EP2545559A2 - Récipient en verre de sécurité feuilleté ou en verre armé pour le stockage ultime de déchets spéciaux solides ou liquides - Google Patents

Récipient en verre de sécurité feuilleté ou en verre armé pour le stockage ultime de déchets spéciaux solides ou liquides

Info

Publication number
EP2545559A2
EP2545559A2 EP11730883A EP11730883A EP2545559A2 EP 2545559 A2 EP2545559 A2 EP 2545559A2 EP 11730883 A EP11730883 A EP 11730883A EP 11730883 A EP11730883 A EP 11730883A EP 2545559 A2 EP2545559 A2 EP 2545559A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
foam
hollow glass
har
glass
glass body
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP11730883A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Dieter Pfaltz
Achim HÖFFNER
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mira-Glass GmbH
Original Assignee
Mira-Glass GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mira-Glass GmbH filed Critical Mira-Glass GmbH
Publication of EP2545559A2 publication Critical patent/EP2545559A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F5/00—Transportable or portable shielded containers
    • G21F5/002—Containers for fluid radioactive wastes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F5/00—Transportable or portable shielded containers
    • G21F5/005—Containers for solid radioactive wastes, e.g. for ultimate disposal
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
    • G21F9/04—Treating liquids
    • G21F9/20—Disposal of liquid waste
    • G21F9/22—Disposal of liquid waste by storage in a tank or other container
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
    • G21F9/28—Treating solids
    • G21F9/34—Disposal of solid waste
    • G21F9/36—Disposal of solid waste by packaging; by baling

Definitions

  • DE 27 26 335 C2 describes a usable for disposal tank unit for
  • Outer container is fixed by a potting compound, which is also the closure lid of the inner shielding container
  • the outer container is connected to a loading cell with double-lid system for the contamination-free connection to the loading cell and one
  • Double-lid system is designed and on the
  • a further closure part is arranged, which is placed as a lid on the outer container or as a casting or cover of a
  • the formed additional shielding envelope container is.
  • the outer container can be executed as a rolling tire or gray cast iron.
  • the serving container is as
  • Disposal container for radioactively contaminated waste with organic components consisting of a lidded outer container, wherein at the
  • Inner surface of the outer container and the lid is mounted in each case a lead shield and a waste material receiving, adjustable in the outer container
  • Inner container an electric heater for
  • Outer container and under the lid is enclosed like a vessel, outside of the jacket of the inner container and under the bottom of a heating of the waste to about 400 C permitting electrical heating elements are arranged and means for connection of one or more
  • Pipes for filling, for introducing and removing gases, for introducing measuring devices and for carrying out a power cable for the heating elements are provided and the inner container (6) providable with a tapered bottom part and the lead shield is radially expandable inwardly.
  • Nuclear reactor fuel elements consisting of an inner container, a metal outer container and a arranged between inner and outer container graphite shell and the
  • Inner container and the outer container are each closed by a lid, wherein the graphite shell as a gas. and liquid-tight corrosion protection container
  • the inner container is formed and made from a graphite - Schiller pot, with two graphite covers is closed, there is, with the conical sealing surfaces provided graphite lid are held in appropriate receptacles of Graphitbehalter pot.
  • the inner container is with the outer container
  • the container is made of graphite.
  • EP 0 244 599 AI describes a
  • the longitudinal cylindrical container for the disposal of one or more highly radioactive waste filled and tightly closed molds with a wall of several layers.
  • the outer layer of the wall consists of a relatively thin-walled outer tube with in this at the axial upper and lower ends or openings
  • lid or bottom plug whose thickness is a multiple of the wall thickness of the outer tube.
  • a tight fitting to the outer tube inner tube of a relatively high-strength material to the outer tube material is used, which is a non-positive connection between the lid and
  • Bottom plug forms.
  • the outer tube, the cover plug and bottom plug are made of structural steel with predeterminable corrosion rate, the inner tube, however, made of high-strength
  • the purpose of the invention is a
  • the object of the invention is to provide a container for
  • the hollow glass body can be a cuboid, a
  • the invention provides a repository container is created, which is almost completely resistant to corrosion by the structure, extremely durable and thus shockproof and bulletproof. By a light and absorbing external forces absorbing shell of the hollow glass body is additionally protected.
  • This protective cover or protective cover is preferably used as protection during
  • the hollow glass body made of safety glass as a monoglass.
  • the hollow glass body are easier to process, which simplifies the structure and reduces costs become.
  • the existing negative pressure according to claim 3 increases the stability and safety of
  • the glass container is at least partially made of a special glass, which is a particularly high
  • the shape of the hollow glass body according to claim 6 is particularly for liquid or pasty
  • the upper hemisphere can not be filled with liquid substances and thus represents a non-usable cavity.
  • Har foam body arranged.
  • the additional Har foam body foam is an additional protective cover and a mechanical protection.
  • the spacer z. B. water penetrate to the glass container and there also directly the water pressure of the environment on the glass container let it work.
  • the mechanical protection is further increased.
  • the foam foam casing or the foam body surrounds a concrete layer. As a result, particularly heavily contaminated waste can additionally be safely enveloped.
  • claim 10 are in and on the container tie rods and
  • the frame-shaped pressure plate increases the stability of the container.
  • the cranes also enable the containers to be moved and transported by cranes. Due to the special shape of the outer
  • Har foam body s are these independent of
  • the container undergoes a development according to claim 11, by the inner Har tpur foam cover lead plates or lead moldings
  • Lead elements may have a protective coating.
  • environmental influences or environmental influences are avoided during storage on the lead and environmental pollution by the lead.
  • the development according to claim 12 applies the joints of the parts of the inner Har tpur foam cover, whereby the parts are placed and positioned exactly above the other and each other. This makes it impossible to see the waste to be stored. It also further increases the mechanical protection of the hollow glass body.
  • the containers are stacked securely on top of each other. Slipping and overturning is avoided.
  • the hollow glass body has sensors. As a result, the necessary for safe storage data within the
  • Shedding will be a stock backup within the
  • Hollow glass body achieved. As a result, damage to the hollow glass body is avoided by the freely moving stored goods during transport.
  • Radiation protection provides effective protection against the radiation of radioactive waste. To protect the
  • Hollow glass body against damage during transport or against unauthorized access the hollow glass body are covered shockproof.
  • the two parts of the hollow glass body are filled separately and potted with binder and cured.
  • protective lead sleeve securely enclosed by the hollow glass body According to claim 18 are in the hollow glass body introduced liquid substances. As a result, almost all substances and appropriately sized objects are storable in the hollow glass body. Due to the different binders used, the stored goods are reliably and safely bound and fixed, in particular for transport in the hollow glass body.
  • Fig. 3 shows a container for disposal with a
  • FIG. 8 shows a spherical variant of a hollow glass body for the storage of objects under vacuum with indicated casing
  • Fig. 11 shows a detail of a section through a
  • the container 1 according to the invention for the disposal of solid and liquid hazardous waste materials consists of a
  • Hollow glass body 2 made of laminated glass or bulletproof glass. This laminated glass or bulletproof glass consists of several times
  • the thickness of the glass panes varies.
  • the order of the casting resin layers or film layers varies.
  • the glass panes are made of float glass and chemically tempered glass. The order of arrangement of the glass depends on the respective
  • the hollow glass body 2 has the shape of a sphere, a cylinder or a cube or cuboid.
  • the ball is composed of two horizontally connected hemispherical shells 33.
  • the cylinder consists of individual laminated ones
  • the bottom of the cylinder, cuboid or cube is curved upwards or downwards according to the respective requirements.
  • the respective bottoms and covers are arranged and glued between the side walls or in the tube.
  • the inner glass panes each consist of a chemically highly resistant glass such as quartz glass,
  • Borosilicate glass or borofloat glass The choice of glass depends on the special waste material to be filled. About the existing opening 13, the waste materials can be filled. The opening 13 is made with a closure 15 Glass with the same structure of the hollow glass body 2
  • the closure 15 is a metal closure 15.
  • Lock 15 is glued.
  • the Har foam foam cover 3 consists of two parts, which are put on each other.
  • a circumferential positioning spring 9 locks the parts of the Har foam foam casing 9 exactly.
  • the lock is also possible by a complementary circumferential gradation 14.
  • the Har foam foam cover 3 is additionally by a
  • Har foam foam body 4 enclosed.
  • the inner dimensions of the Har foam foam body 4 adapt to the outer dimensions of the Har foam foam cover 3 at.
  • Har foam foam cover 3 is also additionally enclosed by a concrete cover 6.
  • a concrete cover 6 Here is the
  • Har foam foam cover 3 cast in concrete. The necessary mechanical stability is ensured by the arrangement of
  • Pressure plates 12 achieved in conjunction with tie rods 5.
  • the pressure plates 12 are in this case arranged disc-shaped on the pull rod 5, in particular in the case of a concrete casing 6. To increase the stability of the container 1 from a
  • Har tpur foam body 4 are the tie rods 5 through the
  • Pressure plates 12 as a frame at the bottom and through the Har tpur foam body 4 out.
  • the Har tpur foam body 4 is compressed together and securely closed. Supporting the foam foam cover 3 and the Har foam foam body 4 are glued to the joints of the respective parts.
  • Pressure plate 12 extends over the entire top and bottom depending on the design.
  • the tie rods 5 are In this case arranged outside the Har foam foam cover 3 and ensure with the pressure plates 12, the necessary contact pressure of the parts of the Har foam foam cover 3 together.
  • Crane eyes 11 allow easy handling of the container 1 by a crane.
  • For the forklift are in the bottom area of Har tpur foam body 4 and the concrete cover 6 Gabelstaplergabelö réelle 16 or recesses 16 for ropes present.
  • Gabelstaplergabelö réelle 16 or recesses 16 for ropes present are respectively at the
  • Top and bottom positioning elements 10 available.
  • the positioning elements 10 are each arranged congruently. To optimize space and simplify logistics, the outer ones have
  • Har tpur foam body 4 and the concrete cover 6 each have the same shape.
  • the outer Har tpur foam body 4 and the concrete shell 6 have the shape of a cube, cuboid and / or cylinder s.
  • 6 lead plates 8 are arranged between the hard foam cover 3 and the hard foam body 4, and between the hard foam cover 3 and the concrete cover 6. The resulting shocks between adjacent lead plates 8 are through
  • Lead moldings 8 or lead strips 8 covered.
  • the lead plates 8, lead mold parts 8 and 8 lead strips are arranged overlapping and are inserted into each other. The leakage of radioactive radiation is thus prevented. This construction meets the requirements for a sealed lead container.
  • Lead moldings 8 and 8 lead strips can additionally have a protective layer of plastic against environmental influences on
  • the lead spout 8 is depending on the need also directly to the Hollow glass body 2 can be arranged. There are simplifications during construction and during construction.
  • a further embodiment is a hollow glass body 2 with an inner two-part borrowing body 30.
  • Bohlenohl Theory 30 lies on the inside of the
  • Hollow glass body 2 and is the inner contour of the
  • Hollow glass body 2 adapted.
  • the contact surfaces 24 of both parts of the borrowing body 30 lie on the same plane as the ground edges 24 of the two hollow glass body parts.
  • the contact surfaces 24 of the two borrowing body 30 have a matching one another
  • Pressure equalization channels 31 advantageously have a
  • the annular recess 32 prevents evacuation of the air from the hollow glass body 2, a concern of the borrowing body 30 to the hollow glass body second
  • sensors 17 are arranged in the hollow glass bodies 2 . These sensors 17 transmit data on the temperature and pressure inside the hollow glass body 2 to the outside. Thus are
  • the hollow glass body 2 are in addition to bulletproof glass also made
  • Safety glass can be produced. Here it is
  • Safety glass a monoglass. Especially at the
  • the prepared hollow glass body 2 the stored material 21 introduced.
  • the stored product 21 is poured with a binder 20 and cured. After curing of the binder 20, the glass body 2 is closed. If the hollow glass body 2 has been filled via an opening 13, this is closed with a closure 15 or a valve 15.
  • the valve 15 is made of an extremely resistant
  • the shutter 15 is made of glass, which the glass and the construction of the
  • Hollow glass body 2 corresponds. Afterwards the
  • Har foam foam cover 3 or Har foam foam body 4ver once.
  • the hollow glass body 2 As already described, the hollow glass body 2
  • a suction tube To fill in a hemisphere, which later represents the upper hemisphere, a suction tube
  • the stored material 21 is shed with a binder 20, a casting resin in liquid form at room temperature, to 1 cm to 0.25 cm below the equatorial line 24 as a level line 26 surface and cured. It is important to ensure that no stored product 21 and binder 20 enters the pressure equalization pipe 18.
  • the binder cures at room temperature in about 24 hours. This creates a process heat of about 40 degrees to 50 degrees Celsius.
  • the second hemisphere with the opening upwards which represents the lower hemisphere, stored goods 21 is filled. But no fine grain, otherwise there would be the risk of adding the pressure equalizing tube 18. The filling also takes place here until shortly below the equator 24. Now, the upper hemisphere is placed on the lower hemisphere, while the suction pipe 18 and Pressure equalization pipe 18 in the stored goods of the lower
  • the hollow glass body 2 After pumping the air, the hollow glass body 2 by a Har foam foam casing 3 with or without spacers and if necessary, disguised by a lead spout 8 and / or concrete cover 6.
  • Glass hollow ball is placed in a plastic half-shell 3 of the lower of the lower frame on the spacers 22. Between the glass hollow sphere and the
  • Plastic shell 3 results from the spacers 22, a gap between 2 cm to 3 cm.
  • Sensors 17 are advantageously in a range of Hollow glass body 2 placed, which is not directly achieved by the binder 20 and the stored product 21.
  • Binders 20 shed. For safe storage of liquid substances, a binder 20 is brought to this, which has a lower density than the respective liquid material. This forms a floating on the liquid substance film which hardens and the liquid
  • Stored goods 21 stabilized in position.
  • casting resins, bitumen, hardening oils or adhesives are used as binders 20.
  • a special form and also procedure represents the storage of radioactive material in a spherical
  • Hollow glass body 2 is.
  • a two-part borrowing body 30 is necessary.
  • the lower borrowing body is placed in the lower glass half shell of the
  • Borrowing body 30 lie on a horizontal line. Then the toxic and / or radioactive material is stored as storage 21, z. B. glass granules, in the lower
  • BohlenohlSystem filled to about one centimeter below the contact surfaces 24. Then a liquid
  • Binder 20 preferably a casting resin, filled until the stored material 21 is completely covered.
  • the setting process of the binder 20 is a heat-generating process. Here are reached about 50 degrees Celsius. In this state, the filled lower borrowing body remains in the
  • the upper borrowing body is filled with stored material 21 and potted with a binder 20. After the completion of the Hardening process is the upper borrowing on the lower BohlenohlSystem and then the upper
  • Glass shells are absolutely clean, free of foreign particles and lie exactly congruently one above the other.
  • the thus assembled glass half-shells with their contents are placed in a vacuum chamber.
  • the vacuum chamber is closed and the evacuation process of the air begins. In this case, the air is sucked out of the hollow glass body 2 and the borrowing body 30 located therein.
  • the outside of the equatorial line 24 can be provided with an adhesive 25 and the hollow glass ball 2 in a Har foam foam casing 3, in a Har foam body 4 and / or enclosed with a concrete sheath 6 and packaged.
  • a cube blank is equal to five
  • Glass hollow body can according to its adhesive technology
  • Glass cube lid corresponds in its execution and dimensionally the other sides.
  • a valve 15 is installed in the middle, analogous to the spherical shape.
  • the closure of the glass cube can take place.
  • the miter edges of the glass cube and the lid are applied thinly with adhesive 25.
  • the lid with its conical, square shape is immediately placed in the open side, which is funnel-like through the miter cuts, under light pressure. Subsequently, immediately via the valve 15 by means of a vacuum pump, a vacuum in
  • the glass cube produced.
  • the glass cube is thus effectively closed and can be packed further after the curing time of the glass adhesive and then stored.
  • Opening 13 is sealed at the end after filling by means of a glass stopper or with a metal closure with or without valve 15 glued.
  • Repository materials is a hemispherical shell 33 with applied glass 34.
  • the contact surfaces 24 between hemispherical shell 33 and glass 34 have a fine grinding, that is, these contact surfaces 24 are roughened something.
  • the outer edges of the hemispherical shell 33 and the glass sheet 34 are chamfered and thus form a dr triangular groove 35, which later after filling and generate a vacuum in the hollow glass body 2 by an adhesive 25 or adhesive strip 25 can be additionally secured.
  • the liquid or pasty material to be stored is stored.
  • As a cover of this filled hemisphere shell 33 is a flat, flat and the diameter of the hemisphere shell 33 adapted, round glass plate 34 made of the same material as the
  • Hemispherical shell 33 for example borosilicate glass
  • the glass sheet 34 is on one side at the edge about 21 mm, this corresponds to the wall thickness of
  • machined glass surface must correspond exactly to the roughness of the support surface of the hemisphere shell 33. This roughness is for later closing both
  • Glass panel 34 should correspond to the glass wall of hemispherical shell 33.
  • the air located in the interior of the hollow glass body 2 can be sucked off via the interface between hemispherical shell 33 and glass pane 34 which forms the contact surface 24.
  • the evacuation process is terminated at about 1 bar vacuum. The tightness of the hollow glass body 2 comes exclusively by the application of the vacuum
  • the chamfered, triangular groove 35 is closed with a silicone from the outside and then with a
  • Protective adhesive tape 25 provided. After chemical bonding of the silicone in the groove 35 after about 24 hours, the hollow glass body 2 in a Har foam foam casing 3 are inserted and this in turn in a storage and
  • Har tpur foam body 4 With an underwater storage of this filled with stored hollow glass body 2 at a

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention a pour objet de réaliser un récipient en verre de sécurité feuilleté ou en verre armé pour le stockage ultime de déchets spéciaux solides ou liquides avec des enrobages protecteurs supplémentaires. L'invention réalise un récipient de stockage ultime (1) qui, du fait de sa construction, est presque totalement résistant à la corrosion, supporte des contraintes extrêmement élevées et est ainsi à l'épreuve des chocs et aussi à l'épreuve des coups de feu. Le corps en verre creux (2) est en plus protégé par une enveloppe (3), (4) légère et absorbant les forces qui agissent depuis l'extérieur. L'utilisation en exploitation minière est également possible, tout comme l'enfouissement dans le désert ou l'immersion dans l'eau. Dans le cas d'une utilisation comme récipient de stockage ultime (1) pour des matières radioactives, un corps creux en plomb (30) divisé en deux parties est introduit dans un corps creux en verre (2), puis rempli de la matière à stocker (21) et scellé avec un liant (20). Le récipient de stockage ultime (1) est fermé durablement par mise sous vide. Le domaine d'application de l'invention se situe dans la fabrication de récipients de stockage ultime des déchets toxiques et radioactifs.
EP11730883A 2010-03-07 2011-03-07 Récipient en verre de sécurité feuilleté ou en verre armé pour le stockage ultime de déchets spéciaux solides ou liquides Withdrawn EP2545559A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102010015844 2010-03-07
DE102010016376 2010-04-08
DE102010016467 2010-04-15
DE201010017201 DE102010017201A1 (de) 2010-03-07 2010-06-01 Behälter zur Endlagerung von festen oder flüssigen Sondermüllmaterialien aus Verbundglas oder Panzerglas
PCT/DE2011/075037 WO2011110171A2 (fr) 2010-03-07 2011-03-07 Récipient en verre de sécurité feuilleté ou en verre armé pour le stockage ultime de déchets spéciaux solides ou liquides

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2545559A2 true EP2545559A2 (fr) 2013-01-16

Family

ID=44503045

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP11730883A Withdrawn EP2545559A2 (fr) 2010-03-07 2011-03-07 Récipient en verre de sécurité feuilleté ou en verre armé pour le stockage ultime de déchets spéciaux solides ou liquides

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2545559A2 (fr)
DE (1) DE102010017201A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2011110171A2 (fr)

Cited By (1)

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RU2854695C1 (ru) * 2024-11-26 2026-01-15 Акционерное общество "Научно-исследовательский и конструкторский институт монтажной технологии - Атомстрой" (АО "НИКИМТ-Атомстрой") Контейнер для ионообменных смол

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DE102015112164B4 (de) 2014-10-22 2023-07-20 Dieter Pfaltz Kugelförmiger Endlagerbehälter aus Glas für Schadstoffe
CN110822998A (zh) * 2018-08-14 2020-02-21 郭骏 一种设备或设备部件的防护方法
US11508489B2 (en) * 2020-11-24 2022-11-22 Henry Crichlow Geologic disposal of uranium waste products
CN112849839B (zh) * 2021-03-01 2025-03-14 上海潘多拉环境工程技术有限公司 一种多层复合防护危废物料盛装容器
DE102023000411A1 (de) 2023-02-02 2024-08-08 Zafer Said Verfahren, Vorrichtung und Mechanismen zur Produktion von schweißfreien industriellen strahlungsdichtend NDT Anlagen (Non-Destructive Testing), 2D, 2,5 D und 3D und zur Herstellung von strahlungsdichtend Lagerungsbehälter und Transportbehälter
DE102025145145A1 (de) 2024-11-05 2026-05-07 Dieter Pfaltz Glasgefäß , Verfahren zum Verschließen eines Glasgefäßes, Anordnung zur Lagerung einer Vielzahl von Glasgefäßen

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2854695C1 (ru) * 2024-11-26 2026-01-15 Акционерное общество "Научно-исследовательский и конструкторский институт монтажной технологии - Атомстрой" (АО "НИКИМТ-Атомстрой") Контейнер для ионообменных смол

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE102010017201A1 (de) 2011-09-08
WO2011110171A3 (fr) 2011-11-10
WO2011110171A2 (fr) 2011-09-15

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