EP2460596A1 - Procédé de fabrication d'acier très résistant et faiblement allié avec la cuivre. - Google Patents
Procédé de fabrication d'acier très résistant et faiblement allié avec la cuivre. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2460596A1 EP2460596A1 EP10193403A EP10193403A EP2460596A1 EP 2460596 A1 EP2460596 A1 EP 2460596A1 EP 10193403 A EP10193403 A EP 10193403A EP 10193403 A EP10193403 A EP 10193403A EP 2460596 A1 EP2460596 A1 EP 2460596A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- rolling
- strip
- steel
- strand
- copper
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 4
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910000922 High-strength low-alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012432 intermediate storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004881 precipitation hardening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001563 bainite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004540 pour-on Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- IHQKEDIOMGYHEB-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium dimethylarsinate Chemical class [Na+].C[As](C)([O-])=O IHQKEDIOMGYHEB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009628 steelmaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004243 sweat Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052845 zircon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
- B21B1/46—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B2201/00—Special rolling modes
- B21B2201/10—Endless rolling
Definitions
- the invention relates to a process for the production of high strength, low alloy steel with the addition of copper.
- High-strength, low alloy steel is also referred to as HSLA steel due to its English name "high-strength low-alloy steel”.
- HSLA steel offers better mechanical and processing properties than C-alloyed steel of equal strength.
- HSLA steel has a carbon content of 0.05 to 0.25% by weight and contains up to 2% by weight of manganese and small amounts of other alloying elements such as copper, nickel, niobium, nitrogen, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, titanium, calcium, rare earths or zircon.
- the yield strength is between 250-590 MPa and can even go up to 700 MPa.
- the alloying elements niobium, titanium and vanadium are necessary for a specific strength of the steel, but account for a large proportion of the cost of steel despite their low (and depending on the steel grade) share. Therefore, there have been and are attempts to reduce the use of these alloying elements.
- Copper in these amounts has the property to produce a precipitation of particles which are stable in the temperature range of forming and heating and have a particle size distribution which prevents grain growth and thereby simultaneously increase the strength in the steel or in the finished steel strip or steel sheet.
- Copper is often already contained in steel in certain steel production processes, for example when low-value scrap with a high copper content is used in the electric arc furnace.
- copper has the disadvantage that, especially in combination with sulfur, it can lead to the formation of a second ductility minimum of the steel, which occurs as a result of cracking during forming in the rolling train, for example in the form of edge cracks.
- This phenomenon is associated with enrichment mechanisms, which are enhanced mainly by slow solidification rates and long residence times of the steel in reheating furnaces.
- This object is achieved by a method according to claim 1, wherein the steel to a copper content of 0.05% to is brought to 0.5%, in particular in the range of 0.15% to 0.35%, and then poured into a strand or strip casting machine in a strand or a band having a maximum thickness of 130 mm and solidified, wherein the casting speed is at least 4.5 m / min, preferably at least 5 m / min, and the strand or strip then by continuous or semi-endless rolling in less than 5.8 min, in particular less than 4.5 min, on the desired final thickness is rolled.
- the duration of the rolling process is measured from the end of the strand or strip casting, so if the cast strand or the cast strip has left the last guide means (usually a pair of guide rollers) of the strand or strip casting.
- the duration of 5.8 minutes corresponds to a casting speed of about 3-3.5 m / min, the duration of 4.5 minutes to a casting speed of about 4.8-5.4 m / min.
- the continuous rolling or semi-endless rolling according to the invention preferably takes place in a two-stage rolling mill, consisting of roughing train and finishing train.
- Under a rolling mill is the immediate juxtaposition of rolling stands each less than 7 m, preferably less than 6 m, understood stand spacing. Further spaced rolling stands already belong to the next rolling mill or are single stands.
- the casting process takes place in a casting plant, wherein a liquid steel strand emerging from a mold of a casting installation is passed through a strand guiding device directly following the casting mold.
- This comprises a plurality (usually three to fifteen) guide segments, each guide segment comprising one or more (usually three to ten) pairs of guide elements, preferably designed as strand support rollers.
- the support rollers are rotatable about an axis orthogonal to the transport direction of the strand.
- individual To perform guide elements as static, eg runner-shaped components. Regardless of the specific embodiment of the guide elements, these are arranged on both sides of the strand broad sides, so that the strand is guided by upper and lower guide element series.
- the strand emerges substantially vertically downwards from the mold and is deflected into the horizontal.
- the strand guiding device therefore has a course substantially curved over an angular range of 90 °.
- the beginning of the strand or of the strip can therefore already be finished rolled to a steel strip to the final thickness, while the casting plant continues to pour on the same strand or on the same band, so there is no end of the strand or the band.
- the cast strand is divided into slabs after casting or the strips are split after casting and the divided slabs or strips are fed without intermediate storage and cooling to ambient temperature of the rolling mill.
- This separation can take place in such a way that the slab head of the preceding slab is or will already be rolled in the subsequent rolling train, or has not yet been covered by larger distances from the first rolling mill.
- the emerging from the casting line strand is usually descaled, pre-rolled in the roughing, the resulting intermediate band is reheated in an oven conventional manner to temperatures of about 1200 ° C and rolled finished in the finishing train.
- hot rolling takes place in the finishing train, which means that the rolling stock remains in the austenite area during rolling.
- the final rolling temperatures are in the range of 780-850 ° C, preferably in the range of 800-830 ° C.
- the continuous rolling or semi-endless rolling prevents the cooling of the steel after the casting process by the immediate further processing in the roughing mill.
- the slabs are often stored after their production and must be reheated already before the roughing mill. But this sets in motion the unwanted enrichment mechanisms.
- the thicknesses of the cast strands or slabs or slabs of at most 130 mm which occur during continuous or semi-continuous rolling, also have a positive effect on undesired precipitates, because the copper particles are deposited more rapidly and are therefore limited to a specific, small mean diameter , which mainly depends on the solidification rate.
- the size range of the 20-40 nm precipitates also corresponds to the size range of the precipitates targeted by micro-alloying elements (titanium, niobium) in order to have a microstructure-influencing and also strength-increasing effect.
- a tensile strength of up to 925 MPa or a yield strength of up to 700 MPa can be achieved, the higher values preferably by rapid cooling (50-90 K / s) immediately after the last forming step and by cooling to less be achieved as 500 ° C.
- the resulting room temperature structure consists primarily of ferrite or perlite and bainite.
- Comparable HSLA steels conventionally produced contain about 0.07% vanadium, 0.15% titanium and 0.07% niobium.
- the added proportion of vanadium (V) in the steel below 0.03%, in particular less than 0.01% and / or that the added amount of niobium (Nb) in the steel below 0.055%, preferably below 0.045%, more preferably below 0.03%.
- the cast slab has a preferred thickness of 40-130 mm, particularly preferably from 40-105 mm, in particular about 80 mm.
- the cast and solidified strip has a preferred thickness of 1-4.5 mm, in particular about 3 mm. Unless rolled after strip casting, a subdivision into a pre-rolling and a finishing train will naturally not take place.
- the thickness of the intermediate strip, that is the steel between roughing train and finishing train, in the method according to the invention is preferably 5-25 mm, preferably 10-18 mm.
- the roughing mill should comprise at least two, preferably three, rolling mills, the finishing mill at least four, preferably five mills.
- the final thickness of the finished rolled product is in the range of 0.6-12 mm, preferably 1-6 mm.
- the method according to the invention has the advantage that it is also possible to use inferior scrap and thus copper-containing scrap in the steelmaking and, in addition, to reduce the addition of alloying elements, in particular micro-alloying elements (niobium, titanium, vanadium).
- alloying elements in particular micro-alloying elements (niobium, titanium, vanadium).
- the inventive method can be used for uncoated sheets for the automotive industry, for electrolytically galvanized sheets and for hot-dip galvanized sheets in the automotive sector.
- a strand is poured in a casting machine, which is about 70 - 100mm thick.
- a casting machine which is about 70 - 100mm thick.
- the roughing line in which a large decrease in the strip thickness of the intermediate strip is achieved, to about 15 mm.
- a plant for descaling is provided and thereafter, the material passes through an inductive heater and a five-stand finishing train, in which the thickness can be reduced to 0.6 mm.
- a cooling of the tape in the cooling section such as by water application, to adjust the material properties and after this there is a reel on which the tape is wound into coils, whereby the production process is completed.
- the mill By installing several shears (after the roughing line, before the finish rolling mill and before the reel), the mill could be operated in single-piece mode, with the intermediate belts being cut after the roughing mill and individually rolled in the finish rolling mill. In endless rolling, the strips rolled to final thickness are not cut before the reel, the rolling operation is continuous.
- the big advantage of this system is the low energy requirement for producing the steel strip. While in conventional hot rolling mills approx. 2 GJ of energy are required to produce one ton of hot strip, this value falls in a continuous or semi-continuous rolling mill to up to 0.4 GJ per ton of hot strip.
- cooling section for the finished rolled strip is a cooling of 15-90 K / s, preferably from 25-60 K / s, to a temperature below 650 ° C, preferably below 600 ° C, within a maximum of 35 seconds, preferably within from maximum 15 seconds, after rolling to the desired final thickness.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metal Rolling (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
Priority Applications (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES10193403T ES2433425T3 (es) | 2010-12-02 | 2010-12-02 | Procedimiento para producir acero de resistencia elevada, de baja aleación, con cobre |
| EP20100193403 EP2460596B1 (fr) | 2010-12-02 | 2010-12-02 | Procédé de fabrication d'acier très résistant et faiblement allié avec la cuivre. |
| UAA201114236A UA112150C2 (uk) | 2010-12-02 | 2011-12-01 | Спосіб одержання виробу з високоміцної, низьколегованої сталі |
| RU2011149098/02A RU2589961C2 (ru) | 2010-12-02 | 2011-12-01 | Способ получения высокопрочной низколегированной стали |
| MX2011012920A MX2011012920A (es) | 2010-12-02 | 2011-12-02 | Proceso para producir acero de baja aleacion de alta resistencia. |
| CN201110395086.9A CN102485362B (zh) | 2010-12-02 | 2011-12-02 | 用于生产高强度低合金钢的方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP20100193403 EP2460596B1 (fr) | 2010-12-02 | 2010-12-02 | Procédé de fabrication d'acier très résistant et faiblement allié avec la cuivre. |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2460596A1 true EP2460596A1 (fr) | 2012-06-06 |
| EP2460596B1 EP2460596B1 (fr) | 2013-08-28 |
Family
ID=43943974
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP20100193403 Active EP2460596B1 (fr) | 2010-12-02 | 2010-12-02 | Procédé de fabrication d'acier très résistant et faiblement allié avec la cuivre. |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2460596B1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN102485362B (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2433425T3 (fr) |
| MX (1) | MX2011012920A (fr) |
| RU (1) | RU2589961C2 (fr) |
| UA (1) | UA112150C2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104946981A (zh) * | 2015-06-23 | 2015-09-30 | 宁波吉威熔模铸造有限公司 | 一种低合金钢制造方法 |
| CN106086596A (zh) * | 2016-08-15 | 2016-11-09 | 宁波吉威熔模铸造有限公司 | 一种机械性能好的低合金钢制备工艺 |
| CN116463550A (zh) * | 2023-03-27 | 2023-07-21 | 抚顺新钢铁有限责任公司 | 一种700MPa级高强度钢筋及其生产方法 |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10025080A1 (de) * | 1999-06-08 | 2001-05-17 | Sms Demag Ag | Verfahren zum Herstellen von Metallband |
| WO2004026497A1 (fr) * | 2002-09-19 | 2004-04-01 | Giovanni Arvedi | Process and production line for manufacturing ultrathin hot rolled strips based n the thin slab technique |
| US20050199319A1 (en) * | 2004-03-10 | 2005-09-15 | Algoma Steel Inc. | High strength steel product with improved formability and steel manufacturing process |
| JP2009280902A (ja) | 2008-05-23 | 2009-12-03 | Korea Inst Of Machinery & Materials | 銅を含んだ複合ベイナイト系の鋼材及びその製造方法 |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2843665B2 (ja) * | 1990-10-25 | 1999-01-06 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | 連続鋳造鋳片の熱間加工割れ防止方法 |
| NL1003293C2 (nl) * | 1996-06-07 | 1997-12-10 | Hoogovens Staal Bv | Werkwijze en inrichting voor het vervaardigen van een stalen band. |
| EP1326725B1 (fr) * | 2000-09-29 | 2009-08-05 | Nucor Corporation | Production de bandes d'acier fines |
| KR100961334B1 (ko) * | 2002-12-26 | 2010-06-04 | 주식회사 포스코 | 박슬래브를 이용한 Ｃｕ첨가 열연강판의 제조방법 |
| JP2008519160A (ja) * | 2004-11-03 | 2008-06-05 | ティッセンクルップ スチール アクチェンゲゼルシャフト | Ｔｗｉｐ特性をもつ高強度の鋼ストリップ又はシートの製造方法、コンポーネント及び高強度鋼ストリップ又はシートの製造方法 |
| KR100627475B1 (ko) * | 2004-12-24 | 2006-09-25 | 주식회사 포스코 | 미니밀공정을 이용한 표면특성이 우수한 저항복비형고장력 열연강판 제조방법 |
| CN101353766B (zh) * | 2007-07-23 | 2011-07-20 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | 抗沟槽腐蚀高强度erw焊接套管用钢、套管及生产方法 |
| CN101135030B (zh) * | 2007-10-12 | 2010-09-08 | 莱芜钢铁集团有限公司 | 一种耐候热轧窄钢带及其制造方法 |
| CN101481778B (zh) * | 2008-01-07 | 2010-12-01 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | 一种奥氏体不锈钢带及其制造方法 |
| CN101225498B (zh) * | 2008-01-28 | 2010-06-02 | 广州珠江钢铁有限责任公司 | 一种600MPa级高强耐候钢及其制备方法 |
| CN101768704A (zh) * | 2010-01-21 | 2010-07-07 | 山西太钢不锈钢股份有限公司 | 一种高强度耐大气腐蚀热轧钢带及其制造方法 |
-
2010
- 2010-12-02 ES ES10193403T patent/ES2433425T3/es active Active
- 2010-12-02 EP EP20100193403 patent/EP2460596B1/fr active Active
-
2011
- 2011-12-01 UA UAA201114236A patent/UA112150C2/uk unknown
- 2011-12-01 RU RU2011149098/02A patent/RU2589961C2/ru active
- 2011-12-02 MX MX2011012920A patent/MX2011012920A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2011-12-02 CN CN201110395086.9A patent/CN102485362B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10025080A1 (de) * | 1999-06-08 | 2001-05-17 | Sms Demag Ag | Verfahren zum Herstellen von Metallband |
| WO2004026497A1 (fr) * | 2002-09-19 | 2004-04-01 | Giovanni Arvedi | Process and production line for manufacturing ultrathin hot rolled strips based n the thin slab technique |
| US20050199319A1 (en) * | 2004-03-10 | 2005-09-15 | Algoma Steel Inc. | High strength steel product with improved formability and steel manufacturing process |
| JP2009280902A (ja) | 2008-05-23 | 2009-12-03 | Korea Inst Of Machinery & Materials | 銅を含んだ複合ベイナイト系の鋼材及びその製造方法 |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| ARVEDI G ET AL: "Arvedi ESP first thin slab endless casting and rolling results", IRONMAKING AND STEELMAKING, METALS SOCIETY, LONDON, GB, vol. 37, no. 4, 1 May 2010 (2010-05-01), pages 271 - 275, XP002624183, ISSN: 0301-9233, DOI: 10.1179/030192310X12646889255744 * |
| GIOVANNI A: "Achievements of ISP steelmaking technology", IRONMAKING AND STEELMAKING, METALS SOCIETY, LONDON, GB, vol. 37, no. 4, 1 May 2010 (2010-05-01), pages 251 - 256, XP002624184, ISSN: 0301-9233, DOI: 10.1179/030192310X12628786049279 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN102485362A (zh) | 2012-06-06 |
| RU2589961C2 (ru) | 2016-07-10 |
| ES2433425T3 (es) | 2013-12-11 |
| MX2011012920A (es) | 2012-06-11 |
| CN102485362B (zh) | 2015-06-03 |
| UA112150C2 (uk) | 2016-08-10 |
| EP2460596B1 (fr) | 2013-08-28 |
| RU2011149098A (ru) | 2013-06-10 |
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