EP2360134A2 - Nichttoxische, schwermetallfreie zinkperoxidhaltige IR-Tracer-Zusammensetzungen und IR-Tracer-Projektile damit zur Erzeugung einer schwach sichtbaren IR-Spur - Google Patents

Nichttoxische, schwermetallfreie zinkperoxidhaltige IR-Tracer-Zusammensetzungen und IR-Tracer-Projektile damit zur Erzeugung einer schwach sichtbaren IR-Spur Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2360134A2
EP2360134A2 EP11166798A EP11166798A EP2360134A2 EP 2360134 A2 EP2360134 A2 EP 2360134A2 EP 11166798 A EP11166798 A EP 11166798A EP 11166798 A EP11166798 A EP 11166798A EP 2360134 A2 EP2360134 A2 EP 2360134A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
weight
tracer
zinc peroxide
compositions
composition
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP11166798A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2360134A3 (de
Inventor
designation of the inventor has not yet been filed The
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems Canada Inc
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General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems Canada Inc
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Publication of EP2360134A2 publication Critical patent/EP2360134A2/de
Publication of EP2360134A3 publication Critical patent/EP2360134A3/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06C—DETONATING OR PRIMING DEVICES; FUSES; CHEMICAL LIGHTERS; PYROPHORIC COMPOSITIONS
    • C06C15/00—Pyrophoric compositions; Flints

Definitions

  • This invention relates to non-toxic, zinc peroxide-containing, IR tracer compositions and to IR tracer projectiles containing such compositions which, when fired, generate a dim visibility IR trace.
  • Tracer projectiles provide a reliable means of determining whether projectiles impact on the desired target or whether adjustments in aim are necessary.
  • One problem with the use of conventional tracer projectiles is that they emit visible light, which thereby makes the source of the tracer ammunition discernable to the enemy.
  • An object of a second aspect of the present invention is to provide improved IR tracer projectiles which generate an IR trace which is substantially-completely IR radiation.
  • heavy metals e.g., barium nor any other toxic elements
  • a broad aspect of the present invention provides a non-toxic substantially-metallic-metal-free, zinc peroxide-containing, IR tracer composition
  • a non-toxic substantially-metallic-metal-free, zinc peroxide-containing, IR tracer composition comprising: from about 26 to about 30% by weight, or from about 65 to about 80% by weight, of zinc peroxide peroxide; from about 40 to about 47% by weight of potassium nitrate; from about 10 to about 25% by weight of a non-metallic fuel which consists of sodium salicylate; from about 5 to about 26% by weight of a retardant which consists of either iron carbonate or magnesium carbonate or calcium carbonate; from about 5 to about 10% by weight of at least one binder which is either calcium resinate, or a synthetic resin binder which consists of a copolymer of hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride, or from about 5 to about 7.5% by weight of cellulose acetate butyrate; wherein the total percentage of the ingredients
  • inventions and aspects of the invention comprise the following substantially-metallic-metal-free, zinc peroxide-containing, IR tracer compositions:
  • the present invention in another aspect, provides an IR tracer projectile comprising a hollow cylindrical shell made of a suitable metallic material, and having a conical nose; a conventional heavy filler disposed in the hollow conical nose; the non-toxic, metallic-metal-free, zinc peroxide-containing, infrared tracer composition as disclosed hereinabove in its generic, sub-generic and specific aspects, compressed immediately against the filler; a conventional ignition material compressed against said compressed tracer composition; and a metal disc capping the hollow shell.
  • the present invention provides infrared-producing (hereinafter "IR"-producing) compositions which are capable of producing a consistent IR output when provided in IR tracer projectiles which are medium caliber, e.g., 0.50 caliber, long range accuracy ammunition (Match grade)
  • IR infrared-producing
  • the IR output includes near IR and far IR bands (0.76 to 3.0 ⁇ m). The intensity of the IR radiation depends on the specific wavelength of these bands.
  • Conventional pyrotechnic mixtures typically contain a finely-divided mixture of an oxidizer and a fuel (metallic, non-metallic or organic fuel).
  • the oxidizer which contains oxygen, is added to sustain combustion and the metallic atoms are responsible for the characteristic color output.
  • the fuel is added in order to sustain combustion of the mixture and to provide heat energy.
  • Finely divided powdered fuel is very reactive with an oxidizing agent. Above a certain temperature, namely, the ignition temperature, the oxidizer decomposes to release oxygen, which then reacts quickly with the fuel in an exothermic reaction.
  • An oxidizer and a fuel alone do not make practical compositions for the purpose of providing suitable emissions.
  • Each of a flame retardant and a binding agent is also incorporated into the mixture.
  • IR tracer compositions of aspects of the present invention possess unique requirements not generally addressed by the prior art conventional tracer systems. While it is not desired to be limited to any particular theory, it is believed that a hypothesis concerning the formation of purely infrared emission without the presence of visible light may be developed based on black body radiation theory. The requirement would then be for the IR tracer to maximize output at a wavelength of 1 to 3 ⁇ m range.
  • the desired IR range is significantly below the flame temperature of present conventional tracer and flame formulations. This knowledge, coupled with the understanding that visible light output is normally the smallest proportion of energy radiation during combustion, leads to the conclusion that an effective IR tracer according to aspects of the present invention is based on a relatively cool burning tracer formulation.
  • compositions were investigated to maximize the IR intensity while also maximizing the duration of the IR trace and minimizing the generation of excessive amounts of heat for each type of medium caliber projectiles.
  • the compositions to be described hereinafter burn cleanly and relatively coolly and emit relatively-small (i.e., almost negligible) quantities of visible light in proportion to the infrared radiation emitted.
  • the basic components of the IR tracer compositions of aspects of the present invention are able to augment near-IR emissions when fired. This is accomplished by the addition of an IR producing oxidizer and fuel.
  • the IR tracer compositions of aspects of the present invention include zinc peroxide as the oxidizer, an organic fuel, a flame retardant, and a binder.
  • the oxidizer is zinc peroxide.
  • Peroxides of other transition metals e.g., titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zirconium, etc, are not useful in the IR tracer composition of aspects of the invention.
  • the peroxides of such transition metals either provide inert compositions or provide compositions which emit toxic effluents.
  • the preferred organic fuel is sodium salicylate (C 7 H 5 NaO 3 ).
  • This organic fuel has a low melting point and generates a large amount of gases during the combustion, which facilitates the removal of solid residues and soot inside the tracer cavity of the projectile. Without obstruction, the trace can be seen at a longer distances down range.
  • lithium salicylate nor potassium salicylate would be suitable since they provide compositions which are too hygroscopic. Furthermore, these compounds are not conveniently commercially available and so the compositions cannot be easily industrialized.
  • Another component of the IR tracer compositions of aspects of the present invention is potassium nitrate.
  • the nitrates of other alkali metals are not useful in IR tracer compositions of aspects of the present invention, since lithium nitrate produces a composition which is too hygroscopic, while sodium nitrate emits a yellow color.
  • the preferred flame retardants in the IR tracer compositions of aspects of the present invention are iron carbonate and magnesium carbonate although calcium carbonate would also be useful.
  • the presence of iron carbonate or magnesium carbonate or calcium carbonate brings about a better control of the rate of burning and reduces substantially the flash and output of visible light.
  • the carbonates of other transition metals are not suitable.
  • the carbonates of chromium and cobalt contaminate the atmosphere, the carbonate of nickel has carcinogenic properties and the carbonate of zirconium has excessive luminosity properties.
  • a binder maintains the other particulate forms of constituents of the IR tracer compositions of aspects of the present invention together.
  • the binder increases the structural integrity of the IR tracer composition to prevent any break up of the trace in flight. It protects the composition from moisture and increases the flowability of the composition.
  • Suitable binders include cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), calcium resinate, a vinyl acetate resin or the fluoroelastomer known by the trade mark VITON A. Such binders have the properties of acting as a fuel retardant, as a waterproofing agent, and/or as an agent to reduce soot formation.
  • IR tracer compositions of aspects of the present invention differ significantly over conventional tracer compositions, especially conventional IR tracer compositions, of the prior art in the absence of any metallic metal, e.g., boron.
  • the IR tracer compositions were prepared by first dry mixing the powdered ingredients to provide a dry intermediate composition.
  • the binder was dissolved in a suitable aprotic solvent, namely, methyl ethyl ketone.
  • the so-formed binder solution was then incorporated into the dry intermediate composition to provide a wet mixture.
  • the wet mixture so provided was transferred to a suitable mixer in order to obtain a substantially-completely homogeneous mixture of all ingredients.
  • the homogenous mixture so-formed was dried in an oven at about 20-40°C until it was sufficiently dry for sieving.
  • the dry mixture was then sieved to break up agglomerated particles.
  • the IR tracer composition was thus provided as relatively small particles of random shape.
  • IR tracer compositions according to aspects of the present invention was prepared according to the proportion of ingredients as set forth in the following Tables 1A and 1B.
  • Tables 1A and 1B TABLE 1A INGREDIENT PERCENTAGE IN TEST NO TEST NO DT-48 DT-49 DT-50 DT-51 DT-52 ZINC PEROXIDE 30 28 26 28 28 POTASSIUM NITRATE 42.5 42.5 42.5 44.5 44.5 IRON CARBONATE 20 22 24 20 0 CAB 7.5 7.5 7.7 7.5 7.5 MAGNESIUM CARBONATE 0 0 0 0 20 TABLE 1B INGREDIENT PERCENTAGE IN TEST NO TEST NO DT-53 DT-54 DT-55 DT-56 ZINC PEROXIDE 28 65 75 75 SODIUM SALICYLATE 44.5 25 17.5 10 CALCIUM RESINATE 20 10 7.5 10 CAB 7.5
  • the tracer projectile 10 includes a hollow shell 12 of, preferably, a copper alloy (90% Cu/10% Zn), whose hollow nose 14 is filled with a suitable heavy filler 16.
  • the IR tracer composition 18 is compressed immediately against the filler 16.
  • a conventional ignition material 20 is compressed against the IR tracer composition 18.
  • the IR tracer projectile 10 is capped by means of a brass closure disc 22.
  • each of the IR tracer compositions was inserted into 0.50 caliber tracer projectiles and fired.
  • the IR tracer composition inside the projectile body was ignited by hot gases emitted by a propellant.
  • the visibility with the naked eye of the tracer projectile was determined by the same observers at the firing position along the trajectory path and perpendicular to the trajectory path at 200m down range and at 400m down range from the firing position.
  • the calorific output of the tracer projectile was measured with a calorimeter.
  • the IR trace was found to be visible from the firing position and could not be seen with the naked eye by the observers placed at an angle with respect to the trajectory of the IR tracer projectile.
  • the calorific output of the IR tracer composition measured with a calorimeter was about 500 cal/g, which is about one third less than the calorific output generated by conventional IR tracer compositions, (500 cal/g compared to 1200 cal/g for conventional IR tracer compositions).
  • the IR trace can, thus, be designated as a cold trace.
  • the IR intensity of the IR emission as measured with a spectrophotometer equipped with IR filters at a wavelength of 760 nanometers was found to be about 1 to 4 watts/steradian , and at a wavelength of 3,000 nanometers was found to be about 1.7 to 2.1 watts/steradian.
  • the IR tracer compositions of aspects of the present invention was found to have an IR luminosity as measured with a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 760 nanometers of about 1 to 2 watts/steradian and an IR luminosity as measured with a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 3000 nanometers of about 1 to 4 watts/steradian.
  • the IR trace can be seen up to 1000m compared to 600m for conventional 0.50 caliber tracer projectiles.
  • the medium caliber, i.e., 0.50 caliber, IR tracer projectiles of an aspect of the present invention containing the IR tracer compositions of aspects of the present invention have been found to increase the length of trace along the firing line by up to about 120%.
  • the IR tracer compositions of aspects of the present invention produce relatively low burn rate materials so that the IR trace can be seen from the firing point to a longer distance down range.
  • the burn rate is adjustable for medium caliber, i.e., 0.50 caliber, ammunition to meet or exceed NATO and specific user requirements.
  • medium caliber i.e. 0.50 caliber
  • ammunition to meet or exceed NATO and specific user requirements.
  • particular burn rates can be adjusted, the ratio of IR radiation to visible light can be optimized (i.e., substantially no visible light), and the general physical and chemical properties can be carefully selected.
  • the medium caliber i.e., 0.50 caliber, IR tracer projectiles of aspects of the present invention containing the IR tracer compositions of aspects of the present invention have a relatively slow burning rate so that the IR tracer can be seen up to 1800m compared to 1500m for conventional 0.50 caliber tracer projectiles.
  • the IR tracer compositions of aspects of the present invention do not degrade with time, when properly stored at a temperature varying between 5°C and 20°C, with a relative humidity which ranged between 50% and 70%.
  • the calorific heat of an IR tracer projectile containing IR tracer compositions of aspects of the present invention at the beginning of the storage period was about 675 cal/g and remained constant over a minimum storage period of 6 months.
  • IR tracer compositions of aspects of the present invention do not contain any toxic elements
  • the IR tracer compositions of aspects of the present invention may easily be industrialized.
  • compositions having the ingredients/proportions set forth in the following Tables 2A, 2B and 2C have been found not to be useful TABLE 2A INGREDIENT PERCENTAGE IN TEST NO TEST NO DT-02 DT-05 DT-13 DT-19 DT-20 DT-31 ZINC PEROXIDE 40 50 50 34 49 48 POTASSIUM CHLORATE 0 0 0 9 5 0 MAGNESIUM CARBONATE 10 10 10 0 0 0 0 POLYISOBUTYLENE 0 5 5 0 0 0 CALCIUM RESINATE 10 0 0 0 0 0 STRONTIUM OXIDE 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 POTASSIUM NITRATE 0 25 25 0 24.5 24.5 METALLIC IRON 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 SILICON 0 0 10 0 0 0 BARIUM CH
  • the present invention provides IR tracer compositions for the production of IR projectiles for medium caliber, i.e., 0.50 caliber, ammunition.
  • the IR tracer compositions of aspects of the present invention are non-toxic. When incorporated into medium caliber, i.e., 0.50 caliber, IR tracer projectiles and fired, they have a lower calorific output than conventional compositions and they produce a cool IR trace which is not visible to the naked eye, i.e., it is a dim trace.
  • the rate of burning is selectively controllable so that the IR trace can be seen at longer distance from the firing position than conventional IR trace projectiles containing conventional IR trace compositions.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
EP11166798A 2005-04-05 2006-03-28 Nichttoxische, schwermetallfreie zinkperoxidhaltige IR-Tracer-Zusammensetzungen und IR-Tracer-Projektile damit zur Erzeugung einer schwach sichtbaren IR-Spur Withdrawn EP2360134A3 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/098,368 US20060219339A1 (en) 2005-04-05 2005-04-05 Non-toxic, metallic-metal free zinc peroxide-containing, IR tracer compositions and IR tracer projectiles containing same for generating a dim visibility IR trace
EP06721718A EP1866264A4 (de) 2005-04-05 2006-03-28 Nicht toxische, von metallischem metall freie zinkperoxidhaltige ir-tracer-zusammensetzungen und diese enthaltende ir-tracer-projektile zur erzeugung einer schwach sichtbaren ir-spur

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP06721718.2 Division 2006-03-28

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2360134A2 true EP2360134A2 (de) 2011-08-24
EP2360134A3 EP2360134A3 (de) 2012-09-19

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP11166798A Withdrawn EP2360134A3 (de) 2005-04-05 2006-03-28 Nichttoxische, schwermetallfreie zinkperoxidhaltige IR-Tracer-Zusammensetzungen und IR-Tracer-Projektile damit zur Erzeugung einer schwach sichtbaren IR-Spur
EP06721718A Withdrawn EP1866264A4 (de) 2005-04-05 2006-03-28 Nicht toxische, von metallischem metall freie zinkperoxidhaltige ir-tracer-zusammensetzungen und diese enthaltende ir-tracer-projektile zur erzeugung einer schwach sichtbaren ir-spur

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP06721718A Withdrawn EP1866264A4 (de) 2005-04-05 2006-03-28 Nicht toxische, von metallischem metall freie zinkperoxidhaltige ir-tracer-zusammensetzungen und diese enthaltende ir-tracer-projektile zur erzeugung einer schwach sichtbaren ir-spur

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US20060219339A1 (de)
EP (2) EP2360134A3 (de)
CA (1) CA2604977C (de)
WO (1) WO2006105635A1 (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CZ304078B6 (cs) * 2011-12-19 2013-10-02 Sellier & Bellot Speciální paliva vhodná pro pyrotechnické smesi emitující v blízké IR oblasti

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
USD751167S1 (en) * 2014-05-13 2016-03-08 Physical Optics Corporation Projectile

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US2899291A (en) 1948-06-29 1959-08-11 heiskell
US3503814A (en) 1968-05-03 1970-03-31 Us Navy Pyrotechnic composition containing nickel and aluminum
US3983816A (en) 1974-01-16 1976-10-05 Thiokol Corporation Compositions for producing flickering signals
US3986907A (en) 1975-03-07 1976-10-19 Thiokol Corporation Illuminating flare composition containing tetranitrocarbazole
US4094711A (en) 1977-09-01 1978-06-13 Ford Aerospace & Communications Corporation Tracer and composition
US4597810A (en) 1985-06-20 1986-07-01 Trickel Neal E Tracer unit for ammunition
US4719856A (en) 1981-04-01 1988-01-19 Pains-Wessex Limited Pyrotechnic device
US4881464A (en) 1989-03-06 1989-11-21 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Signal or rescue flare of variable luminosity
US4979999A (en) 1989-09-29 1990-12-25 Minister Of National Defence Of Her Majesty's Canadian Government Tracer composition and method of producing same
US5472536A (en) 1994-12-19 1995-12-05 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Tracer mixture for use with laser hardened optics
US5587552A (en) 1993-11-09 1996-12-24 Thiokol Corporation Infrared illuminating composition
US5661257A (en) 1996-01-16 1997-08-26 Thiokol Corporation Multispectral covert target marker
US5811724A (en) 1997-09-09 1998-09-22 Primex Technologies, Inc. Infrared tracer for ammunition

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US2988438A (en) * 1957-04-04 1961-06-13 Olin Mathieson Combustible compositions
US3677842A (en) * 1970-03-10 1972-07-18 Us Army Low light level tracer mix
US4128443A (en) * 1975-07-24 1978-12-05 Pawlak Daniel E Deflagrating propellant compositions
DE2952069C2 (de) * 1979-12-22 1983-02-17 Dynamit Nobel Ag, 5210 Troisdorf Verwendung von Zinkperoxid in sprengstoffhaltigen oder pyrotechnischen Gemischen
WO1996029564A2 (en) * 1995-03-14 1996-09-26 Thiokol Corporation Infrared tracer compositions
DE19548544A1 (de) * 1995-12-23 1997-06-26 Dynamit Nobel Ag Initialsprengstoff-freie Anzündmischung
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2899291A (en) 1948-06-29 1959-08-11 heiskell
US3503814A (en) 1968-05-03 1970-03-31 Us Navy Pyrotechnic composition containing nickel and aluminum
US3983816A (en) 1974-01-16 1976-10-05 Thiokol Corporation Compositions for producing flickering signals
US3986907A (en) 1975-03-07 1976-10-19 Thiokol Corporation Illuminating flare composition containing tetranitrocarbazole
US4094711A (en) 1977-09-01 1978-06-13 Ford Aerospace & Communications Corporation Tracer and composition
US4719856A (en) 1981-04-01 1988-01-19 Pains-Wessex Limited Pyrotechnic device
US4597810A (en) 1985-06-20 1986-07-01 Trickel Neal E Tracer unit for ammunition
US4881464A (en) 1989-03-06 1989-11-21 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Signal or rescue flare of variable luminosity
US4979999A (en) 1989-09-29 1990-12-25 Minister Of National Defence Of Her Majesty's Canadian Government Tracer composition and method of producing same
US5587552A (en) 1993-11-09 1996-12-24 Thiokol Corporation Infrared illuminating composition
US5472536A (en) 1994-12-19 1995-12-05 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Tracer mixture for use with laser hardened optics
US5661257A (en) 1996-01-16 1997-08-26 Thiokol Corporation Multispectral covert target marker
US5811724A (en) 1997-09-09 1998-09-22 Primex Technologies, Inc. Infrared tracer for ammunition

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CZ304078B6 (cs) * 2011-12-19 2013-10-02 Sellier & Bellot Speciální paliva vhodná pro pyrotechnické smesi emitující v blízké IR oblasti
US10752561B2 (en) 2011-12-19 2020-08-25 Sellier & Bellot A.S. Fuel for pyrotechnic mixtures emitting in the near-infrared region

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1866264A1 (de) 2007-12-19
US20060219339A1 (en) 2006-10-05
WO2006105635A1 (en) 2006-10-12
EP2360134A3 (de) 2012-09-19
EP1866264A4 (de) 2009-07-01
CA2604977C (en) 2012-09-18
CA2604977A1 (en) 2006-10-12

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