferromagnetic base body which carries a protective layer of 0.05 mm to 0.3 mm which contains high-temperature-resistant particles ,
- the surface of the protective layers described in WO 2006/010572 A1 consists of 30% to 70% of high temperature resistant material.
- Safety regulations generally require faultless switching behavior with at least three consecutive trips under short-circuit conditions. Although this can be achieved by extinguishing plates with the protective layers known from WO 2006/010572 A1, the known protective layers are generally rapidly destroyed by the action of arcing, so that the extinguishing plates must soon be replaced. However, thicker protective layers cause increasing shielding of the underlying ferromagnetic body, so that the arc is less strongly drawn into the quenching plates and thus erased worse.
- the present invention is therefore based on the object to reduce the disadvantages of known arc-quenching chambers and to provide an extinguishing plate, which can survive a good number of switching cycles under short circuit conditions with good erase behavior.
- An extinguishing plate according to the invention consists of an incorporation composite material in which a high-temperature-resistant phase is incorporated in a ferromagnetic phase.
- the magnetic field attracting the arc is amplified by the ferromagnetic phase of the composite material.
- a separate protective layer which like those of the WO 2006/010572 A1 known protective layer contains high-temperature-stable particles can be dispensed with, since the resistance of the intercalated composite, with which the extinguishing plate according to the invention is formed, is increased against arc exposure by the high temperature resistant phase.
- the material of the intercalation composite burns off, this advantageously does not lead to a sudden deterioration in the function of the extinguishing plate, as is the case when a protective layer containing high-temperature-resistant particles burns off according to WO 2006/010572 A1 on a ferromagnetic base body.
- the thickness of the interstitial composite material keeps the resistance of the extinguishing plate against arcing even after a considerable burnup.
- the resistance to erosion can even increase as particles of the high-temperature-resistant phase accumulate under the action of arc on the surface of the composite material.
- the high temperature resistant phase is evenly distributed in the intercalated composite.
- a uniform distribution is not to be understood as a homogeneous distribution, since the size of the particles of the high-temperature resistant phase and the distribution of the particles of the high-temperature-resistant phase in the ferromagnetic phase are subject to statistical fluctuations.
- the desired "uniform" distribution is therefore a distribution in which the uniformity is subject to statistical fluctuations.
- An extinguishing plate according to the invention preferably consists completely, ie to 100%, of the intercalated composite material. However, this is not absolutely necessary in order to utilize the advantages according to the invention.
- a reinforcement can be embedded in an extinguishing plate according to the invention and / or the extinguishing plate can carry a thin, electrically conductive coating as cover layer
- an extinguishing plate according to the invention can namely even be improved by carrying a thin coating, in particular a dia- or paramagnetic coating, on the intercalated composite.
- a coating of a highly conductive material such as copper, Silver or a copper or silver alloy at least for a few switching cycles lead to a much improved arc extinguishing property, even if the coating is only partially present.
- the thin coating is at most 20 microns, for example 3-13 microns, thick.
- Such a metal layer can be applied for example by electrodeposition on the intercalated composite.
- Other options include PVD, CVD or thermal spraying.
- Plastic coatings can be applied, for example, as a varnish, in a screen printing process or with a powder coating process.
- the intercalated composite material fills most of the volume of the extinguishing plate. Particularly preferably, at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, of the volume of the extinguishing plate is filled by the intercalation compound.
- a further development of the invention is an extinguishing plate composed of two extinguishing plates according to the invention, in which the two extinguishing plates are connected by a metallic intermediate layer which does not contain a high-temperature-resistant phase and whose thickness is small compared to the thickness of the composite extinguishing plate.
- a composite extinguishing plate may contain as intermediate layer a metal sheet or a metal foil, on the top and bottom, for example, the composite material was deposited.
- Such an intermediate layer makes - even together with any existing outer layers of the intercalated composite material - substantially less than half the thickness of the composite quenching plate.
- the high temperature resistant phase of the encapsulant may be a refractory phase, such as a metal. It is also possible that the high-temperature resistant phase does not melt on reaching a high critical temperature, but sublimes or decomposes, as do some ceramics.
- the intercalated composite material may in particular contain ceramic grains or refractory metals, in particular materials, the temperatures of at least 1900 0 C 1, preferably at least 2400 0 C, withstand, ie a phase transition temperature of at least 1900 0 C, preferably more than 2400 0 C 1 exhibit.
- Both oxide ceramics for example MgO, ZrO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , ZrSiO 4 , MgAl 2 O 4 , and carbides, nitrides, suicides and borides are suitable, for example SiC, TiC, ZrC, B 4 C 3 , WC, Mo 2 C, VC, BN, AlN, TiN, Si 3 N 4, WSi 2, MoSi 2, Nb 5 Si 3, Ta 5 Si 3, TiB 2, ZrB. 2
- refractory metals for example, W, Nb, Ta, Mo, V 1 Cr are suitable.
- the intercalated composite may also contain various ceramic grains or refractory metals.
- the high-temperature-resistant phase in connection with an intercalation composite according to the invention, this therefore includes all high-temperature-resistant materials contained in the intercalated composite material.
- the high temperature resistant phase has a content of 10 vol.% As used herein.
- the ferromagnetic phase of the intercalated composite material is preferably of iron or an iron alloy, but may for example also consist of nickel and / or cobalt or of ferromagnetic alloys.
- the intercalated composite material can also contain a plurality of physically or chemically different ferromagnetic phases. As far as in connection with an intercalated composite of an extinguishing plate according to the invention of a ferromagnetic phase is mentioned, including all the ferromagnetic phases contained in the material to understand.
- the high-temperature-resistant phase of an extinguishing plate according to the invention is preferably distributed over the entire thickness of the composite material, particularly preferably
- the production takes place, for example, by powder metallurgy, melt metallurgy, continuous casting, impregnation of a porous skeleton or by pouring of high temperature resistant material with ferromagnetic matrix material, thermal spraying of matrix material and refractory Zuschlagstoff on a metallic substrate or electrodepositing a matrix with integrating a high temperature resistant phase.
- powder metallurgy melt metallurgy
- continuous casting impregnation of a porous skeleton
- thermal spraying of matrix material and refractory Zuglerstoff thermal spraying of matrix material and refractory Zuschlagstoff on a metallic substrate or electrodepositing a matrix with integrating a high temperature resistant phase.
- thermal spraying of matrix material and refractory Zuscherstoff on a metallic substrate or electrodepositing a matrix with integrating a high temperature resistant phase.
- An extinguishing plate according to the invention is preferably 0.4 mm to 3 mm, in particular 0.8 mm to 1, 8 mm thick. Accordingly, the intercalation compound used according to the invention is preferably between 0.4 mm to 3 mm, in particular 0.8 mm to 1, 8 mm thick. It is thus preferred according to the invention for the thickness of the intercalated composite to be substantially identical to the thickness of the extinguishing plate.
- the intercalated composite material can additionally contain, in addition to a ferromagnetic phase and a high-temperature-resistant phase, further phases, for example an electrically highly conductive phase, in particular copper or a copper alloy.
- An additional phase can significantly increase the electrical conductivity of the composite, so that it is heated less when erasing an arc and consequently less load.
- the ferromagnetic phase preferably accounts for more than half the volume of the intercalation compound, preferably at least 70%, in particular at least 85%. Due to a high proportion of the ferromagnetic phase, a strong magnetic force can advantageously be generated by interaction with the arc, which causes the arc to migrate very quickly into an extinguishing plate arrangement, split and extinguished.
- the high-temperature-resistant phase of the intercalated composite preferably fills at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, of its volume. Relatively small proportions of the high-temperature-resistant phase are frequently sufficient, since the high-temperature-resistant phase can accumulate on its surface when the remaining phase (s) of the intercalated composite material melts.
- the high-temperature-resistant phase therefore preferably accounts for less than 25%, preferably less than 20%, in particular less than 15%, of the volume of the intercalated composite.
- the powder mixture is pressed into green sheets.
- the green sheets are sintered and rolled to the desired thickness of 0.8 mm to 1.2 mm.
- the rolling can be carried out in several rolling steps, between which the sintered plates are each outsourced. After the last rolling step, the sintered plates are preferably outsourced again.
- the plates made from the intercalated composite material produced in this way are then galvanically coated with a thin electrically conductive layer, for example a copper layer, which is 5 to 10 micrometers thick.
- a ferromagnetic iron-nickel alloy is thermally sprayed onto a substrate together with a high temperature resistant additive, such as tungsten, until a desired thickness of 0.5 mm to 2 mm is achieved.
- the substrate may for example consist of an easily removable material such as cardboard or textile fabric. After removal of the substrate, the resulting composite material is electroplated with 5-10 microns of silver or a silver alloy.
- a thin sheet such as aluminum or iron, can be used, on the top and bottom of the intercalated composite is produced by spraying.
- the interstitial composite is applied to the top and bottom of the substrate until the two layers of interstitial composite thus formed are substantially thicker than the substrate, for example at least three times as thick.
- An iron-cobalt alloy is electrodeposited with the incorporation of a high-temperature-resistant additive, for example Al 2 O 3, onto a conductive substrate. This conductive substrate can be removed after deposition.
- a high-temperature-resistant additive for example Al 2 O 3
Landscapes
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
- Shielding Devices Or Components To Electric Or Magnetic Fields (AREA)
- Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)
- Breakers (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Cooling Or The Like Of Electrical Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102008035974A DE102008035974B4 (de) | 2008-07-31 | 2008-07-31 | Löschplatte für eine Lichtbogen-Löschkammer |
| PCT/EP2009/004916 WO2010012355A1 (de) | 2008-07-31 | 2009-07-08 | Löschplatte für eine lichtbogen-löschkammer |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2313902A1 true EP2313902A1 (de) | 2011-04-27 |
Family
ID=41050867
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP09777016A Withdrawn EP2313902A1 (de) | 2008-07-31 | 2009-07-08 | Löschplatte für eine lichtbogen-löschkammer |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20110180515A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP2313902A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2011529615A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102008035974B4 (de) |
| RU (1) | RU2011105093A (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2010012355A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102016213073A1 (de) | 2016-07-18 | 2018-01-18 | Ellenberger & Poensgen Gmbh | Schaltsystem |
| JP6879173B2 (ja) * | 2017-11-10 | 2021-06-02 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 開閉装置 |
| CN110600348A (zh) * | 2019-10-14 | 2019-12-20 | 中汇瑞德电子(芜湖)有限公司 | 灭弧室 |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BE439208A (de) * | 1934-10-20 | |||
| GB803189A (en) * | 1955-11-04 | 1958-10-22 | Reyrolle A & Co Ltd | Improvements relating to arc chutes |
| DE1127984B (de) * | 1958-02-06 | 1962-04-19 | Licentia Gmbh | Lichtbogenloeschkammer ganz oder teilweise aus Magnetkeramik |
| US3254189A (en) * | 1961-05-15 | 1966-05-31 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Electrical contact members having a plurality of refractory metal fibers embedded therein |
| US4127700A (en) * | 1973-10-12 | 1978-11-28 | G. Rau | Metallic material with additives embedded therein and method for producing the same |
| DE2362089A1 (de) * | 1973-12-14 | 1975-06-26 | Degussa | Loeschbleche fuer elektrische schalter |
| CH594976A5 (de) * | 1976-05-07 | 1978-01-31 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | |
| DE2756715C2 (de) * | 1977-12-20 | 1982-10-14 | Stettner & Co, 8560 Lauf | Material für Bauteile von elektrischen Geräten, insbesondere Schaltgeräten |
| DE2832900A1 (de) * | 1978-07-27 | 1980-02-07 | Stettner & Co | Mehrschichtiges bauteil fuer lichtbogenloeschkammer |
| US5259436A (en) * | 1991-04-08 | 1993-11-09 | Aluminum Company Of America | Fabrication of metal matrix composites by vacuum die casting |
| US5616421A (en) * | 1991-04-08 | 1997-04-01 | Aluminum Company Of America | Metal matrix composites containing electrical insulators |
| US5761025A (en) * | 1995-02-13 | 1998-06-02 | Iversen; Arthur H. | Low cost power switchgear |
| US20020134758A1 (en) * | 2001-02-06 | 2002-09-26 | General Electric Company | Arc splitter plate |
| DE102004036113B4 (de) | 2004-07-24 | 2006-10-05 | Ami Doduco Gmbh | Löschblech für eine Lichtbogen-Löschkammer |
-
2008
- 2008-07-31 DE DE102008035974A patent/DE102008035974B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2009
- 2009-07-08 US US13/056,403 patent/US20110180515A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-07-08 WO PCT/EP2009/004916 patent/WO2010012355A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2009-07-08 JP JP2011520343A patent/JP2011529615A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-07-08 RU RU2011105093/07A patent/RU2011105093A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2009-07-08 EP EP09777016A patent/EP2313902A1/de not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2010012355A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE102008035974A1 (de) | 2010-02-11 |
| US20110180515A1 (en) | 2011-07-28 |
| RU2011105093A (ru) | 2012-09-10 |
| JP2011529615A (ja) | 2011-12-08 |
| WO2010012355A1 (de) | 2010-02-04 |
| DE102008035974B4 (de) | 2010-07-08 |
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| RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: HONIG, THOMAS Inventor name: MALDENER, THORSTEN Inventor name: BEHRENS, VOLKER |
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