EP2383390A2 - Steife oder sehr gering verformbare Trennvorrichtung, die auf Sicherheitsbarrieren zur Verwendung an den Seiten- und Mittelstreifen von Straßen anwendbar ist - Google Patents

Steife oder sehr gering verformbare Trennvorrichtung, die auf Sicherheitsbarrieren zur Verwendung an den Seiten- und Mittelstreifen von Straßen anwendbar ist Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2383390A2
EP2383390A2 EP10015723A EP10015723A EP2383390A2 EP 2383390 A2 EP2383390 A2 EP 2383390A2 EP 10015723 A EP10015723 A EP 10015723A EP 10015723 A EP10015723 A EP 10015723A EP 2383390 A2 EP2383390 A2 EP 2383390A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
separator
post
fence
barrier
rigid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP10015723A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Antonio Amengual Pericas
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hierros y Aplanaciones SA
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Hierros y Aplanaciones SA
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hierros y Aplanaciones SA filed Critical Hierros y Aplanaciones SA
Publication of EP2383390A2 publication Critical patent/EP2383390A2/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F15/00—Safety arrangements for slowing, redirecting or stopping errant vehicles, e.g. guard posts or bollards; Arrangements for reducing damage to roadside structures due to vehicular impact
    • E01F15/02—Continuous barriers extending along roads or between traffic lanes
    • E01F15/04—Continuous barriers extending along roads or between traffic lanes essentially made of longitudinal beams or rigid strips supported above ground at spaced points
    • E01F15/0407—Metal rails
    • E01F15/0438—Spacers between rails and posts, e.g. energy-absorbing means

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a rigid or low deformity separator device, of large span, applicable as a connection element between a continuous horizontal fence, beam or rail and the vertical support post of a metal safety barrier for use on the sides and central reservations of roads, of the kind that is fitted to the barrier attaching the central face of the separator to a side face of the post, the special configuration of which means that the fence is raised up to the degree that a vehicle impacts against the metal barrier and thus conferring on said metal barrier the capacity to efficiently contain in turn heavy and light vehicles.
  • vehicle containment systems there exist in practice different types of vehicle containment systems, these being understood as any device installed on the side or central reservation of a road with the aim of providing retention and redirecting of any vehicle that goes out of control and leaves the road erratically, reducing in this way the severity of the accidents that are produced, so as to limit injuries and lesions both for its occupants and for other road users as well as other persons or objects in the vicinity.
  • One of the most widely used type of containment systems are metal safety barriers, used on the sides and central reservations of roads.
  • the purpose of these systems is to reduce side impacts of vehicles, preventing them from traversing them and thereby guaranteeing the protection of other people on the one hand and, on the other, permitting the controlled redirection and deceleration of the vehicle, such that It comes out of the impact stably and continues in motion at a reduce speed alongside the containment system following the original direction of the traffic. In this way, it guarantees the safety of the vehicle occupants and of other road users.
  • a containment system satisfactorily complies with a real-scale collision test when all the acceptance requisites and criteria defined in the standard are met, in particular, for the level of containment, severity of the impact, deformation and angle of exit, thereby guaranteeing certain adequate safety conditions, primarily for the occupants of the impacted vehicle and for other road users. It is then affirmed that a containment system has the capacity to adequately contain a certain standard vehicle.
  • a safety barrier When a safety barrier is capable of containing heavy vehicles (lorries and coaches), as well as light vehicles or cars, it is said that the safety barrier is of the high containment type. If, moreover, the heavy vehicles that are contained are very heavy (30 tons or more) rigid or articulated lorries with a very high centre of mass (above 1.6 m) then it is said that the barriers are of the very high containment type. Obviously, by definition of containment, very high containment barriers are also high containment barriers.
  • a high containment system (specifically designed for receiving the collision of heavy vehicles such as lorries and coaches) has to pass the real-scale collision tests, both for heavy vehicles (lorries and coaches) and for light vehicles (light cars).
  • This allows the high containment system to also guarantee the safety of the lightest vehicles, which constitute the most frequent kind of accident.
  • the high containment level H1 requires passing test TB42 (impact of a lorry weighing 10,000 kg, at a speed of 70 km/h and with a collision angle of 15°) and test TB11 (impact of a light car weighing 900 kg, at a speed of 100 km/h and with a collision angle against the containment system of 20°).
  • the basic configuration of metal safety barriers corresponds to the joining of two basic metallic elements and optionally another two, the third and fourth.
  • the different components forming a metal safety barrier are fitted together, normally by means of screw type unions, in other words, those formed from a screw or bolt with a thread, an internally threaded sealing nut and one or more washers.
  • Safety barriers In metal safety barriers, all the constituent elements generally have the capacity to react in a similar way, and as a whole, by means of deformation, in the event of an impact whether from a light vehicle or a heavy one.
  • Safety barriers can be designed to resist impacts solely from cars, and are then known as normal containment systems, or for also containing impacts from heavy vehicles as well (lorries and coaches) and are known as high and very high containment systems.
  • High and very high containment safety barriers generally present functioning mechanisms capable of responding adequately both to the impact of a light vehicle (low weight and small dimensions, with a centre of gravity located relatively low down) as well as to the Impact of a heavy vehicle (large weight and large dimensions, with a centre of gravity located relatively high up).
  • the success of the design of such barriers consists precisely of the commitment to achieve good performance, with the same barrier, with regard to these two types of impact - light vehicle or car and heavy vehicle - that are so different.
  • the separator performs the same function with regard to the height of the fence on contact with the vehicle described above (the fence also rises up on contact with the car), though in this case the risk of breaching and/or overturning due to the difference in height between the centre of mass of the car and the barrier is much less.
  • the separator performs a second "spacer" function, preventing the front wheels of the car from coming into direct contact with the base of the post (prior to its release from the fence) and becoming ensnared in it.
  • the vertical support post In a high containment barrier the vertical support post usually has a rigidity (determined by the inertia of its straight section) that would be excessive if the post were to become caught up in the wheel of a car and would cause it to undergo severe deceleration and strong destabilization.
  • the posts of the metal barriers with a European type separator usually have "C", "U” or “Sigma” shaped cross-sections in such a way that that central face or back of the separator (which, once fitted to the barrier, remains in the vertical position) rests against the side face of the post corresponding to the core, back or central face of the "C", "U” or “Sigma” shaped cross-sections of that post. If the post has a solid or tubular rectangular cross-section, which is fairly infrequent with the European type separator, then the separator is laterally coupled to one of the side faces of the post, Some metal barriers incorporate an additional element for connection between the European type separator and the post, commonly known as a connector.
  • This latter element permits coupling of a European type separator to posts with "I” or “H” shaped cross-sections or the lateral coupling of the European type separator in a post of "U", “C” or “sigma” cross-section in the side face of the post opposite its central face or core.
  • High containment metal barriers have to maintain adequate contact with the fence or fences both for heavy vehicles with high centres of masses (above 1.4 m) and for light cars whose centre of mass is located at approximately 0.5 m above ground level. If the fence of the barrier is located too high above ground level, the containment of a heavy vehicle is favoured but a light vehicle could be severely penalized and, on impact, it could "lift up" the fence with its front part and pass underneath it, with which there would be no containment, nor redirection, and the fence could aggressively penetrate into the cabin of the car.
  • the high containment metal safety barriers usually adopt three alternative solutions:
  • the third alternative (iii) represents the most advantageous solution for a high containment barrier (though not for a very high containment barrier).
  • said solution (iii) presents a drawback that becomes a genuine problem when one seeks to achieve a significant "raising" of the fence, during the impact of a heavy vehicle, by means of incorporating a large span European separator (e.g., a separator whose width with respect to the front face of the post is greater than 0,3 m).
  • the mechanism of alternative (iii) by which, during a certain initial part of the impact, the separator "rotates" upwards with respect to the post means that, as the impact of the heavy vehicle progresses, the angle between separator and post (which was initially a right angle) increases and the perpendicularity between the two is progressively lost.
  • the transmission of the horizontal forces of the impact of the vehicle against the barrier from the separator to the post, which forces the latter to bend backwards decreases as the separator rotates upwards.
  • the transmission of horizontal forces is optimum when the separator is kept perpendicular to the post but becomes lost as the angle between the two increases starting from the initial right angle.
  • This phenomenon acts to the detriment of the deformation capacity of the post, which in this way does not "exhaust” that capacity before achieving the fusibility point when the separator and the fence become completely detached from the post and the stresses of the impact are transmitted to the adjacent post. This reduction in the deformation capacity will be greater the more rigid the post is.
  • the arrangement of a continuous horizontal stay via the rear part of the separator compensates for part of the torsion moment in the head of the post and is normally effective for small or medium spans of the separator, but it is insufficient when the span of the separator is large.
  • Said uncompensated torsion moment causes the separator to tend to rotate around the vertical axis of the post in the direction of the impact, until it breaks or becomes undesirably decoupled from the post (in which case neither the separator nor the post are functioning according to the purpose for which they were designed).
  • the present invention provides a novel European type separator, in other words, a separator arranged in the barrier between the fence and the post with its longitudinal axis horizontal or slightly inclined and perpendicular to the barrier, being attached via its central face or core to a side face of the post, rigid or low deformity, of large horizontal span, configured in such a way that, once the separator has been fitted in the safety barrier, one or several parts thereof remain in contact with or very close to the front face of the post, along the width of all or part of said front face of the post, in such a way that the entire high containment barrier incorporating this separator maintains the advantages deriving from the use of a single fence of small or medium width, such as the universally used double wave profile, and at the same time solves the drawbacks deriving from the use of a rigid large span separator.
  • the main novelty of this is that it presents a constituent part which, once the separator has been fitted to the barrier, remains in contact with or very close to the front (forward) face of the post in such a way that, when a heavy vehicle impact against the barrier laterally or obliquely, said part of the separator rests against the front face of the post (which in turn becomes deformed, being bent or rotating backwards), said part acting as a "buffer” and “levering" the separator against the post, thereby causing the height of the fence to increase as the post is deformed or bent backwards, and in turn managing to maintain the perpendicularity between the separator and the post, until the fusibility point is reached.
  • the separator becomes detached from the post and the combination of the fence and separator is released from the post, once the latter has exhausted its deformation capacity.
  • the aforesaid part of the separator by resting against the front or forward face of the post, also acts as a "buffer” or brake to the possible rotation of the separator around the post, originated by the obliquity of the impact and the "arm" effect of the separator. Said separator therefore provides the following significant technical advantages:
  • the European type separator (3) forming the object of the present invention is applied to high containment metal safety barriers, interposed between the rail or fence (1), preferably comprising a profile of small or medium width such as the double wave profile, and the vertical support post (2), with a total height of the barrier appreciably lower than the centre of mass (G) of the heavy vehicle which, by design, the barrier has to contain, as shown in FIGURE 1 .
  • Said rigid or low deformity separator (3) is formed from a metal bar of straight cross-section preferably in the shape of a "C", "U” or “Z” with its longitudinal axis arranged horizontally once the separator is Installed in the barrier, frontally coupled to the fence (1) via its forward part, by means of a flange (16) of the separator and with suitable means of attachment (6) and laterally coupled to the post (2) of the barrier via its rear part, with the central core, back or face (11) of the separator (3) supported on the side or central face (9) of the post (2) and joined to it by means of suitable means of attachment (7), as shown in FIGURE 2 , FIGURE 3 and FIGURE 4 ,
  • the European type separator (3) described above can incorporate a flange (17) in its rear part intended for securing the separator with a continuous horizontal rear stay, as shown in FIGURE 3 and FIGURE 4 .
  • the characteristic that is the object of the present invention consists of the fact that the separator (3) described above presents a constituent part (5) thereof that is shaped, orientated and arranged in such a manner that once the separator is fitted to the barrier, said part (5) remains in contact with or very close to the forward or front face (8) of the post (2), along the width of all of part of it.
  • FIGURE 8 shows the impact sequence of a vehicle with a high centre of mass (G) against a high containment barrier, with a single double wave profile fence (1) at a significantly lower height (adapted for containment of cars) and with a rigid European type separator (3) of large span which lacks the characteristic of the invention.
  • FIGURE 9 shows us the impact sequence of a vehicle with a high centre of mass (G) against a high containment barrier, with a single double wave profile fence (1) at a significantly lower height and with a rigid European type separator (3) of large span which presents the characteristic of the invention.
  • the "buffer” and “levering” effect of the part (5) of the separator (3) against the forward face (8) of the post (2) not only prevents the "nodding” downwards of the separator (3), it also maintains the perpendicularity between it and the post as the latter is bent backwards and produces the raising of the fence (1) which, in this way, is capable of containing the heavy vehicle and redirecting it properly.
  • the post exhausts its contribution to the functioning of the barrier as a whole, the release of the union between separator and post is produced by design (fusibility phenomenon) and the fence (1) comes to function as a cable fixed in the unreleased adjacent posts.
  • the part (5) of the separator (3) comprising the characteristic of the invention also prevents rotation of the separator in the horizontal plane around the vertical axis of the post during the impact, as a consequence of the moment generated by the obliquity of it with respect to the alignment of the barrier and the large span of the separator, which has not been able to be compensated for by other structural elements, such as unions with the post, the lateral support on the post or a rear stay.
  • Such an arrangement can be clearly seen in FIGURE 3 .
  • FIGURE 2 shows a form of embodiment of the separator (3) with the characteristic forming the object of the invention.
  • the separator (3) is formed starting from a metal bar with a straight cross-section in the shape of a "Z" arranged in the barrier with its longitudinal axis horizontal (or very slightly inclined) and perpendicular to the alignment of the barrier, with the front face or core (11) of the separator (3) in the vertical position and the wings (5) (12) appreciably perpendicular to it, laterally coupled to the post with the rear part of the central face or core (11) of the separator (3) fully supported in the central face or back (9) of the post (2) and fixed to it by means of appropriate attachments (7).
  • the lower wing (5) of the separator (3) is orientated towards the post (2) in such a way that the rear edge thereof (18) remains in contact with or very close to the forward face or front wing (8) of the post, along the width of all or part of it, and the upper wing (12) is orientated In the opposite direction to the lower one (5), with a forward flange (16) appreciably vertical to the central face (11) of the separator for the fastening of the fence (1) to it (3) with suitable means of attachment, as shown in FIGURES 3 and 4 .
  • the length of the upper wing (12) covers the entire width of the separator (3) while that of the lower wing (5) is shorter, since it has to span the position of the cross-section of the post once the separator has been fitted in the barrier, as can be seen in FIGURE 3 .
  • the rear edge (18) of the lower wing (5) of the separator (3) is the one that makes contact with the front face (8) of the post (2) and produces the buffer and levering effect of the separator on the post which, to the degree that the latter bends backwards, maintains the perpendicularity of both, permits raising of the fence (1) and prevent rotation of the separator (3) around the vertical axis of the post (2).
  • FIGURE 5 shows some constructional variations to the separator with a "Z" shaped cross-section described above: either in the shape of a "Z" without flanges, just with a central face or core (11), a lower wing (5) and an upper wing (12), or in the shape of a "Z” with flanges (13) (14) in the lower (5) and upper (12) wings, respectively, or alternating one wing, upper or lower, with a flange and the other without.
  • Said separator (3) is formed starting from a metal bar with a "U" shaped straight cross-section arranged in the barrier with its longitudinal axis horizontal (or very slightly inclined) and perpendicular to the alignment of the barrier, with the front face or core of the separator (3) in the vertical position and the upper and lower wings appreciably perpendicular to it, laterally coupled to the post with the rear part of the central face or core of the separator (3) fully supported in the central face or back (9) of the post (2) and fixed to it by means of appropriate attachments (7), with both the upper and lower wing orientated in the same direction (opposite to the post) and an additional structural element (15) preferably in the form of a plate, angle bracket, tube, stud, etc., arranged in the separator (3) so that the edge (18) or rear part thereof (15) remains in contact with or very close to the forward face (8) of the post, along the width of
  • the additional element (15) consists of a flat place integrally attached to the lower wing (5) of the separator (3) in such a way that, once the separator has been fitted to the barrier, the rear edge (18) of said plate (15) remains very close to or in contact with the forward face or front wing (8) of the post (2).
  • This plate (15) can also be shaped as angle bracket or tubular bar, or a round bar.
  • the additional element (15) consists of an angle bracket integrally attached to the core or central face (11) of the separator (3) in such a way that, once the separator has been fitted to the barrier, one face of said angle bracket (15) remains very close to or in contact with the forward face or front wing (8) of the post (2).
  • This angle bracket (15) can also be shaped as a tubular bar or a round bar.
  • the edge (18) or rear part of the additional element (15) of the separator (3) is the one that makes contact with the front face (8) of the post (2) and produces the buffer and levering effect of the separator on the post which, to the degree that the latter bends backwards, maintains the perpendicularity of both, permits raising of the fence (1) and prevent rotation of the separator (3) around the vertical axis of the post (2).
  • Figure 1 shows a European type separator (3) which is applied to high containment metal safety barriers, interposed between the rail or fence (1), preferably comprising a profile of small or medium width such as the double wave profile, and the vertical support post (2); the total height of the barrier being appreciably less than the centre of mass (G) of the heavy vehicle which the barrier has to contain by design.
  • the rigid or low deformity separator (3) of the alternatives described below is formed from a metal bar of straight cross-section preferably in the shape of a "C", "U” or “Z” with its longitudinal axis arranged horizontally once the separator is installed in the barrier, frontally coupled to the fence (1) via its forward part, by means of a flange (16) of the separator and with suitable means of attachment (6) and laterally coupled to the post (2) of the barrier via its rear part, with the central core, back or face (11) of the separator supported on the side or central face (9) of the post (2) and joined to it by means of suitable means of attachment (7).
  • the European type separator (3)- forming the object of the constructional alternatives described below incorporates a flange (17) in its rear part intended for securing the separator with a continuous horizontal rear stay.
  • a part (5) characteristic of the separator described below is shaped, orientated and arranged in such a manner that once the separator is fitted to the barrier, said part (5) remains in contact with or very close to the forward or front face (8) of the post (2), along the width of all of part of it.
  • the part (5) of the separator (3) When making contact with the forward face (8) of the post (2), the part (5) of the separator (3) also prevents rotation of the separator around the vertical axis of the post during the impact, as a consequence of the moment generated by the obliquity of it with respect to the alignment of the barrier and the large span of the separator, which has not been able to be compensated for by other structural elements, such as unions with the post, the lateral support on the post or a rear stay.
  • Such an arrangement can be clearly seen in figure 3 .
  • Figure 2 shows a form of embodiment in which the separator (3) is formed starting from a metal bar with a "Z" shaped straight cross-section, with the rear part of the central face or core (11) of the separator laterally adjacent to the central face or back (9) of the post and fixed to it by means of appropriate attachments (7), with the lower wing (5) orientated towards the post (2) in such a way that the rear edge thereof (18) remains in contact with or very close to the forward face or front wing (8) of the post, along the width of ail or part of it, with the upper wing (12) orientated in the opposite direction to the lower one (5) and a forward flange (16) for fastening to the fence (1) with suitable means of attachment (6), as shown in figures 3 and 4 .
  • the length of the upper wing (12) covers the entire width of the separator (3) while that of the lower wing (5) is shorter, since it has to span the position of the cross-section of the post once the separator has been fitted in the barrier, as can be seen in figure 3 .
  • the rear edge (18) of the lower wing (5) of the separator (3) is the one that makes contact with the front face (8) of the post (2) and produces the levering effect of the separator on the post which, to the degree that the latter bends backwards, maintains the perpendicularity of both, permits raising of the fence (1) and prevent rotation of the separator (3) around the vertical axis of the post (2).
  • Figure 5 shows some constructional variations to the separator with a "Z" shaped cross-section described above: either in the shape of a "Z" without flanges, just with a central face or core (11), a lower wing (5) and an upper wing (12), or in the shape of a "Z” with flanges (13) (14) in the lower (5) and upper (12) wings, respectively, or alternating one wing, upper or lower, with a flange and the other without.
  • the separator (3) is formed starting from a metal bar with a "U" shaped straight cross-section, with the rear part of the central face or core (11) of the separator (3) laterally adjacent to the central face or back (9) of the post (2) and fixed to It by means of appropriate attachments (7), with both the lower (5) and upper (12) wing orientated in the same direction (opposite to the post) and an additional structural element (15) preferably in the form of an angle bracket, plate, tube, stud, etc., arranged in the separator (3) in such a way that the rear edge (18) thereof remains in contact with or very close to the forward face (8) of the post, along the width of all or part of it and a forward flange (16) for the fastening of the latter to the fence (1) by suitable means of attachment (6).
  • the edge or rear part (18) of the lower additional element (15) of the separator (3) is the one that makes contact with the front face (8) of the post (2) and produces the levering effect of the separator on the post which, to the degree that the latter bends backwards, maintains the perpendicularity of both, permits raising of the fence (1) and prevent rotation of the separator (3) around the vertical axis of the post (2).
  • Figure 7 shows some constructional variations of the separator in the shape of a "U” or “C” described above: either in the shape of a "U” without flanges, just with a central face or core (11), a lower wing (5) and an upper wing (12) and with an additional element (15) either in the form of a plate or in the form of an angle bracket, or with a separator (3) of straight cross-section in the shape of a "C", in other words, with a flanges (13) (14) In the lower (5) and upper (12) wings, respectively, and with an additional element (15) in the form of a plate or an angle bracket.
  • Figure 8 shows the impact sequence of a vehicle with a high centre of mass (G) against a high containment barrier, with a single double wave profile fence (1) at a significantly lower height and with a rigid European type separator (3) of large span which lacks the characteristic of the invention
  • figure 9 shows us the impact sequence of a vehicle with a high centre of mass (G) against a high containment barrier, with a single double wave profile fence (1) at a significantly lower height and with a rigid European type separator (3) of large span which presents the characteristic of the invention.
  • the "levering" effect of the part (5) of the separator (3) against the forward face (8) of the post (2) not only prevents the "nodding” downwards of the separator (3), it also maintains the perpendicularity between it and the post as the latter is bent backwards and produces the raising of the fence (1) which, in this way, contains the heavy vehicle and redirects it properly.
  • the post exhausts its contribution to the functioning of the barrier as a whole, the release of the union between separator and post is produced (fusibility phenomenon) and the fence (1) comes to function as a cable fixed in the unreleased adjacent posts.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Refuge Islands, Traffic Blockers, Or Guard Fence (AREA)
EP10015723A 2010-04-30 2010-12-16 Steife oder sehr gering verformbare Trennvorrichtung, die auf Sicherheitsbarrieren zur Verwendung an den Seiten- und Mittelstreifen von Straßen anwendbar ist Withdrawn EP2383390A2 (de)

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EP2383390A2 true EP2383390A2 (de) 2011-11-02

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EP10015723A Withdrawn EP2383390A2 (de) 2010-04-30 2010-12-16 Steife oder sehr gering verformbare Trennvorrichtung, die auf Sicherheitsbarrieren zur Verwendung an den Seiten- und Mittelstreifen von Straßen anwendbar ist

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11306453B2 (en) * 2015-06-11 2022-04-19 Gary L. Reinert, Sr. One-piece metal plate foundation with integral offset plate for guardrails and other structures and guardrail system utilizing same
US11371198B2 (en) * 2018-07-26 2022-06-28 Industrial Galvanizers Corporation Pty Ltd Spacer piece for a guard rail system

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
None

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11306453B2 (en) * 2015-06-11 2022-04-19 Gary L. Reinert, Sr. One-piece metal plate foundation with integral offset plate for guardrails and other structures and guardrail system utilizing same
US11371198B2 (en) * 2018-07-26 2022-06-28 Industrial Galvanizers Corporation Pty Ltd Spacer piece for a guard rail system

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AR079902A1 (es) 2012-02-29

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