Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
  • C10L1/023—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for spark ignition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
  • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/10—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/1608—Well defined compounds, e.g. hexane, benzene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/1691—Hydrocarbons petroleum waxes, mineral waxes; paraffines; alkylation products; Friedel-Crafts condensation products; petroleum resins; modified waxes (oxidised)

Definitions

• PRODUCED BURNING SAME The present application relates to high octane unleaded fuel compositions. In one embodiment, the application relates to methods for increasing the maximum torque output value produced burning high octane unleaded fuel compositions.
• the octane number of the fuel In the operation of spark-induced combustion engines, and particularly automotive engines operating on gasoline, the octane number of the fuel must be high enough to prevent knocking. Gasolines sold at service stations typically have an octane number of from 87 to 93. Fuels having such octane numbers are satisfactory for most automotive engines. For high performance engines, and for racing engines in particular, fuels of even higher octane numbers are required. The lower the octane number, the more likely it is that knocking will occur. The production of fuels of progressively higher octane values is progressively more difficult to achieve. In particular, fuels having an octane value at or above 100 are highly desired and the most difficult to produce.
• unleaded fuels Unfortunately, commercially available unleaded fuels with an octane number of 93 or more tend to exhibit lower maximum torque output values and lower maximum power output values than may be desirable for high performance fuels.
• a variety of components are blended to increase the octane value of unleaded fuels. Examples include aromatic amines, methyl ethyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), and/or increased aromatics .
• Jessup relates to fuels for high performance engines and for racing engines in particular.
• Jessup describes "a fuel composition . . . containing at least four components selected from the group consisting of butane, isopentane, toluene, MTBE, and alkylate, with alkylate being one such component and toluene another, said fuel having an octane value of 100 or more.”
• Jessup co. 1, 11. 34-39.
• MTBE methyl tertiary butyl ether
• MTBE also has been banned from use in certain gasolines in California.
• Jessup describes a fuel which does not comprise MTBE. However, the fuel comprises 60 vol . % toluene. The use of such a large amount of aromatic is undesirable. As Jessup explains, “higher levels of aromatics in the fuel may cause problems with elastomer components and/or drivability . " Jessup, col. 3, 11. 9-11.
• an unleaded fuel composition comprising:
• the present application provides unleaded fuel compositions having an octane number of greater than 93 that comprise less than 50 volume% aromatics and that produce high maximum torque output values, even in the absence of ethers or aromatic amines .
• the unleaded fuel compositions have an octane number of 95 or more. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel compositions have an octane number of 98 or more.
• the unleaded fuel compositions have an octane number of 99 or more.
• the unleaded fuel compositions have an octane number of 100 or more.
• the application provides an unleaded fuel composition comprising: 45 volume% or more of one or more branched paraffins; 34 volume% or less of one or more mono- and di- alkylated benzenes; from 5 to 6 volume% of one or more linear paraffins having from 3 to 5 carbon atoms; and, one or more alkanol having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms in an amount sufficient to boost the octane number of the unleaded fuel composition to 93 or greater, the unleaded fuel composition being free of any other ingredient or combination of ingredients that increases the octane number of the unleaded fuel composition by more than 1.0 unit.
• the present application provides unleaded fuel compositions having an octane number of greater than 93 that comprise less than 50 vol.% aromatics and that produce high maximum torque output values, even in the absence of ethers or aromatic amines.
• the unleaded fuel compositions also produce a higher maximum power output value than observed burning commercially available unleaded racing fuels having an octane number of 93 or more.
• the unleaded fuel compositions comprise one or more branched paraffins, one or more mono- and di- alkylated benzenes, one or more linear paraffins, and one or more alkanol.
• the unleaded fuel compositions are free of any other ingredient or combination of ingredients that increases the octane number of the unleaded fuel composition by more than 1.0 unit .
• the octane number of a fuel composition generally is calculated as the sum of the Research Octane Number (RON) and the Motor Octane Number (MON) divided by 2, i.e., (R+M)/2. Unless otherwise indicated, the Research Octane Number (RON) is determined according to method ASTM D-2699-04a (2004) and the Motor Octane Number (MON) is determined according to method ASTM D-2700-04a (2004), both incorporated by reference .
• the unleaded fuel compositions of the present application have octane numbers that are higher than those observed for most commercially available unleaded fuels. It is advantageous for the unleaded fuel composition to have an octane number sufficiently high to prevent the engine from knocking.
• the unleaded fuel composition has an octane number of greater than 93.
• the unleaded fuel composition has an octane number of 94 or more.
• the unleaded fuel composition has an octane number of 95 or more.
• the unleaded fuel composition has an octane number of 96 or more.
• the unleaded fuel composition has an octane number of 97 or more.
• the unleaded fuel composition has an octane number of 98 or more. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition has an octane number of 99 or more. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition has an octane number of 100 or more.
• the unleaded fuel compositions unexpectedly produce higher maximum torque output values than commercially available unleaded fuels having an octane number of 93 or more.
• the maximum torque output value produced burning an unleaded fuel composition is important for vehicle acceleration. Maximum torque output values are even more important in high performance applications, such as racing applications. Specifically, the use of a fuel with a high maximum torque output value provides the driver with greater acceleration of a high performance vehicle. The maximum torque output value becomes particularly important at high speeds, such as those encountered in racing applications.
• the unleaded fuel compositions also produce a higher maximum power output value than commercially available unleaded fuels having an octane number of 93 or more .
• the blend produces a relatively smooth distillation curve.
• burning the unleaded fuel composition in an engine produces a relatively smooth, even burn.
• 30 vol.% or less of the unleaded fuel composition volatilizes at or below 93 0 C (200 0 F) ; 50 volume% of the unleaded fuel composition volatilizes at a temperature of from 93 0 C (200 0 F) to 121°C (250 0 F) ; and, 20 vol.% of the unleaded fuel composition volatilize at a temperature of greater than 93 0 C (200 0 F) to 149 0 C (300 0 F).
• the application provides an unleaded fuel composition comprising: 45 volume% of one or more branched paraffins; 34 volume% or less of one or more mono- and di- alkylated benzenes; from 5 to 6 volume% of one or more linear paraffins having from 3 to 5 carbon atoms; and, one or more alkanol having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms in an amount sufficient to boost the octane number of the unleaded fuel composition to 93 or greater, the unleaded fuel composition being free of any other ingredient or combination of ingredients that increases the octane number of the fuel composition by more than 1.0 unit.
• Branched Paraffins comprising: 45 volume% of one or more branched paraffins; 34 volume% or less of one or more mono- and di- alkylated benzenes; from 5 to 6 volume% of one or more linear paraffins having from 3 to 5 carbon atoms; and, one or more alkanol having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms in an amount sufficient to boost the
• the blend comprises primarily one or more branched paraffins. In one embodiment, the blend comprises 45 vol.% or more branched paraffins. In one embodiment, the blend comprises 46 vol.% or more branched paraffins. In one embodiment, the blend comprises 47 vol.% or more branched paraffins. In one embodiment, the blend comprises 48 vol.% or more branched paraffins. In one embodiment, the blend comprises 49 vol.% or more branched paraffins. In one embodiment, the blend comprises 50 vol.% or more branched paraffins. In one embodiment, the blend comprises 51 vol.% or more branched paraffins. In one embodiment, the blend comprises 52 vol.% or more branched paraffins. In one embodiment, the blend comprises 53 vol.% or more branched paraffins. In one embodiment, the blend comprises 54 vol.% or more branched paraffins. In one embodiment, the blend comprises 54 vol.% branched paraffins. In one embodiment, the blend comprises 54 vol.% branched paraffins. In one embodiment
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises one or more linear paraffins.
• the one or more linear paraffins have from 3 to 5 carbon atoms.
• the linear paraffins comprise butane.
• the linear paraffin is butane.
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises 5 vol.% or more of the linear paraffins. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 6 vol.% or less of the linear paraffins. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 5 vol.% of the linear paraffins. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 5 vol.% butane.
• the blend comprises a quantity of alkylated benzenes.
• the alkylated benzenes volatilize evenly along the distillation curve and increase the maximum power output value of the engine burning the unleaded fuel composition.
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises 35 vol.% or less of one or more alkylated benzenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 34 vol.% or less of one or more alkylated benzenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 30 vol.% or less of one or more alkylated benzenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 20 vol.% or more of one or more alkylated benzenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 22 vol.% or more of one or more alkylated benzenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 23 vol.% or more of one or more alkylated benzenes.
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises 24 vol.% or more of one or more alkylated benzenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 25 vol.% or more of one or more alkylated benzenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 5 vol.% or more alkylated benzenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 8 vol.% or more alkylated benzenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 10 vol.% or more alkylated benzenes .
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises 25 vol.% of a combination of alkylated benzenes.
• Suitable alkylated benzenes have the following general structure :
• R 2 wherein R, R 1 , and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, provided that at least one of R, R 1 , and R 2 is an alkyl group.
• R, R 1 , and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms.
• R, R 1 , and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl groups.
• the alkylated benzene is mono- alkylated benzene.
• the alkylated benzene is a di-alkylated benzene.
• the alkylated benzene is a tri-alkylated benzene.
• one or more of R, R 1 , and R 2 are methyl groups.
• the alkylated benzenes are a combination of one or more of mono-alkylated benzene, di- alkylated benzene, and tri-alkylated benzene.
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises a combination of di-alkylated benzene and mono- alkylated benzene. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises a combination of xylene and toluene. Xylenes
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises xylenes.
• Xylenes are di-substituted benzenes having the following structure:
• the CH 3 substituents may be in a meta-, ortho-, or para- position .
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises p-xylene.
• P-xylene has the following structure:
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises 10 vol.% or more xylenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 11 vol.% or more xylenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 12 vol.% or more xylenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 13 vol.% or more xylenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 14 vol.% or more xylenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 15 vol.% or more xylenes.
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises 29 vol.% or less xylenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 25 vol.% or less xylenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 20 vol.% or less xylenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 19 vol.% or less xylenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 18 vol.% or less xylenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 17 vol.% or less xylenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 16 vol.% or less xylenes. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 15 vol.% or less xylenes.
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises 15 vol.% p-xylene. Toluene
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises toluene.
• Toluene is a mono-substituted benzene having the following structure:
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises 5 vol . % or more toluene. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 6 vol.% or more toluene. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 7 vol.% or more toluene. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 8 vol.% or more toluene. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 9 vol.% or more toluene. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 10 vol.% or less toluene. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 10 vol.% toluene .
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises a combination of xylene and toluene. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises a combination of p-xylene and toluene.
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises a combination of 15 vol.% xylene and 10 vol.% toluene. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises a combination of 15 vol.% p-xylene and 10 vol.% toluene .
• the blend comprises an amount of alkylate.
• the alkylate is effective to stabilize the distillation curve of the blend along its length.
• the alkylate assists the blend in burning evenly in the engine.
• alkylate typically refers to branched-chain paraffin.
• the branched-chain paraffin typically is derived from the reaction of isoparaffin with olefin. Alkylation is described, for example, in J. Gary, et al. Petroleum Refining, Technology and Economics (2d Ed. 1984) Chapter 10, pp. 159-183, and in Kirk Othmer. Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (4 th Ed. 1999) Vol. 1, p. 75-76.
• alkylate refers to hydrocarbon compositions used for fuel applications comprising 90 volume% or more isoparaffins, as measured according to ASTM D5134-98 (2003), incorporated herein by reference.
• the alkylate also meets one or more of the following parameters, as measured according to ASTM D5134-98 (2003) : comprises less than 2 volume% paraffins; comprises less than 1 volume% olefins; comprises less than 5 volume% naphthenes; comprises less than 3 volume% aromatics; comprises less than 0.3 volume% molecules with 14 or more carbon atoms; has an initial boiling point of 96°C; and, has a final boiling point of 394°C.
• the alkylate has an API gravity of 69° API, as measured according to ASTM D4052 (IP365) -96 (1996) .
• the alkylate has a dry vapor pressure of from 27.6 kPa (4 psi) to 35 kPa (5 psi) , as measured according to ASTM D5191-EPA-07 (2007) .
• the alkylate is a refinery grade alkylate formed by the reaction of isobutene with 1-butene in the presence of a strongly acidic catalyst.
• Suitable alkylate typically has a RON of, for example, from 93 to 95.
• Suitable alkylate typically has a MON of, for example, from 91 to 92.
• Suitable alkylate typically has an octane number (R+M/2) of, for example, from 92 to 93.5.
• Suitable alkylates can be obtained from a variety of sources, including Solvents & Chemicals, Pearland, Texas; Equistar Chemicals; Texas Petrochemicals; Shell Chemical Company; and, various refineries .
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises 50 vol.% or more alkylate. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 51 vol.% or more alkylate. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 52 vol.% or more alkylate. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 53 vol.% or more alkylate. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 54 vol.% or more alkylate. In yet another embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 55 vol.% or more alkylate. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 56 vol.% or more alkylate. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 57 vol.% or more alkylate. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 58 vol.% or more alkylate. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 59 vol.% or more alkylate. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 60 vol.% or less alkylate. Alkanol
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises alkanol.
• the alkanol has from 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
• the alkanol is ethanol.
• the blend comprises a sufficient amount of alkanol to boost the octane number of the unleaded fuel composition to the desired level.
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises 3 vol.% or more alkanol. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 4 vol.% or more alkanol. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 5 vol.% or more alkanol. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 6 vol.% or less alkanol.
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises 6 volume% butane; 50 volume% alkylate; 5 volume% toluene, 29 volume% p-xylene; and, 10 volume% ethanol. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 5 volume% butane; 60 volume% alkylate; 10 volume% toluene, 15 volume% p-xylene; and, 10 volume% ethanol.
• the unleaded fuel composition optionally may comprise a variety of other components as long as they do not increase the octane number by more than 1.0 unit.
• Suitable components include, for example, fuel additives as listed in ASTM D-4814-04 (2004), incorporated herein by reference, or as specified by a regulatory body, e.g., U.S. California Air Resources Board (CARB) or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) .
• CARB U.S. California Air Resources Board
• EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
• the unleaded fuel composition may comprise one or more oxygenate octane boosters.
• Suitable oxygenate octane boosters include, for example, alkyl ethers.
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises alkyl ether comprising an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the alkyl group has from 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the alkyl group is a branched chain alkyl group having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the alkyl group is a tertiary alkyl group having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms. Suitable tertiary alkyl groups include, for example, tert-butyl groups and tert-amyl groups .
• the alkyl ether is dialkyl ether. In one embodiment, the alkyl ether is asymmetric dialkyl ether. In one embodiment, the dialkyl ether comprises a first tertiary alkyl group and a second alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the dialkyl ether comprises a first tertiary alkyl group and second alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the second alkyl group is a linear alkyl group. In one embodiment, the second alkyl group is selected from the group consisting of a methyl group and an ethyl group. Specific examples of suitable alkyl ethers include methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) , ethyl tertiary butyl ether, and methyl tertiary amyl ether.
• MTBE methyl tertiary butyl ether
• Suitable oxygenate octane boosters are made using known processes and are available commercially from a variety of sources .
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises corrosion inhibitor.
• corrosion inhibitors include, for example, carboxylic acids, esters, alkanolamides, amines, etc.
• the unleaded fuel composition also may comprise other additives or components.
• components suitable for use in the unleaded fuel composition include other paraffins, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, and/or esters.
• Refinery streams that may be used in the unleaded fuel include, for example, distillation products and reaction products from a refinery such as catalytic reformate, heavy catalytic cracked spirit, light catalytic cracked spirit, straight run gasoline, isomerate, light reformate, light hydrocrackate, and naphtha.
• Other gasoline components include olefins (in particular with one double bond per molecule) .
• Examples include liquid alkene having from 5 to 10 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the liquid alkene has from 6 to 8 carbon atoms.
• the liquid alkene may be linear or branched. Specific examples of suitable liquid alkenes include pentene, isopentene, hexene, isohexene, heptene, and mixtures thereof.
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises naphtha. Where the unleaded fuel composition comprises naphtha, the unleaded fuel composition comprises less than 17.9 weight percent naphtha. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises less than 15 weight percent naphtha. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises less than 10 weight percent naphtha. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises less than 5 weight percent naphtha. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises less than 2 weight percent naphtha. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises less than 1 weight percent naphtha. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition does not comprise naphtha.
• the fuel also may contain lead replacement additives and/or other common additives which have no significant impact on octane value, for example, dyes, deicing agents, agents for preventing exhaust valve seat wear, anti-oxidants , corrosion inhibitors, anti-static additives, detergents and the like.
• lead replacement additives and/or other common additives which have no significant impact on octane value, for example, dyes, deicing agents, agents for preventing exhaust valve seat wear, anti-oxidants , corrosion inhibitors, anti-static additives, detergents and the like.
• the unleaded fuel composition may not comprise any additive.
• the unleaded fuel composition also may comprise one or more fuel additives.
• the unleaded fuel composition typically comprises 1000 ppm or less total amount of additives.
• each additive typically is present in an amount of 0.1 ppm or more.
• each additive is present in an amount of 0.5 ppm or more.
• each additive is present in an amount of 1 ppm or more.
• each additive is present in an amount of 100 ppm or less.
• each additive is present in an amount of 50 ppm or less.
• each additive is present in an amount of 20 ppm or less.
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises lead replacement additive. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises antioxidant. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises detergent additive. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises a combination of lead replacement additive, antioxidant, and detergent additive. Where used, the unleaded fuel composition typically comprises, for example, 20 mg/kg or more lead replacement additive. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises from 25 mg/kg or more lead replacement additive. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 30 mg/kg or more lead replacement additive. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 60 mg/kg or less lead replacement additive. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 55 mg/kg or less lead replacement additive. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 50 mg/kg or less lead replacement additive.
• the unleaded fuel composition typically comprises, for example, 10 mg/kg or more antioxidant. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 15 mg/kg or more antioxidant. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 20 mg/kg or more antioxidant. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 50 mg/kg or less antioxidant. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 45 mg/kg or less antioxidant. In one embodiment, the unleaded fuel composition comprises 40 mg/kg or less antioxidant.
• the unleaded fuel composition typically comprises, for example, 0.01 g/liter (0.05 g/gallon or 3.8 liter) or more detergent additive.
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises 0.02 g/liter (0.08 g/gallon, or 3.8 liter) or more detergent additive.
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises 0.03 g/liter (0.1 g/gallon) or more detergent additive.
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises 1 g/liter (4 g/gallon) or less detergent additive.
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises 0.9 g/liter (3.5 g/gallon) or less detergent additive.
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises 0.8 g/liter (3 g/gallon) or less detergent additive.
• Suitable detergent additives include, for example, polyisobutylene amines, polyisobutylene Mannich reaction products, polyether amines, and combinations thereof.
• the unleaded fuel composition comprises: 40 mg/kg lead replacement additive; 30 mg/kg antioxidant; and, from 0.3 g/liter (1 g/gallon) to 0.5 g/liter (2 g/gallon) detergent additive.
• Jessup relates to fuels for high performance engines and for racing engines in particular. Jessup describes "a fuel composition . . . containing at least four components selected from the group consisting of butane, isopentane, toluene, MTBE, and alkylate, with alkylate being one such component and toluene another, said fuel having an octane value of 100 or more.” Jessup, co. 1, 11. 34-39.
• MTBE methyl tertiary butyl ether
• Jessup describes a fuel which does not comprise MTBE. However, the fuel comprises 60 vol . % toluene. The use of such a large amount of aromatic is undesirable. As Jessup explains, “higher levels of aromatics in the fuel may cause problems with elastomer components and/or drivability . " Jessup, col. 3, 11. 9-11.
• Fang reports the octane number of a number of commercially available branched paraffins in Table 2.
• the highest of the reported octane numbers is 90.5 [(86.1 + 94.9) /2] for Isopar H, which is available from Exxon Chemical. Id., and Fang, col. 3, lines 36-47.
• the highest reported octane number in Fang's Examples is 90.5. Fang, Example 6, col. 7, 11. 44-50.
• the alkylate used in the blends had the composition given in the following Table.
• the numbers in the following Table represent the normalized volume %, based on the total volume of the composition, pursuant to the referenced ASTM test methods .
• the referenced ASTM methods are incorporated herein by reference:
• the alkylate comprised greater than 90 vol.% isoparaffins
• the RON, MON, and octane number [R+M)/2] were measured according to ASTM D-2699-04a (RON) and ASTM D-2700-04a
• Blend 1 For Blend 1, the RON was 104, the MON was 94.8, and the octane number was 100.
• Blend 2 the RON was 104, the MON was 94.8 and the octane number was 100.
• Blend 1 Blend 1
• Comparative Fuel 2 Comparative Fuel 2
• Comparative Fuel 3 Comparative Fuel 3
• Figure 1 shows the comparative distillation curves for the fuels, from an initial boiling point (IBP) through a final boiling point (FBP) .
• CF-I exhibited a much higher IBP, and very little of the components in CF-I volatilized at temperatures lower than 91 0 C (195 0 F) .
• the distillation curve for CF-I was removed.
• the distillation curves for CF-2 and CF-3 are similar.
• Blend 1 volatilized from a temperature of above 115.5 0 C (240 0 F) to 135 0C (275 0 F). The amount of Blend 1 that volatilized over a temperature of 121 0 C (250 0 F) increased rapidly with increased temperature, becoming similar to Blend 2 over a temperature of 135 0 C (275 0 F) .
• Figure 3 is an enlarged view of the portion of Figure 2 from T50 to FBP, or from 107 0 C (225 0 F) to 149 0 C (300 0 F).
• Blends 1 and 2 were tested using a GM 6.6L Race dynamometer to compare the maximum torque output value and the maximum power output value compared to two leading unleaded fuels in the U.S. market stated to have an octane number of 93.
• Two additional commercial fuels were tested in this example, Comparative Fuel 4 (CF-4) and Comparative Fuel 5 (CF-5) . The following were the results:
• FIGs 4 and 5 are graphs of the foregoing results .
• Blend 1 exhibited a higher maximum torque output value and a higher maximum power output value than either Blend 2 or the two commercial fuels .
• Blend 2 exhibited a higher maximum torque output value than CF-5, but otherwise exhibited either an equal or a slightly lower maximum torque output value and maximum power output value compared to the two commercial fuels .
• the experimental fuel clearly generated the highest maximum torque output value of all of the fuels tested. Although the increase was less significant, the experimental fuel also generated the highest maximum power output value of all of the fuels .

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