EP2551185A1 - Wasser- oder Unterwassergerät und entsprechendes Ankoppelungsverfahren - Google Patents

Wasser- oder Unterwassergerät und entsprechendes Ankoppelungsverfahren Download PDF

Info

Publication number: EP2551185A1
Authority: EP; European Patent Office
Prior art keywords: cable; machine; marine; clamp; detection means
Prior art date: 2011-07-26
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.): Granted

Application number

EP12177504A

Other languages

English (en)

French (fr)

Other versions

EP2551185B1 (de

Inventor

Eric Frejaville

Gérard Mothier

Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)

Eca Robotics SAS

Original Assignee

Eca Robotics SAS

Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)

2011-07-26

Filing date

2012-07-23

Publication date

2013-01-30

2012-07-23 Application filed by Eca Robotics SAS filed Critical Eca Robotics SAS

2013-01-30 Publication of EP2551185A1 publication Critical patent/EP2551185A1/de

2015-10-07 Application granted granted Critical

2015-10-07 Publication of EP2551185B1 publication Critical patent/EP2551185B1/de

Status Active legal-status Critical Current

2032-07-23 Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Images

Classifications

- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63G—OFFENSIVE OR DEFENSIVE ARRANGEMENTS ON VESSELS; MINE-LAYING; MINE-SWEEPING; SUBMARINES; AIRCRAFT CARRIERS
- B63G8/00—Underwater vessels, e.g. submarines; Equipment specially adapted therefor
- B63G8/001—Underwater vessels adapted for special purposes, e.g. unmanned underwater vessels; Equipment specially adapted therefor, e.g. docking stations
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B21/00—Tying-up; Shifting, towing, or pushing equipment; Anchoring
- B63B21/56—Towing or pushing equipment
- B63B21/58—Adaptations of hooks for towing; Towing-hook mountings
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B21/00—Tying-up; Shifting, towing, or pushing equipment; Anchoring
- B63B21/56—Towing or pushing equipment
- B63B21/66—Equipment specially adapted for towing underwater objects or vessels, e.g. fairings for tow-cables
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B27/00—Arrangement of ship-based loading or unloading equipment for cargo or passengers
- B63B27/18—Arrangement of ship-based loading or unloading equipment for cargo or passengers of cableways, e.g. with breeches-buoys
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63C—LAUNCHING, HAULING-OUT, OR DRY-DOCKING OF VESSELS; LIFE-SAVING IN WATER; EQUIPMENT FOR DWELLING OR WORKING UNDER WATER; MEANS FOR SALVAGING OR SEARCHING FOR UNDERWATER OBJECTS
- B63C11/00—Equipment for dwelling or working underwater; Means for searching for underwater objects
- B63C11/34—Diving chambers with mechanical link, e.g. cable, to a base
- B63C11/36—Diving chambers with mechanical link, e.g. cable, to a base of closed type
- B63C11/42—Diving chambers with mechanical link, e.g. cable, to a base of closed type with independent propulsion or direction control
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63G—OFFENSIVE OR DEFENSIVE ARRANGEMENTS ON VESSELS; MINE-LAYING; MINE-SWEEPING; SUBMARINES; AIRCRAFT CARRIERS
- B63G8/00—Underwater vessels, e.g. submarines; Equipment specially adapted therefor
- B63G8/42—Towed underwater vessels
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B27/00—Arrangement of ship-based loading or unloading equipment for cargo or passengers
- B63B27/16—Arrangement of ship-based loading or unloading equipment for cargo or passengers of lifts or hoists
- B63B2027/165—Deployment or recovery of underwater vehicles using lifts or hoists
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63G—OFFENSIVE OR DEFENSIVE ARRANGEMENTS ON VESSELS; MINE-LAYING; MINE-SWEEPING; SUBMARINES; AIRCRAFT CARRIERS
- B63G8/00—Underwater vessels, e.g. submarines; Equipment specially adapted therefor
- B63G8/001—Underwater vessels adapted for special purposes, e.g. unmanned underwater vessels; Equipment specially adapted therefor, e.g. docking stations
- B63G2008/002—Underwater vessels adapted for special purposes, e.g. unmanned underwater vessels; Equipment specially adapted therefor, e.g. docking stations unmanned
- B63G2008/004—Underwater vessels adapted for special purposes, e.g. unmanned underwater vessels; Equipment specially adapted therefor, e.g. docking stations unmanned autonomously operating

Definitions

the present invention relates to the field of submarine or marine gear, and in particular a device for securing such a machine.
a particularly interesting application of the invention relates to the recovery of a submersible machine by a traction cable, in order to be brought back to the surface of the water, for example on the deck of a ship, either directly or by via a mobile receiving part.
the invention also relates to the recovery of a submersible machine by a traction cable to be recovered for example by a submarine.
An autonomous submersible vehicle called “AUV” (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle in Anglo-Saxon terms)
AAV Autonomous Underwater Vehicle in Anglo-Saxon terms
the mobile part generally called “cage” comprises a frame defining a housing inside which the machine can enter to be recovered.
the document WO 01/21476 describes a submersible device for launching, maintenance and recovery of a submersible vehicle comprising in particular a recovery platform comprising a first connection to a surface vehicle and a second connection to a submersible vehicle.
the submersible vehicle comprises for this purpose a connection means of complementary shape to the second connection of the recovery platform.
Such a recovery device is complex and does not allow effective attachment of the marine machine to a traction cable.
the object of the present invention is to overcome the disadvantages of the state of the art.
the object of the invention is to propose a submersible machine comprising its own securing means in a marine environment so as to be autonomous while effectively clinging to a recovery cable which can be a traction cable and avoiding the influence of vertical movements due to the swell.
the invention relates to a marine or submarine device intended to be secured to a recovery cable.
the machine comprises non-contact detection means of the recovery cable capable of detecting the cable and guiding the machine towards the cable and cable hooking means located on the machine.
the marine or submarine device finds the cable by detection and is then guided by its own detection means to a tow rope that can be ballasted, the cable is then locked effectively to the machine by means of 'hanging located at the front of the machine.
the gear thus secured may, for example, be subsequently towed in a moving part such as a receiving cage or directly on a ramp in order to be reassembled, if it is immersed, on the surface of the water.
the attachment means are located at one end of the machine, but may also be located on the outer surface of the body of the machine.
the attachment means comprise at least one hook and at least one clamp movable in rotation between a closed position in contact with the outer surface of the machine, an open position deviating from the outer surface of the machine for provide a wide cable receiving opening and a hooking position in which the clamp cooperates with the hook to leave a space for the passage of the cable between the clamp and the outer surface of the marine gear.
the clip includes a cable-contact sensing portion.
the attachment means may comprise at least one locking valve located in the hook for the passage of the cable.
the marine machine comprises an electronic control unit capable of directing the marine machine towards the traction cable as a function of the non-contact detection means, of controlling the position of the clamp according to the data provided by the detection portion. by contact, and lock the flapper after the cable passage.
the machine may include one or more forceps judiciously located on the machine.
the machine is, for example, autonomous and includes internal propulsion means.
the contactless detection means comprise at least one sensor which can be acoustic (for example a sonar), laser or video.
the invention relates to a method for attaching a marine gear to a recovery cable in which the cable is detected and the marine gear is guided towards the cable by non-contact detection means and hooks the cable by hooking means which can be located at one end or on the sides of the marine machine.
a clip is actuated in an open position away from the outer surface of the machine.
the clamp When the cable is detected by contact detection means located on the clamp, the clamp can be actuated in a hooking position in which the clamp cooperates with a hook to leave a space for the passage of the cable between the clamp and the outer surface of the marine gear.
the cable when the cable is in the space between the clamp and the outer surface of the marine machine, the cable is slid to a lock valve in the hook and locked the cable by locking the valve.
a marine or underwater vehicle As illustrated on the figures 1 and 2 , a marine or underwater vehicle, referenced 1 as a whole, is intended to be recovered by a recovery device (not shown) connected for example by hoisting ropes to a boat or a naval surface vehicle (not shown) .
the recovery device comprises, for example, a moving part (not shown), such as a receiving cage and a traction cable 2, a first end 2a is connected to a front end of the receiving cage, for example to a pulling winch (not shown) and a second free end 2b intended to be hooked by the machine 1.
the invention is not limited to the use of such a receiving cage to recover the marine gear. Any other means of recovering a marine gear by means of a traction cable may be used, in particular the recovery of the craft by a submersible.
the vehicle 1 may, for example, be a submersible or floating underwater vehicle and designed, for example, to perform surveillance and / or underwater inspection.
the underwater vehicle 1 extends along a longitudinal axis and comprises a main body 3 of generally cylindrical shape, or torpedo.
the body 3 is provided with a stabilizer 4 fixed to a rear end 3a and provided to ensure the stability of the displacement of the vehicle 1, and longitudinal thrusters 5 fixed on one side and the other of the body 3 forward
the vehicle 1 also comprises a front portion 3b which may, for example, comprise a camera (not shown) for observing the seabed.
the vehicle 1 is thus autonomous and includes its own means of internal propulsion.
the machine 1 illustrated at figure 1 is attached to one end 2b of the traction cable 2, the other end 2a is intended to be connected to a recovery device (not shown).
the figure 2 illustrates the machine 1 ready to dock at the weighted end 2b of the traction cable 2.
a float (not shown) could be hooked to the traction cable to ensure the verticality of the cable, in particular as part of the recovery of the craft by a submersible.
the front part 3b of the machine 1, illustrated in detail on the Figures 3 to 5 comprises non-contact detection means 6 of the traction cable 2, such as a sonar, capable of guiding the machine 1 towards the traction cable 2 and the hooking means 7 of the cable 2 situated at a front end 3b 1.
the non-contact detection means 6 is located on the upper part of the machine 1, in a housing 6a provided for this purpose.
the non-contact detection means 6 may, for example, be controlled to exit this housing 6a in order to look for the traction cable 2. It will be noted that the non-contact detection means could also be directly attached to the outer surface of the housing. gear 1.
the attachment means 7 comprise a set of hooks 8 located at the end of the front portion 3b of the machine 1, two clamps 9a, 9b and two locking valves 13a, 13b each located in a hook 8 for the passage cable 2.
the set of hooks 8 for example of the double hook type, comprises a base 8a of substantially conical shape matching the end of the front portion 3a of the machine 1, a rigid rod 8b and two curved tips 8c, 8d around the base 8a.
a single curved tip 8c forming a single hook.
the clamps 9a, 9b are rotatable between a closed position, visible on the figure 3 , in contact with the outer surface 3c of the machine 1, an open position, visible on the figures 2 and 4 , deviating from the outer surface 3c of the machine 1 and a hooking position, visible on the figures 1 and 5 , in which each clamp 9a, 9b cooperates with a curved tip 8c, 8d so as to leave a space E for the passage of the cable 2 between each clamp 9a, 9b and the outer surface 3c of the machine 1.
a single clamp 9a could be used.
Each clamp 9a, 9b comprises a base 10a, 10b connected to a pivoting mechanism (not shown), comprising for example a set of cylinders, and a protruding portion 11a, 11b outwardly of generally parallelepipedal shape.
the front part 3b of the machine 1 has grooves 9c in which the tongs 9a, 9b are housed in the closed position visible on the figure 3 .
the closed position corresponds in particular to a transit position.
the parts of the clamp 9a, 9b located in the housings 9c of the machine 1 are shown in dotted lines in the figures.
a stud 9d can be placed inside the machine 1 in order to avoid the contact between the clamps 9a, 9b when they are in the closed position.
the arrangement of the clamps 9a, 9b in the recesses provided for this purpose in the body 3 of the machine 1 makes it possible to prevent the clamps 9a, 9b from clinging to elements during the transit of the machine 1.
Each base 10a, 10b comprises a detection portion 12a, 12b by contact of the cable 2.
the machine 1 further comprises an electronic control unit (not shown) capable of directing the machine 1 towards the traction cable 2 as a function of the non-contact detection means 6, to control the position of the clamps 9a, 9b in function data provided by the contact detection portion 12a, 12b, and lock the corresponding valve 13a, 13b after the cable passage 2.
an electronic control unit capable of directing the machine 1 towards the traction cable 2 as a function of the non-contact detection means 6, to control the position of the clamps 9a, 9b in function data provided by the contact detection portion 12a, 12b, and lock the corresponding valve 13a, 13b after the cable passage 2.
the catching means 7 are located elsewhere than at the front end 3b of the machine 1, in fact, it could be provided a hooking of the traction cable 2 for example by the top of the machine 1.
the grippers 9a, 9b are actuated simultaneously by the electronic control unit in an open position deviating from the outer surface 3c of the machine 1, as visible on the figures 2 and 4 .
each clamp 9a, 9b When the traction cable 2 is detected by one of the contact detection means 12a, 12b respectively located on a clamp 9a, 9b, the clamps 9a, 9b are simultaneously actuated in a hooking position, visible on the figure 3 , in which each clamp 9a, 9b cooperates with a curved end 8c, 8d so as to leave a space E for the passage of the cable 2 between the clamp 9a, 9b and the outer surface 3c of the machine 1.
the propulsion means (not shown) of the machine 1 are stopped so that the traction cable 2 slides towards the rigid rod 8b, and slides through one of the locking valves 13a, 13b located in the hook 8 to its weighted end serving as a stop.
the electronic control unit actuates the locking valve 13a, 13b to prevent the cable 2 from going back and thus allows effective locking of the traction cable 2 by the machine 1.
the machine 1 hooked to the traction cable 2 the machine 1 is towed, for example using a winch in a receiving cage to position the front, called "nose", of the gear 1 in a docking means, for example in a mobile receiving cone.
the machine 1 and housed in the cage can then be raised to the surface.
the invention is not limited to the use of such a receiving cage to recover the marine gear. Any other means of recovering a marine gear by means of a traction cable may be used.
the marine or underwater vehicle is able to dock autonomously to a traction cable by effective hooking means providing multiple benefits, such as the possible recovery of the machine from n any structure, fixed or mobile, aerial or submerged, with a weighted cable.
the possible recovery of the machine in immersion makes it possible to overcome the influence of the swell.
such a coupling device can be easily adapted to existing systems, for example by using a cable equipped with an end ballast and also requires no human intervention at sea.

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Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
Laying Of Electric Cables Or Lines Outside (AREA)
Measurement Of Velocity Or Position Using Acoustic Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)

EP12177504.3A 2011-07-26 2012-07-23 Wasser- oder Unterwassergerät und entsprechendes Ankoppelungsverfahren Active EP2551185B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
FR1156819A FR2978422B1 (fr)	2011-07-26	2011-07-26	Engin marin ou sous-marin et procede d'arrimage associe

Publications (2)

Publication Number	Publication Date
EP2551185A1 true EP2551185A1 (de)	2013-01-30
EP2551185B1 EP2551185B1 (de)	2015-10-07

Family

ID=46514256

Family Applications (1)

Application Number	Title	Priority Date	Filing Date
EP12177504.3A Active EP2551185B1 (de)	2011-07-26	2012-07-23	Wasser- oder Unterwassergerät und entsprechendes Ankoppelungsverfahren

Country Status (5)

Country	Link
US (1)	US9032894B2 (de)
EP (1)	EP2551185B1 (de)
AU (1)	AU2012206995B2 (de)
CA (1)	CA2784188C (de)
FR (1)	FR2978422B1 (de)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
WO2016046497A1 (fr) *	2014-09-25	2016-03-31	Eca Robotics	Engin marin ou sous-marin et procédé d'arrimage associé
WO2016062870A1 (fr) *	2014-10-24	2016-04-28	Thales	Systeme de mise a l'eau et de recuperation d'engin marin et sous-marin assiste par des protections inclinables
EP3421349A1 (de) *	2017-06-27	2019-01-02	The Boeing Company	Vertikale bergung für ein unbemanntes unterwasserfahrzeug
CN114455034A (zh) *	2021-12-27	2022-05-10	宜昌测试技术研究所	一种实现水下无人航行器快速捕捉牵引的装置
WO2023007085A1 (fr)	2021-07-27	2023-02-02	Eca Robotics	Dispositif de réception d'un engin marin ou sous-marin, notamment autonome, à partir d'un navire
EP4245653A1 (de) *	2022-03-15	2023-09-20	Exail Robotics	Autonomes unterwasserfahrzeug und system zur bergung eines solchen unterwasserfahrzeugs
WO2023175264A1 (fr) *	2022-03-15	2023-09-21	Exail Robotics	Véhicule tracté sous-marin et système de récupération d'un tel véhicule sous-marin

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JP6555508B2 (ja) *	2015-03-20	2019-08-07	株式会社Ihi	水中航走体の回収方法及び回収システム
CN111422330B (zh) *	2020-03-17	2022-02-25	国网山东省电力公司青岛市黄岛区供电公司	一种磁力挂钩式海底提缆装置
CN113064209B (zh) *	2021-04-14	2021-11-26	杭州电子科技大学	一种海底电缆的地磁探测方法
CN113443105B (zh) *	2021-07-15	2022-06-28	哈尔滨工程大学	一种声呐监测机器人用防护装置
CN114228920B (zh) *	2021-11-30	2024-03-29	哈尔滨工业大学（威海）	一种自脱落绑定装置

Citations (5)

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FR1061211A (fr)	1952-08-05	1954-04-09		Cultivateur à manoeuvre rapide
GB2239632A (en) *	1990-01-05	1991-07-10	Timothy John Godfrey Francis	Submersible recovery systems
WO2001021476A1 (en)	1999-09-20	2001-03-29	Coflexip, S.A.	Apparatus and method for deploying, recovering, servicing, and operating an autonomous underwater vehicle
US7025014B1 (en) *	2004-03-03	2006-04-11	The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy	Sea vessel retrieval of unmanned underwater vehicles
US20080302292A1 (en)	2007-06-11	2008-12-11	Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co.Kg	Apparatus and Method for Deploying and Recovering an Underwater Vehicle, and Method for Docking an Underwater Vehicle to a Recovery Apparatus

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US4686927A (en) *	1986-02-25	1987-08-18	Deep Ocean Engineering Incorporated	Tether cable management apparatus and method for a remotely-operated underwater vehicle
GB0022002D0 (en) *	2000-09-07	2000-10-25	Global Marine Systems Ltd	Method and apparatus for accessing underwater cables or pipes

2011
- 2011-07-26 FR FR1156819A patent/FR2978422B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
2012
- 2012-07-23 EP EP12177504.3A patent/EP2551185B1/de active Active
- 2012-07-23 CA CA2784188A patent/CA2784188C/fr active Active
- 2012-07-25 US US13/557,389 patent/US9032894B2/en active Active
- 2012-07-26 AU AU2012206995A patent/AU2012206995B2/en active Active

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
FR1061211A (fr)	1952-08-05	1954-04-09		Cultivateur à manoeuvre rapide
GB2239632A (en) *	1990-01-05	1991-07-10	Timothy John Godfrey Francis	Submersible recovery systems
WO2001021476A1 (en)	1999-09-20	2001-03-29	Coflexip, S.A.	Apparatus and method for deploying, recovering, servicing, and operating an autonomous underwater vehicle
US7025014B1 (en) *	2004-03-03	2006-04-11	The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy	Sea vessel retrieval of unmanned underwater vehicles
US20080302292A1 (en)	2007-06-11	2008-12-11	Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co.Kg	Apparatus and Method for Deploying and Recovering an Underwater Vehicle, and Method for Docking an Underwater Vehicle to a Recovery Apparatus

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
WO2016046497A1 (fr) *	2014-09-25	2016-03-31	Eca Robotics	Engin marin ou sous-marin et procédé d'arrimage associé
FR3026383A1 (fr) *	2014-09-25	2016-04-01	Eca Robotics	Engin marin ou sous-marin et procede d'arrimage associe
WO2016062870A1 (fr) *	2014-10-24	2016-04-28	Thales	Systeme de mise a l'eau et de recuperation d'engin marin et sous-marin assiste par des protections inclinables
US10232915B2 (en)	2014-10-24	2019-03-19	Thales	System for launching and recovering marine and submarine devices assisted by tiltable protective components
EP3421349A1 (de) *	2017-06-27	2019-01-02	The Boeing Company	Vertikale bergung für ein unbemanntes unterwasserfahrzeug
WO2023007085A1 (fr)	2021-07-27	2023-02-02	Eca Robotics	Dispositif de réception d'un engin marin ou sous-marin, notamment autonome, à partir d'un navire
FR3125793A1 (fr)	2021-07-27	2023-02-03	Eca Robotics	Dispositif de réception d’un engin marin ou sous-marin, notamment autonome, à partir d’un navire.
CN114455034A (zh) *	2021-12-27	2022-05-10	宜昌测试技术研究所	一种实现水下无人航行器快速捕捉牵引的装置
EP4245653A1 (de) *	2022-03-15	2023-09-20	Exail Robotics	Autonomes unterwasserfahrzeug und system zur bergung eines solchen unterwasserfahrzeugs
WO2023175264A1 (fr) *	2022-03-15	2023-09-21	Exail Robotics	Véhicule tracté sous-marin et système de récupération d'un tel véhicule sous-marin
FR3133590A1 (fr) *	2022-03-15	2023-09-22	Eca Robotics	Véhicule autonome sous-marin et système de récupération d'un tel véhicule sous-marin
FR3133591A1 (fr) *	2022-03-15	2023-09-22	Eca Robotics	Véhicule tracté sous-marin et système de récupération d'un tel véhicule sous-marin

Also Published As

Publication number	Publication date
US20130025523A1 (en)	2013-01-31
US9032894B2 (en)	2015-05-19
AU2012206995B2 (en)	2016-09-29
CA2784188C (fr)	2019-06-18
FR2978422B1 (fr)	2014-12-12
AU2012206995A1 (en)	2013-02-14
EP2551185B1 (de)	2015-10-07
CA2784188A1 (fr)	2013-01-26
FR2978422A1 (fr)	2013-02-01

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