Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
  • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
  • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
  • G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
  • G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
  • G06K19/077—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
  • G01S13/02—Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systems; Analogous systems
  • G01S13/06—Systems determining position data of a target
  • G01S13/42—Simultaneous measurement of distance and other co-ordinates
  • G01S13/44—Monopulse radar, i.e. simultaneous lobing
  • G01S13/4454—Monopulse radar, i.e. simultaneous lobing phase comparisons monopulse, i.e. comparing the echo signals received by an interferometric antenna arrangement
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B61—RAILWAYS
  • B61L—GUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
  • B61L25/00—Recording or indicating positions or identities of vehicles or trains or setting of track apparatus
  • B61L25/02—Indicating or recording positions or identities of vehicles or trains
  • B61L25/025—Absolute localisation, e.g. providing geodetic coordinates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B61—RAILWAYS
  • B61L—GUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
  • B61L3/00—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal
  • B61L3/02—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control
  • B61L3/08—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling electrically
  • B61L3/12—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling electrically using magnetic or electrostatic induction; using radio waves
  • B61L3/125—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling electrically using magnetic or electrostatic induction; using radio waves using short-range radio transmission
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
  • G01S13/02—Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systems; Analogous systems
  • G01S13/06—Systems determining position data of a target
  • G01S13/42—Simultaneous measurement of distance and other co-ordinates
  • G01S13/44—Monopulse radar, i.e. simultaneous lobing
  • G01S13/4463—Monopulse radar, i.e. simultaneous lobing using phased arrays
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
  • G06K17/00—Methods or arrangements for effecting co-operative working between equipments covered by two or more of main groups G06K1/00 - G06K15/00, e.g. automatic card files incorporating conveying and reading operations
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
  • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
  • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
  • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
  • H01Q1/2208—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems
  • H01Q1/2216—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems used in interrogator/reader equipment
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
  • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
  • H01Q21/0006—Particular feeding systems
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
  • H01Q25/00—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns
  • H01Q25/02—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns providing sum and difference patterns
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
  • G01S13/74—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems
  • G01S13/75—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems using transponders powered from received waves, e.g. using passive transponders, or using passive reflectors

Definitions

• the position of a radio frequency (RF) tag as read by a tag interrogator may be anywhere within the footprint of the interrogator read antenna. Typically, the footprint width is wider than the desired position accuracy for determining the position of the RF tag with respect to the tag interrogator.
• RF radio frequency
• Prior solutions of which the inventor is aware employ a tag interrogator with read footprints of up to 1 meter or more in width. Further, signal processing may be used to estimate the location of the RF tag based on the received signal shape. RF tag position uncertainty, along with other data input, leads to the calculation of a safety distance in front of a vehicle having the tag interrogator in order to maintain a safe separation distance. As the position uncertainty increases so too does the safety separation distance with the result of requiring a larger separation distance than if the position were known. A larger separation distance results in lower vehicle throughput and ultimately less revenue, if applicable, for a vehicle operator.
• FIG. 1 is a high-level functional block diagram of a system comprising an embodiment of a position determination system
• FIG. 2 is a high-level functional block diagram of a computer system usable in conjunction with an embodiment
• FIG. 3 is a high-level functional block diagram of a detail view of a position determination system according to another embodiment.
• FIG. 4 is a graph of signal strength according to an embodiment. Detailed Description
• FIG. 1 depicts a high-level functional block diagram of a system 100 in conjunction with which an embodiment of a position determination system 102 according to an embodiment may be used to great advantage.
• System 100 is an exemplary system depicting a vehicle 104, e.g. a railroad car, adjacent a travel surface 106, e.g., a rail.
• a travel surface 106 e.g., a rail.
• FIG. 1 depicts a side view of vehicle 104 above travel surface 106.
• vehicle 104 comprises position determination system 102 and travels in a direction A along travel surface 106.
• Vehicle 104 passes by a radio frequency (RF) tag 108, e.g., a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag.
• RFID radio frequency identification
• tag 108 comprises an RF tag configured to provide a reflection or transponding capability at the RF frequency used.
• RF tag 108 is affixed to and/or embedded within another item.
• RF tag 108 may be a passive and/or active device.
• Vehicle 104 comprises a pair of antennas ("antenna 1" and "antenna 2") 1 10, 112, which form a part of position determination system 102, linearly spaced apart from each other along a surface of vehicle 104.
• antennas 10, 12 are positioned to pass by RF tag 108 in a serial manner at a distance parallel to the RF tag.
• Each antenna 110, 1 12 is combined to form an antenna array which is arranged to generate a signal over a corresponding predetermined footprint, i.e. antenna beam width, referred to as antenna footprint 114 (as indicated by a chained, double-dotted line) and antenna footprint 116 (as indicated by a chained, single-dotted line), respectively, within a respective footprints 114, 6.
• the two footprints result from the antennas combined in a phase coherent way to form sum or difference antenna patterns, i.e., the antennas are used as a phased antenna array.
• each antenna transmits a signal and receives a reply from RF tag 108 as schematically depicted by signals 120, 122, respectively.
• the antennas transmit one signal as a sum array, and receive a signal as both a sum and a difference array.
• each antenna 110, 112 generates an electromagnetic signal.
• the antenna footprint may be on the order of 0.5 meter (m) to 1.5 m in width.
• more than two antennas may be used to form the antenna array.
• a single phased array antenna may be used in place of individual antennas 110, 112.
• each antenna array 110, 112 is arranged to transmit an interrogation signal to RF tag 108. Responsive to receipt of the interrogation signal from an antenna array, either antenna 0 or antenna 112, RF tag 108 transmits a response signal.
• the response signal may be a reflection signal or a transponder signal.
• Position determination system 102 comprises antennas arrays 110, 112 communicatively coupled with an RF tag position determination unit 124. In at least some embodiments, position determination system 102 is directly electrically coupled with antennas 110, 112. Position determination unit 124 is communicatively coupled with a main RF signal output 126 and a position detection signal output 128. In at least some embodiments, position determination system 102 is directly electrically coupled with main RF signal output 126 and position detection signal output 128.
• one or more elements of position determination system 102 may be positioned interior and/or exterior to vehicle 104.
• each element of position determination system 102 is positioned exterior to vehicle 104; while in other embodiments, each element of the position determination system is positioned interior to the vehicle.
• the spacing and orientation of the antennas vary depending on the array patterns that are to be achieved.
• the antenna array is implemented within one physical antenna package with separate elements representing each antenna.
• the polarization of the antenna arrays and tag 108 i.e. the direction of the electric field vector
• transmission of the interrogation signal may be performed by either antenna, or by both antennas configured as a sum array.
• FIG. 2 depicts a high-level functional block diagram of a computer system 200 usable in conjunction with an embodiment.
• Computer system 200 comprises a processor 202 (alternatively referred to as a processing device), an input/output (I/O) device 204, a memory 206, detection I/O device 208 communicatively coupled via a bus 210 or other interconnection communication mechanism. Additionally, computer system 200 comprises connections to antennas 110, 112 via detection I/O 208, i.e., circuitry output arranged to process and convert the analogue RF signals to digital detection signals) , e.g. via bus 2 0.
• Detection I/O device 208 comprises position determination unit (PDU) 124, main RF signal output 126, and position detection signal output 128.
• PDU position determination unit
• processor 202 may be a controller and/or and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) configured to execute a set of instructions such as those embodied by an embodiment.
• Memory 206 (also referred to as a computer-readable medium) may comprise a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, coupled to the bus 210 for storing data and/or instructions to be executed by processor 202, e.g., a position determination functionality 212. Memory 206 also may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor 202. Memory 206 may also comprise a read only memory (ROM) or other static storage device coupled to the bus 210 for storing static information and instructions for the processor 202.
• ROM read only memory
• a storage device such as a magnetic disk, optical disk, or electromagnetic disk, may also be provided and coupled to the bus 210 for storing data and/or instructions.
• Position determination functionality 212 comprises a set of circuitry arranged to determine the position of RF tag 108 with respect to antennas 110, 112.
• position determination functionality 212 comprises a set of executable instructions which, when executed by processor 202, cause the processor to provide position determining functionality according to an embodiment.
• I/O device 204 may comprise an input device, an output device and/or a combined input/output device for enabling user interaction.
• An input device may comprise, for example, a keyboard, keypad, mouse, trackball, trackpad, and/or cursor direction keys for communicating information and commands to processor 202.
• An output device may comprise, for example, a display, a printer, a voice synthesizer, etc. for communicating information to a user.
• I/O device 204 may comprise a serial and/or parallel connection mechanism for enabling the transfer of one or more of files and/or commands, e.g., an Ethernet or other type network connection.
• the positioning system interfaces directly to an on-board control system, e.g., an on-board train control processor, through an Ethernet communication protocol or one of several serial interface protocols.
• FIG. 3 depicts a high-level functional block diagram of a least a portion of position determination system 102.
• FIG. 3 depicts a detailed view of tag position determination unit 124 according to an embodiment.
• Position determination unit 124 comprises a first RF splitter component 300 and a second RF splitter component 302 each receiving a single input signal from antennas 110, 112, respectively. That is, splitter component 300 receives a signal input from antenna 110 and splitter component 302 receives a signal input from antenna 112. The signal input received by antennas . 110, 112 is the response signal transmitted by RF tag 108 and received by antennas 110, 112.
• one or both of RF splitter components 300, 302 may comprise an integrated component of the antenna array, e.g., splitter 300 may comprise a portion of antenna 110.
• splitter component 300 transmits the received response signal from antenna 110 to a sum combiner component 304 and a difference combiner component 306. In at least some embodiments, splitter component 300 transmits the received response signal to sum combiner component 304 and difference combiner component 306 at the same time, similarly, splitter component 302 transmits the received response signal from antenna 112 to sum combiner component 304 and difference combiner component 306.
• Sum combiner component 304 combines, in an phase coherent additive fashion, the received response signals from antenna 110 and antenna 112 and transmit the resulting signal to main RF signal output 126 and phase comparison component 308 (also referred to as a phase comparator).
• Difference combiner component 306 generates a phase coherent difference signal corresponding to the difference between the received response signal from antenna 110 and antenna 112 and transmits the resulting difference signal to phase comparison component 308.
• a single antenna device e.g., antennas 110, 112 in a single combined unit, may comprise the functionality of splitter components 300, 302, sum combiner component 304, and difference combiner component 306.
• Phase comparison component 308 compares the phase difference between the generated sum signal received from sum component 304 and the generated difference signal received from different component 306. Phase comparison component 308 transmits the resulting signal to position detection signal output 128.
• Position detection signal output 128 indicates that position determination system 102, specifically antennas 110, 112, are positioned over RF tag 108 at the time the generated resulting phase difference signal transitions from 0° (degrees) to 180° (degrees). That is, antennas 110, 112 are positioned on either side of RF tag 108 and/or RF tag 108 is positioned equally distant between antennas 1 0, 112. In at least some embodiments, the determination of a phase difference transition is performed based on a predetermined distance from 180 degrees phase difference.
• main RF signal output 126 is used for identification of RF tag 108 and position detection signal output 128 is used to identify passage of the center point between antennas 110, 112 over the RF tag.
• FIG. 3 also depicts a signal generator 310 comprising a portion of position determination unit 124 and arranged to generate an interrogation signal for transmission to tag 108.
• the generated interrogation signal from signal generator 310 is provided to sum combiner component 304 which splits the received interrogation signal into two signals, one each sent to an antenna 110, 112.
• Antennas 10, 112 transmit the received detection signal as a phased signal toward tag 108.
• signal generator 310 may comprise a component separate from position determination unit 124. Further, in some embodiments, signal generator 310 may comprise more than one signal generator for generating the interrogation signal to be transmitted by antennas 110, 112.
• FIG. 4 depicts a graph of signal strength of the generated sum signal and difference signal from sum component 304 and difference component 306, respectively.
• FIG. 4 depicts the signal received from a transponding or reflecting tag by two closely spaced antennas in sum and difference combinations as the antennas move linearly past the tag.
• FIG. 4 depicts the determined phase difference between the sum signal and the difference signal.
• the vertical axis to the left of the graph of FIG. 4 indicates the relative signal strength of the sum signal and the difference signal.
• the vertical access to the right of the graph indicates the phase difference between the sum signal and the difference signal.
• the horizontal axis represents the distance with respect to the center point.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
• Remote Sensing (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
• Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
• Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
• Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
• Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)

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Publications (2)

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• 2010
  • 2010-03-10 EP EP10847311.7A patent/EP2545390A4/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2010-03-10 CN CN2010800667566A patent/CN103154763A/zh active Pending
  • 2010-03-10 WO PCT/IB2010/000508 patent/WO2011110882A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2010-03-10 CA CA2792723A patent/CA2792723C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2010-03-10 KR KR1020127026044A patent/KR101398644B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2010-03-10 JP JP2012556596A patent/JP2013521737A/ja active Pending
  • 2010-03-10 BR BR112012022771A patent/BR112012022771A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation

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