Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
  • H10F10/00—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
  • H10F10/10—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells having potential barriers
  • H10F10/14—Photovoltaic cells having only PN homojunction potential barriers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C11D3/2075—Carboxylic acids-salts thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/26—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C11D3/30—Amines; Substituted amines ; Quaternized amines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/39—Organic or inorganic per-compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/39—Organic or inorganic per-compounds
  • C11D3/3947—Liquid compositions
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
  • H10F71/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
  • H10F71/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass
  • H10F71/121—The active layers comprising only Group IV materials
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
  • H10F71/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass
  • H10F71/137—Batch treatment of the devices
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10P—GENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
  • H10P50/00—Etching of wafers, substrates or parts of devices
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D2111/00—Cleaning compositions characterised by the objects to be cleaned; Cleaning compositions characterised by non-standard cleaning or washing processes
  • C11D2111/10—Objects to be cleaned
  • C11D2111/14—Hard surfaces
  • C11D2111/22—Electronic devices, e.g. PCBs or semiconductors
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
  • Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
  • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

• This invention relates to an acidic treatment composition and to the use of such acidic treatment composition in a method of treating a thin film amorphous or mono- or multi- crystalline silicon wafer substrate for use in a photovoltaic cell, the wafer substrate having at least one of a pn- or np junction and a partial phosphosilicate or borosilicate glass layer on a top surface of the wafer substrate, to provide increased sheet resistance of a wafer and/or power density a photovoltaic cell made from said wafer.
• Silicon-based solar cells require several processing steps in order to be able to convert incident light into current.
• One of these steps involves the generation of an emitter, which is most commonly accomplished by the thermal drive-in of phosphorous into a boron-doped silicon wafer.
• This process results in the generation of a so-called dead layer, which gives high recombination rates of the generated charges and is detrimental to the efficiency and power density level of the solar cell.
• this process produces a so-called phosphosilicate glass (PSG) layer on top of the wafer, which contains phosphorous, silicon and oxygen and this PSG layer has to be removed in order to be able to proceed in cell manufacture.
• PSG phosphosilicate glass
• the phosphorous depth profile shows a plateau of high- concentration extending from the surface to several tens or hundreds of nanometers deep, depending on process conditions.
• the concentration near the surface would be high (i.e. 10 20'21 atoms/cm 3 ) in order to be able to contact the electrodes well.
• a principal goal of multi crystalline photovoltaic cell manufacturers is to reduce the cost of the energy delivered by their solar cells. This can generally be accomplished in one of two ways, either reduction in overall cell manufacturing costs and/or improvement in solar cell conversion efficiency.
• current manufacturing processes apply a post-emitter etch after the phosphorous diffusion, which removes the PSG layer by dipping the wafer in HF.
• Previous experiments have shown that an additional treatment after the HF-dip can result in higher cell efficiencies, up to 0.3% absolute.
• a product of Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. namely product PV- 160, is used in this additional step.
• use of this product generally requires processing of the wafer substrate in a heated bath (7O 0 C or higher) of the product.
• compositions be available that are capable of producing higher power density in solar cells in equal or lesser processing times and at reduced temperatures by improved etching of remnants of the PSG layer as well as deeper etching of the dead layer, compared with results obtained with the currently used PV- 160 product.
• the invention provides a method of treating a thin film amorphous or mono- or multi- crystalline silicon wafer substrate for use in a photovoltaic cell to increase at least one of (a) the sheet resistance of the wafer and (b) the power density of the photovoltaic cell made from the wafer, the wafer substrate having a pn- or np junction and/or partial phosphosilicate and/or borosilicate glass layer on a top surface of the wafer substrate, the treatment method comprising contacting the wafer substrate with an acidic treatment solution for a time and at a temperature sufficient to increase at least one of (a) the sheet resistance of the wafer and (b) power density of the photovoltaic cell made from said wafer, the solution comprising: a buffered oxide etch (BOE) solution of: from about 0.1 to about 20% by weight of at least one tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight acetic acid, from about
• BOE buffered oxide
• the treatment can increase either the sheet resistance of the wafer or the power density of the photovoltaic cell it preferably increases both. Additionally, the treatment may also increase the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell made from this wafer.
• an acidic treatment solution for treating a thin film amorphous or mono- or multi- crystalline silicon wafer substrates for use in a photovoltaic cell to increase at least one of (a) the sheet resistance of the wafer and (b) the power density level of the photovoltaic cell made from said wafer, the wafer substrate having a pn- or np junction and/or partial phosphosilicate and/or borosilicate glass layer on a top surface of the wafer substrate, wherein the acidic treatment solution comprises a mixture of: a buffered oxide etch (BOE) solution of: from about 0.1 to about 20% by weight of at least one tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, from about 0.1 to about 5 % by weight acetic acid, from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of at least one non-ionic surfactant, about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of at least one metal chelating agent, from about 0.1 to about 20%
• BOE buffered oxide etch
• the wafer with the emitter is inclusive of both p- and n- source silicon types.
• the amount by weight of the teraalkylammonium chloride in the BOE solution is preferably 0.5 to 15%, more preferably 1 to 10%, still more preferably
• the amount by weight of acetic acid is preferably 0.5 to 4%, more preferably 0.8 to 3%, still more preferably 1 to 2%, most preferably 1 to 1.5%, and especially 1-2%.
• the amount by weight is preferably 0.2 to 4%, more preferably 0.3 to 2%, still more preferably 0.5 to 1%, most preferably 0.7 to 0.9%, and especially 0.8%.
• the amount by weight is preferably 0.2 to 4%, more preferably
• the amount by weight is preferably 0.2 to 10%, more preferably 0.3 to 5%, still more preferably 0.5 to 2%, most preferably 0.6 to 1%, and especially 0.8%.
• the amount by weight is preferably 1 to 10%, more preferably 0.5 to 5%, still more preferably 1.0 to 3%, most preferably 1.5 to 2.5%, and especially 2.1%.
• the treatment can increase either the sheet resistance of the wafer or the power density of a photovoltaic cell made from said wafer it preferably increases both. Additionally, the treatment may also increase the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell made from this wafer.
• the treatment occurs at a temperature of from about 20° to less than 70° C.
• the BOE solution has a pH of from about 3 to less than 7, preferably a pH of from about 3 to about 6, and more preferably a pH of from about 4.3 to about 5.
• the oxidizer comprises hydrogen peroxide.
• the oxidizer is in aqueous solution, (0.01% to 50%, more preferably 0.1% to 30%, and even more preferably about 30% aqueous solution) of water and hydrogen peroxide in any suitable ratio, but generally in a ratio of from about 6/10.2 to about
• the BOE solution comprises tetramethylammonium hydroxide as the tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, 3,5-dimethylhex-l - yn-3-ol as the at least one surfactant, and EDTA as the at least one metal chelating agent, and the oxidizer solution comprises hydrogen peroxide and water.
• the BOE solution comprises about 3.1% tetramethylammonium hydroxide, about 1.2% acetic acid, about 2.1% HF, about
• the BOE solution is mixed with oxidizer solution in a ratio of BOE/water/hydrogen peroxide of about 1/6/0.2. In another preferred embodiment of this invention the BOE solution is mixed with oxidizer solution in a ratio of BOE/water/hydrogen peroxide of about 1/6/0.8. In another preferred embodiment of this invention the BOE solution is mixed with oxidizer solution in a ratio of
• the embodiments comprise one or more of the combinations of the aforementioned preferred embodiments.
• the current invention can be used at a processing temperature of from about 20°C to about 40°C, which is lower than the current industry standard of 7O 0 C.
• BOE buffered oxide etch
• the treatment can increase either the sheet resistance of the wafer or the power density of a photovoltaic cell made from said wafer it preferably increases both. Additionally, the treatment may also increase the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell made from this wafer.
• the invention provides a solution for treating a thin film amorphous or mono- or multi- crystalline silicon wafer substrates for use in a photovoltaic cell to increase at least one of (a) the sheet resistance of the wafer and (b) the power density level of the photovoltaic cell made from said wafer, the wafer substrate having a pn- or np junction and/or partial phosphosilicate and/or borosilicate glass layer on a top surface of the wafer substrate, wherein the acidic treatment solution comprises a mixture of: a buffered oxide etch (BOE) solution of: from about 0.1 to about 20% by weight of at least one tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, from about 0.1 to about 5 % by weight acetic acid, from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of at least one non-ionic surfactant, about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of at least one metal chelating agent, from about 0.1 to about 20% by weight of a metal free
• BOE buffere
• the treatment can increase either the sheet resistance of the wafer or the power density of the photovoltaic cell made from said wafer, it preferably increases both. Additionally, the treatment may also increase the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell made from this wafer.
• the step employing the acidic treatment solution is utilized on the photovoltaic cell wafer substrate after the phosphosilicate or borosilicate glass removal (incomplete removal) with HF and just prior to another HF dip and subsequent AntiReflective Coating (ARC), such as for example SiNxH deposition.
• the process comprises exposing the wafer substrate to the acidic treatment solution, such as by immersing the wafer substrate in a heated bath of the solution for a time and at a temperature sufficient to increase at least one of (a) the sheet resistance of the wafer and (b) the power density of the photovoltaic cell made from said wafer.
• the contact of the wafer substrate with the acidic treatment solution will generally be for a period of from about 0.01 to about 20 minutes, preferably from about 0.5 to about 5 minutes, and more preferably for about 1 minute.
• the temperature of the solution will generally be of from about 20° C to less than about 70° C, preferably from about 20° C to about 60° C, more preferably from about 20° to about 40° C, even more preferably at about 4O 0 C.
• tetraalkylammonium hydroxides or salts of the formula [(R) 4 N + Jp [X "q ], where each R is independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, preferably alkyl of from 1 to 22, and more preferably 1 to 6, most preferably 1 carbon; and X OH or a suitable salt anion, such as carbonate and the like; p and q are equal and are integer of from 1 to 3.
• p and q are equal and are integer of from 1 to 3.
• the most preferable of these are tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide and trimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium hydroxide (choline).
• Examples of other usable quaternary ammonium hydroxides include: trimethyl-3- hydroxypropyl ammonium hydroxide, trimethyl-3-hydroxybutyl ammonium hydroxide, trimethyl-4-hydroxybutyl ammonium hydroxide, triethyl-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium hydroxide, tripropyl-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium hydroxide, tributyl-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium hydroxide, dimethylethyl-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium hydroxide, dimethyldi(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium hydroxide, monomethyltri(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium hydroxide, tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide, tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide, tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide, monomethyltriethyl ammonium hydroxide, monomethyltripopyl ammonium hydroxide, monomethyltributyl ammoni
• the metal free source of ammonium ions can be any suitable metal free ammonium salt, such as for example, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium fluoride, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate and the like, but is preferably ammonium hydroxide.
• the metal free source of fluoride ions can be any suitable metal free fluoride compound, such as for example, hydrogen fluoride, ammonium fluoride, quaternary ammonium fluorides such as tetramethylammonium fluoride.
• the metal free source of fluoride ions is HF.
• both the ammonium ions and the fluoride ions may be provided by one compound, namely ammonium fluoride.
• the acidic treatment compositions of this invention may contain any suitable nonionic surfactant.
• suitable nonionic surfactant such as alkynol surfactants, fluorinated surfactants such as fluorinated alkyl alkoxylates such as Fluorad® FC-171, fluorinated alkylesters such as FC-430 and FC-431 and fluorinated polyoxyethylene alkanols such as Fluorad® FC- 170C, aliphatic acid esters of polyhydric alcohols, polyoxyethylene monoalkyl ethers, polyoxyethylene diols, siloxane type surfactants and alkylene glycol monoalkyl ethers such as butoxypropanol.
• low foaming nonionic surfactants such as alkynol surfactants, fluorinated surfactants such as fluorinated alkyl alkoxylates such as Fluorad® FC-171, fluorinated alkylesters such as FC-430 and FC-431 and fluorinated polyoxyethylene alkan
• nonionic surfactants in the alkaline treatment compositions of this invention are alkynol surfactants, especially 3,5-dimethylhex-l-yn-3-ol (Surfynol®-61) or any other Surfynol® surfactant, fluorinated alkyl polyoxyethylene ethanols, especially Fluorad® FC- 170C and alkylene glycol monoalkyl ethers, especially butoxypropanol.
• alkynol surfactants especially 3,5-dimethylhex-l-yn-3-ol (Surfynol®-61) or any other Surfynol® surfactant
• fluorinated alkyl polyoxyethylene ethanols especially Fluorad® FC- 170C and alkylene glycol monoalkyl ethers, especially butoxypropanol.
• Any suitable oxidizing agent may be employed, such as, for example, oxidizing anions, such as, for example, peroxides, nitric acid and its salts and nitrates, persulfate, periodate, perbromate, perchlorate, iodate, bromate, and chlorate salts of ammonium.
• oxidizing anions such as, for example, peroxides, nitric acid and its salts and nitrates, persulfate, periodate, perbromate, perchlorate, iodate, bromate, and chlorate salts of ammonium.
• peroxides and particularly hydrogen peroxide are particularly hydrogen peroxide.
• the acidic treatment compositions of this invention may be produced by mixing the required components in a suitable vessel to form the compositions.
• the required components of the composition are added to the vessel in a sequence of base/acid/base/acid in order to minimize any possible heat from a reaction of the components.
• the product will have to etch not only silicon oxide, but silicon and phosphorous as well.
• the BOE is combined with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent. This implies that the BOE etches away silicon oxide, whilst the oxidizing agent generates new silicon oxide on the surface, in a continued process of etch-oxidation.
• the oxidizing agent oxidizes the phosphorous present in the layer, thereby solubilizing it.
• the etched species including, but not limited to metal impurities
• a chelating agent are partly kept in solution by the addition of a chelating agent, whereas the wettability of the surface (i.e. the efficiency with which the oxidizing agent can oxidize the surface) is improved by the addition of a surfactant.
• the addition of acetic acid ensures a doubly buffered system, which aids in process stability.
• a set of 25 neighboring multi-crystalline silicon wafers of a size of about 15.6 x 15.6 cm 2 with a thickness of about 180-200 ⁇ m were processed in an industrial type in-line photovoltaic cell manufacturing sequence. After emitter deposition and phosphorous glass removal with HF, the wafers with a partial phosphosilicate glass layer on a top surface of the wafer substrates, the wafers were contacted with (1) an acidic treatment solution of this invention at 40° C, (2) the prior art PV-160 solution at the 70° C required for such solution, or (3) no treatment solution as a control.
• the acidic treatment solution of the invention comprised a BOE solution of about 3.1% tetramethylammonium hydroxide, about 1.2% acetic acid, about 2.1% HF, about 0.8 % 3,5-dimethylhex-l-yn-3-ol about 0.8% ammonium hydroxide, about 0.6% EDTA, about 91.5% water.
• This BOE solution was mixed with hydrogen peroxide oxidizer solution in a ratio of BOE/water/30% hydrogen peroxide solution of about 1/6/0.2.
• the prior art PV-160 solution was also employed mixed with hydrogen peroxide oxidizer solution in a ratio of BOE/water/30% hydrogen peroxide solution of about 1/6/0.2.
• a set of 25 neighboring multi-crystalline silicon wafers of a size of about 15.6 x 15.6 cm 2 with a thickness of about 180-200 ⁇ m were processed in an industrial type in-line photovoltaic cell manufacturing sequence. After emitter deposition and phosphorous glass removal with HF, the wafers with a partial phosphosilicate glass layer on a top surface of the wafer substrates, the wafers were contacted with (1) a n acidic treatment solution of this invention at 40° C, (2) the prior art PV- 160 solution at the 70° C required for such solution.
• the treatment solution of the invention comprised a BOE solution of about 3.1% tetramethylammonium hydroxide, about 1.2% acetic acid, about 2.1% HF, about 0.8 % 3,5-dimethylhex-l-yn-3-ol about 0.8% ammonium hydroxide, about 0.6% EDTA, about 91.5% water.
• This BOE solution was mixed with hydrogen peroxide oxidizer solution in a ratio of BOE/water/30% hydrogen peroxide of about 1/6/0.8.
• the prior art PV-160 solution was also employed mixed with hydrogen peroxide oxidizer solution in a ratio of BOE/water/30% hydrogen peroxide solution of about 1/6/0.2.
• a set of 25 neighboring multi-crystalline silicon wafers of a size of about 15.6 x 15.6 cm 2 with a thickness of about 180-200 ⁇ m were processed in an industrial type in-line photovoltaic cell manufacturing sequence. After emitter deposition and phosphorous glass removal with HF, the wafers with a partial phosphosilicate glass layer on a top surface of the wafer substrates, the wafers were contacted with (1) an acidic treatment solution of this invention at 25°C, 30°C and 40° C, (2) the prior art PV- 160 solution at the 70° C required for such solution, or (3) no solution as a control.
• the acidic treatment solution of the invention comprised a BOE solution of about 3.1% tetramethylammonium hydroxide, about 1.2% acetic acid, about 2.1% HF, about 0.8 % 3,5-dimethylhex-l-yn-3-ol about 0.8% ammonium hydroxide, about 0.6% EDTA, about 91.5% water.
• This BOE solution was mixed with hydrogen peroxide oxidizer solution in a ratio of BOE/water/30% hydrogen peroxide solution of about 1/6/1.
• the prior art PV-160 solution was also employed mixed with hydrogen peroxide oxidizer solution in a ratio of BOE/water/hydrogen peroxide solution of about 1/6/0.2.
• composition of this invention increased the sheet resistance and/or power density level of the cell significantly over the control.
• the composition of this invention showed equal or superior power density compared to the PV- 160.
• the composition of this invention was able to do so in a temperature range of 20° C to 40° C whereas the PV- 160 composition required a temperature of 70° C to do that.

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