EP2507440B1 - Structure d'isolation thermique de vitrage - Google Patents

Structure d'isolation thermique de vitrage Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2507440B1
EP2507440B1 EP10801006.7A EP10801006A EP2507440B1 EP 2507440 B1 EP2507440 B1 EP 2507440B1 EP 10801006 A EP10801006 A EP 10801006A EP 2507440 B1 EP2507440 B1 EP 2507440B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
nanofibers
glazing
transparent
millimeters
nanometers
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP10801006.7A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2507440A1 (fr
Inventor
Antoni Kostka
Mariusz Paszkowski
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Vis Inventis Spolka Z Oo
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Vis Inventis Spolka Z Oo
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
    • E06B3/66—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
    • E06B3/67—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together characterised by additional arrangements or devices for heat or sound insulation or for controlled passage of light
    • E06B3/6715—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together characterised by additional arrangements or devices for heat or sound insulation or for controlled passage of light specially adapted for increased thermal insulation or for controlled passage of light

Definitions

  • the object of the invention is the structure of thermal insulation of glazing, especially windows with insulated glass consisting of two transparent, rigid panes with a transparent gaseous medium and invisible for the user transparent elements between them, in the form of nanofibrous tulle screens that are stretched, parallel to the panes, and invisible to the unaided eye.
  • This is a completely transparent thermal insulation, i.e. not diffusing, not refracting and not reflecting visible radiation, and also, not distorting the view through the glazing.
  • Aerogel is a fine porous material from an amorphous silica or polymer, with size of pores in the range of 20 nanometers, fractally limited by an organized network of chain-like filaments (fibers) and membranes of thickness of about 2 nanometers for the lowest-order structures.
  • Aerogel exhibits a number of favorable properties: very high thermal resistance, low specific weight, near-zero reflection of light from the surface. What is important, it is translucent, in thin layers, almost completely transparent. In thicker layers, however, it scatters light, similarly to tobacco smoke, and thus, sometimes it is called frozen smoke. Number of commercially available glazing structures with aerogel plates have been developed (e.g. Aspen Systems Inc., Airglass)
  • Optimal separation between window panels was determined experimentally, and depending on the gas used it is oscillating between 5 and 16 mm. This space is a compromise between suppressing thermal convection, obtained by reducing interspaces and rising conductive heat transfer through decreasing gas layer thickness. Making the separation between window panels greater does not necessarily increase thermal resistance of the glazing. As a matter of fact, it does quite the opposite. In order to increase thermal resistance of the glazing with the space between the window panels exceeding 16 mm it is necessarily to introduce additional, possibly transparent elements. Commercially available fillings of such type include capillary plates, fine-ducted plates or honey strip plates. Their most common orientation is perpendicular to the surface of the window panel ( WO 94/02313 , DE 19 815 969 , US 5 092 101 ).
  • Such glazing is a compromise solution. It is not entirely satisfactory in both thermal and optical fields. Massive polymer or glass frame and/or large dimensions of fundamental spaces and ducts result in poor thermal insulation properties - there are numerous massive heat leakage bridges in the material and the convection is developing in the macroscopic spaces filled by gas.
  • the heat transfer coefficient (lambda) for this type of plates is about 0.07-0.1 W / (m K). It is similar as in multilayer insulated glass units. However, with several window panels or equipped with additional sheets of polymer film, which is parallel to window panels, they are expensive and heavy. Such solution also results in absorption of large amount of visible radiation and the repeated reflection disturbs the visual quality of the view.
  • a microscopic fibrous structure that is even more scale-similar to the one proposed in this application was compiled by the company Karl Mayer.
  • a new textile product, "Newconer” which is produced by the company STING, is a very thin polyester material. It is also described as a filtrating mesh.
  • Such a net when installed in windows is transparent enough to freely observe the environment, lets the sufficient amount of light into the room, and protects against the dust or pollens through (Grebowski J., "Nowo ⁇ ci w dziewiarstwie”. Przeglad WOS 3/2009).
  • Transparent, woven and metallized electromagnetic screens e.g. net VeilShield ® Responsible Textiles Lab's advertised as an almost invisible
  • Spider webs are also worth mentioning. Because of the evolutionary pressure, these structures are completely optimized in terms of mechanical and optical properties. These nanofibrous structures are spanned by a number of spiders from very flexible, more resistant to tension than steel or UHMWPE fibers, sub-micron 'threads' (even 10 nanometers in thickness for some species). Spider webs, which are often stretched out in window openings, are dry and clean right after they are spanned. They are almost invisible for insects as well as for human eye (even those greater than a micrometer in diameter).
  • Vacuum windows seem to be most promising from all proposed technologies regarding development of transparent thermal insulations.
  • Atmospheric pressure (100kN/mkw) requires a placement of some structure of supports between the window panels. Without any support the window would simply implode. Usually they are placed according to a regular pattern (SPACIA) or randomly ( US 4 786 344 ) and have shapes of columns, cylinders or spheres. They are usually made of glass, rarely of metal or monocrystals ( WO 01/61135 ).
  • SPACIA regular pattern
  • US 4 786 344 US 4 786 344
  • WO 01/61135 WO 01/61135
  • a Gardian company's patent proposed spacers made of polymers. To some extent they worsen the visual aspect of the window, but most importantly they form a structure of heat leakage bridges. Moreover, the effect of condensation occurs on the surface of the window panel around the supports in supersaturated conditions. This worsens the quality of view through the window.
  • This invention solves the problem of placing an invisible blocking system into a space, filled with a transparent, colorless gas, between the transparent partitions, especially window panels.
  • Such blocking system prevents the development of thermal convection in the medium or gives the entire structure geometry that blocks thermal convection.
  • Gaseous thermal insulation structure in the cited solution has an inner thermal convection blocking arrangement that consists of at least one chamber, separated by paralleled transparent walls placed between the outer window panels angled with respect to the horizontal.
  • the longer side of the bottom edge of a chamber is sealed to the colder window pane - placed in the lower temperature area.
  • the upper edge is sealed to the warmer window pane, where the temperature is higher.
  • Yet another variant would be to introduce a periscope window construction, where the convection blocking occurs more stably. In this case a density stratification of the gas that fills a hermetic window chamber consisting of mirrors angled by 45 degrees takes place.
  • This solution however, has some disadvantages linked with the necessity to change the orientation of the chamber. The condition is that the orientation of chamber has to be changed with respect to the colder or warmer window panel, according to the desired function - improvement of thermal effectiveness or protection between high temperature amplitudes of short time (e.g. day to night temperature change).
  • the object of the invention is to introduce a new generation thermal insulation glazings of an extreme, so far unachievable thermal and optical properties at once. (R> 20 U ⁇ 0.05 and >70% visible sunlight transmission). These properties enable realization of passive house conditions, enjoying comfort of a regular window of classic construction at the same time, without season changes of the glazing..
  • Structure of thermal insulation of glazing refers to two-compartment insulation glass, mounted in a vertical position, consisting of two outer transparent panes of glass, between which there is a transparent gas medium and invisible transparent, positioned in parallel elements.
  • the structure according the invention has the transparent partitions which take the form of pre-stressed tulle screens of nanofibers with an openwork design, consisting of at least two of the following three layers of tulle: (i) a frame carrier of mechanically strong, flexible or textured nanofibers, (ii) a conductive layer of nanofibers or nanowires stretched over a frame carrier, and (iii) a covering and densificating veil made of nanofibers, 5-25 nanometers in diameter.
  • the distance between the screens depends on the type of gas used, and in the case of standard glazing thickness of 16 to 36 millimeters, is 2 to 3 millimeters for xenon and sulfur hexafluoride, 3 to 4 millimeters for krypton , 4 to 5 millimeters of dry argon, and for box-type glazing, which is over 15 cm thick, the distance between the various partitions in the package will be in the range of 4 to 6 millimeters for xenon and sulfur hexafluoride, 6 to 8 millimeters for krypton and 12-16 millimeters of dry argon and dry air.
  • the two-compartment glazing is mounted in a position inclined at 30-60 degrees, preferably 45 degrees, while the bottom pane should come into contact with the lower temperature zone and the upper pane with a zone of higher temperatures.
  • the glazing of thickness exceeding 15 centimeters is made as a hermetic insulation glass with a frame made of rigid polymer foam with stainless steel corrugated foil insertion (inox), and fitted with an external volume and pressure changes compensation system in the form of a bellow, preferably of stainless steel, connected to the space between insulating glass panes with a wire.
  • inox stainless steel corrugated foil insertion
  • the frame carrier of the screen is in a form of a single, textured nanofibers or bands ( roving ) of textured nanofibers, 20-100 nanometers in diameter, transparent in visible light, preferably coated with an antireflective layer of moth-eye type or dielectric.
  • the conductive layer of nanofibers is in a form of an openwork conductive nanostructure of metal (preferably Ag or Au), metallized with dielectric core or of oxide (ITO, doped ZnO), possibly with carbon nanofibers (nanotube), optionally metallized, with a mesh pattern of 300-1000 nanometers in size, optionally, ring, square or hexagonal ( chicken wire ), with conductive nanofibers or nanowires, preferably covered with an antireflective layer of moth-eye type or dielectric.
  • the covering and densificating veil is made of nanofibers is of 5-25 nanometers in diameter, preferably porous and transparent in visible light.
  • the covering and densificating veil is provided with an additional layer of gluing and sealing nanomembrane or inorganic polymer with a thickness of 5-10 nanometers that is transparent and invisible as a result of destructive interference.
  • the structure according the invention is completely transparent thermal insulation, i.e. not diffusing, not refracting and not reflecting visible radiation, and also, not distorting the view through the glazing.
  • thermal insulation i.e. not diffusing, not refracting and not reflecting visible radiation, and also, not distorting the view through the glazing.
  • Such type of insulation can find its usage especially in building industry in structures of which task is to let the day light through to the room and also to observe the building's surroundings: windows, greenhouses, venues, production halls, elevations etc.
  • Such insulations can also find their usage in other industries and the production of science-research devices in different kinds of sight-glasses, inspection openings, ovens, cryogenic devices etc.
  • Transparent and invisible partitions of an openwork design, made of nanofibrous, single or multilayer tulle, placed on the present patent application are oriented parallel to the panes and stretched over rigid but thermally insulating frames, placed as a package in the window frame.
  • vertical layout is not as effective for blocking convection as inclined one, it eliminates most of the problems connected with mounting the membranes to the glass, so that the connections are invisible. It requires, however, application of optically efficient, stretched, invisible to the unaided eye, tulle screens of nanofibers in order to maintain the quality of the image visible through the glazing.
  • the distance between the vertical screens is dependent on the type of gas, which we use to fill the space between the panes.
  • the space between the different partitions in the package will be in the range of 4 to 6 millimeters for xenon and sulfur hexafluoride, 6 to 8 millimeters for krypton and 12-16 mm for dry argon and dry air.
  • Thermal resistance of such glazing will be proportional to its total thickness, since after the radical reduction of convection and radiation, the primary mechanism of heat transfer will remain the conduction in the gas layer, and so, it is advantageous to use as thick glasses as possible ( Fig. 5, 6 ).
  • the structure of insulating glass filled with a system of vertical nonofibrous tulle screens may even have the total thickness exceeding 80 cm, suitable for buildings with a system of double glazed façades ( figure 6 ), or can take the form of inclined glass, preferably at 45 degrees, and built into such a façade ( Figure 7 ), or can function as an independent, inclined glazing.
  • a similar effect can be achieved through electrostatic repulsion, by giving the layers of conductive tulle of nanowires that form a package inside the glass, a like, same electrostatic charge, e.g. by connecting them to a source of constant voltage.
  • Screens may not be identical over entire cross-section of the insulating glass. Module, types and sequence of these types of vertical screens in the package may vary depending on the type of gas, thickness of the entire glazing and optical properties of screens used. Outer glass panes do not come into contact with the tulle screens, so on the inner side they can be entirely covered with low-emission coatings of extreme parameters.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Securing Of Glass Panes Or The Like (AREA)
  • Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)

Claims (7)

  1. La structure d'isolation thermique à gaz du double vitrage à deux compartiments, avec les vitres montées dans une position verticale, est constituée de deux panneaux externes transparents en verre entre lesquels sont prévus un milieu gazeux transparent et des éléments transparents invisibles placés parallèlement, caractérisée en ce que les cloisons transparentes sont sous la forme d'écrans de tulle précontraint de nanofibres à motif ajouré, constitués d'au moins deux des trois couches de tulle suivantes: (i) un support de cadre fait de nanofibres résistantes mécaniquement, flexibles ou texturées, (ii) une couche conductrice de nanofibres ou nanofils étirés sur un support de cadre et (iii) un voile de protection et de densification fait de nanofibres d'un diamètre de 5 à 25 nanomètres, étant précisé que la distance entre les écrans dépend du type de gaz et, pour le vitrage d'une épaisseur standard de 16 à 36 millimètres, cette distance est comprise entre 2 et 3 millimètres pour le xénon et l'hexafluorure de soufre, entre 3 et 4 millimètres pour le krypton, entre 4 et 5 millimètres pour l'argon sec, et pour un vitrage du type de caisson de plus de 15 cm d'épaisseur, la distance entre les écrans de l'ensemble est comprise entre 4 et 6 millimètres pour le xénon et l'hexafluorure de soufre, entre 6 et 8 millimètres pour le krypton et entre 12 et 16 millimètres pour l'argon sec et l'air sec.
  2. La structure selon la revendication 1 d'isolation thermique à gaz du double vitrage à deux compartiments avec les vitres montrées dans une position inclinée sous l'angle de 30 à 60 degrés, avantageusement de 45 degrés, la vitre inférieure doit être en contact avec la zone de températures plus basses et la vitre supérieure avec la zone de températures plus hautes.
  3. La structure selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le vitrage d'une épaisseur supérieur à 15 centimètres est fait comme un vitrage hermétique avec le support de cadre en mousse de polymère rigide et une cloison de film ondulé en acier inox et muni d'un dispositif de compensation externe de changement du volume et de pression sous la forme d'un soufflet avantageusement en acier inox, relié par une conduite au compartiment du double vitrage.
  4. La structure selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le support de cadre de l'écran a la forme de simples nanofibres texturées ou de bandes de nanofibres texturées, d'un diamètre de 20-100 nanomètres, transparentes à la lumière visible, avantageusement recouverte d'une couche antireflet du type moth-eye ou diélectrique.
  5. La structure selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que la couche conductrice de nanofibres a la forme d'une nanostructure conductrice ajourée, métallique, le plus avantageusement Ag ou Au, métallisée avec le noyau diélectrique ou d'oxyde, le plus avantageusement ITO dopé au ZnO, éventuellement en nanofibres de carbone, optionnellement métallisées, à motif du maillage aux mailles en contact de dimensions de 300 à 1000 nanomètres, optionnellement: en forme d'anneaux, carrées ou hexagonales, aux nanofibres ou nanofils conducteurs avantageusement recouverts d'une couche antireflet du type moth-eye ou diélectrique.
  6. La structure selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le voile de protection et de densification est construit en nanofibres d'un diamètre de 5 à 25 nanomètres, avantageusement poreuses et transparentes à la lumière visible.
  7. La structure selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que voile voile de protection et de densification est muni d'une couche supplémentaire d'encollage et d'étanchéité transparente, invisible à la suite d'une interférence destructive de nanomembrane de polymère ou inorganique d'une épaisseur de 5 à 10 nanomètres.
EP10801006.7A 2009-12-04 2010-12-04 Structure d'isolation thermique de vitrage Not-in-force EP2507440B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL389771A PL389771A1 (pl) 2009-12-04 2009-12-04 Ustrój izolacji termicznej w przeszkleniach
PCT/PL2010/050061 WO2011068426A1 (fr) 2009-12-04 2010-12-04 Structure d'isolation thermique de vitrage

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EP2507440A1 EP2507440A1 (fr) 2012-10-10
EP2507440B1 true EP2507440B1 (fr) 2013-10-02

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
PL222490B1 (pl) 2012-10-01 2016-08-31 Vis Inventis Spółka Z Ograniczoną Odpowiedzialnością Ustrój wielowarstwowych przeszkleń termoizolacyjnych
GB2531548A (en) * 2014-10-21 2016-04-27 Rgs Tech Ltd Insulating structures

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WO2011068426A1 (fr) 2011-06-09
EP2507440A1 (fr) 2012-10-10
PL389771A1 (pl) 2011-06-06

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