Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
  • G10D—STRINGED MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; WIND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACCORDIONS OR CONCERTINAS; PERCUSSION MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; AEOLIAN HARPS; SINGING-FLAME MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G10D7/00—General design of wind musical instruments
  • G10D7/06—Beating-reed wind instruments, e.g. single or double reed wind instruments
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
  • G10D—STRINGED MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; WIND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACCORDIONS OR CONCERTINAS; PERCUSSION MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; AEOLIAN HARPS; SINGING-FLAME MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G10D9/00—Details of, or accessories for, wind musical instruments
  • G10D9/04—Valves; Valve controls
  • G10D9/047—Valves; Valve controls for wood wind instruments

Definitions

• the invention relates to a keying system for an aerophone and an aerophone comprising such a keying system. It applies more particularly to woodwind musical instruments, whether classical, traditional or ethnic such as flutes, clarinets, oboes, bassoons, saxophones, bombardes, quêts for give some non-limiting examples.
• the aerophones produce a sound by vibrating a column of air contained in a tube.
• the fundamental frequency corresponding to this sound is inversely proportional to the length of the tube.
• an aerophone (100) consists of a tubular body extending axially between a mouth (1 10) and an end (120) often flag-shaped.
• the action of the air blown into the tube through the mouth (1 10) produces a pressure fluctuation by means varying according to the type of instrument. This pressure fluctuation propagates in the tube between the mouth (110) and the end (120), vibrating the air column contained in the tube between these two ends.
• the fundamental frequency, or pitch, of the sound produced is given by
• f is the frequency in Hertz
• L the length of the tube expressed in meters
• C the speed of sound in the air in m. s "1.
• the coefficient k depends on the acoustic nature of the tube and particularly the shape of its bore and is approximately 2 for the flutes, the oboe, bassoon and saxophones and 4, for example, clarinets.
• this frequency is the lowest note that the instrument can play.
• two techniques are essentially used:
• the division of the tube is obtained by practicing radial orifices (130) in the body (140) of the instrument.
• an orifice (130) of sufficient diameter (d) facing the bore diameter (D) is formed in the body (140) at a distance Li from the mouth, the aerophone (100) behaves as if it had an effective length L
• the orifice (130) can be closed by the fingers of the instrumentalist or by devices known in the prior art, including buffers and possibly resonators, which devices can be operated directly by the fingers or by systems. levers, themselves controlled by keys.
• the harmonic registers are obtained by forcing the breath and / or by opening small diameter orifices near the mouth (110), either by means of keys or by only partially blocking an orifice near the mouth. These techniques are known from the prior art and are not more detailed, they make it possible to obtain game registers in a harmonic relationship with the fundamental register.
• the harmonic ratio depends on the nature of the bore, conical or cylindrical. Most woodwind instruments can be played in three or more registers:
• the first harmonic register generally behaves as the fundamental register vis-à-vis the response of the aerophone to the closing or opening of the orifices to vary the length of the air column.
• the Super-sharp registers behave differently and require special fingerings, called forked, to adjust the pitch of the sounds.
• an aerophone with an amplitude of play of one octave in its fundamental register must have 11 radial orifices to allow the play of a chromatic range on this amplitude, and 7 orifices, if the game is limited to a diatonic range on this same amplitude.
• the first, used on old or traditional instruments such as the recorder, is to drill the body of 7 small diameter holes facing the bore. These 7 orifices make it possible to obtain a diatonic range. Chromatisms are obtained by fork fillings that is to say by closing both a first hole closer to the mouth and a second hole not contiguous to the first and closer to the flag. This effect works only if the orifices are of sufficiently small diameter relative to the bore.
• the forked shutter changes the emission frequency spectrum of the instrument producing a timbre sound different from the diatonic sound and sometimes making the played notes unstable.
• this system allows chromatic play by using only 7 fingers of the instrumentalist, releasing at least two other fingers for register extensions or trill fingerings.
• the fork fillings have no effect on the pitch of the note played, at least in the fundamental register, everything happens as if the tube was interrupted. to the length Li, and the pitch of the note, like the timbre, are almost indifferent to the openings of the openings beyond the first open port from the mouth (1 10).
• the body of a clarinet using the Boehm keying system has 23 holes in addition to the register change port.
• such an B-flat clarinet has not less than 4 orifices placed at a distance from the mouth corresponding to a length of tube for the emission of a Do3 (C3) to the ear, or a frequency of the order of 262 Hz.
• the fingering principle used mimicking fingernail fingernails, consists on the one hand in obtaining the natural diatonic degrees in joint movement by the successive raising or lowering of the fingers, traditionally, thumb, index, middle finger, ring finger of the left hand, then index, middle finger, ring finger of the right hand in the descending direction; and on the other hand, to obtain the chromatic degrees from the diatonic fingering of the natural degree, by adding the action of another finger to raise or lower the note emitted by a semitone.
• the fingering of the diatonic degrees vary according to the range played, the sequences becoming generally complex when the tone has more than 3 alterations.
• the invention aims to solve the disadvantages of the prior art and proposes for this purpose, a cloning device for an aerophone comprising a body extending axially between a mouth and an end and pierced with radial orifices, characterized in that He understands :
• the two keys being furthermore placed contiguously so that they can be simultaneously actuated by a single finger acting between these two keys.
• key attachment means can integrate advantageously if necessary means of extension depending on the size of the aerophone.
• the passage between the two degrees corresponding to the two orifices controlled by these two keys is performed in the ascending or descending direction by a slight slip or a slight rotation of the finger: the instrumentalist then controls the opening and closing of two orifices independently of one another by a single finger, and even can close three orifices using the first two phalanges and this feature can be advantageously used to simplify both the bill and the game of the instrument.
• the invention can be advantageously implemented according to the embodiments described below which can be considered individually or in any technically operative combination.
• the notes produced by the aerophone during the action on the first and second keys are separated by an interval less than or equal to one semitone.
• the keying device object of the invention can be used to facilitate the play of chromaticism but also to give access to micro-slot opportunities on all or part of the fingerings of a conventional instrument.
• this device comprises a plurality of keys and connection means such that an action on a key closing an orifice closer to the end of the body actuates all the other keys that close orifices. closer to the mouth.
• each chromatic degree of the interval on which the cloning device is operative can be played with a single finger which provides a great ease of play while limiting the number of orifices to the number of chromatic degrees included in this interval .
• connection means between the keys of the device object of the invention are removable. So both keys can be made independent of each other without losing the ability to operate both keys simultaneously by pressing the finger between them.
• the instrument comprises a plurality of keying devices, according to the preferred embodiment of the invention, this characteristic makes it possible to perform fork fillings to control the pitch of the sounds, especially in the super-acute register.
• the removable connection means further comprise means for controlling their connection and their disconnection according to the aptitude of the instrumentalist.
• a beginner will engage the connection means because it will not have to apply to close two or three keys simultaneously hermetically but can only press the key of the most serious note. Connections will not be engaged to play the high register, which is reserved anyway for a more experienced player and will have no difficulty in sealing 2 or 3 keys with one finger.
• the keying device according to the invention can be adapted to an existing instrument using a conventional keying device.
• the invention also relates to a conversion kit for adapting a keying device according to any one of its embodiments to an existing aerophone, this kit comprising:
• connection means are fixed on a key and connect it to another key which is contiguous thereto.
• This embodiment is the simplest because it requires the least modification of the existing instrument
• connection means are adapted to be fixed on the articulation rods of the keys of the aerophone.
• This embodiment of the kit requires a larger transformation of the instrument but is more aesthetic.
• it comprises:
• the invention also relates to an aerophone, in particular a musical instrument of the family of woods, whose degrees of a register are obtained by the division of a tube by the opening of radial orifices in said tube, characterized in that it comprises a keying system according to any one of the preceding embodiments.
• an aerophone has exceptional playing and transposing facilities.
• this aerophone comprises the same number of orifices as degrees per register. This characteristic makes it possible in particular to simplify the invoice of the instrument.
• FIGS. 1 to 7 in which:
• Figure 1 relating to the prior art shows schematically in longitudinal section an aerophone comprising a tubular body;
• Figure 2 shows in partial view from above an embodiment of a keying device according to the invention;
• FIG. 3 shows a top view of an embodiment of the connection means of a keying device according to a particular embodiment of the invention
• FIG. 4 shows in plan view an alternative embodiment of the connection means of a keying device according to the invention
• FIG. 5 is a partial sectional sectional view of a mounting detail of the hinge rod of the closure means according to a embodiment of the invention
• FIG. 6 shows, in plan view, an exemplary embodiment of a keying device according to the invention, adapted to an instrument comprising 11 degrees controlled by 11 keys plus one degree when all the keys are not pressed.
• the keying device comprises keys (210, 220), fixed by appropriate means, means for closing the radial orifices practiced in the body (140) of the instrument.
• These closure means (230, 240), or keys are articulated in pivot connection on a rod (250), extending substantially parallel to the body (140) of the instrument.
• This rod (250) pivots about an axis (not shown) which extends between a first support (291) and a second support (292) attached to the body (140) of the instrument.
• the rod (250) is split between the two keys (230, 240) and the two rod halves are connected by connection means (261, 262, 263).
• connection means comprise two vanes (261, 262) each attached to one of the bead halves.
• the first key (261) is closer to the mouth (110) and the second key (262) is closer to the end (120) of the body of the instrument.
• the pallets (261, 262) are rotatably connected by a connector (263).
• the connector (263) comprises an operating rod (264). It is articulated in pivot connection about an axis (272) extending under the second pallet (262) and fixed thereto. At its other end, the connector abuts under the first pallet (261).
• the instrumentalist presses on the second key (220) this latter drives the second key (262) which approaches the body (140) by pivoting with its half-rod and closes the radial orifice located in its screw. to face.
• the connector (263) rotates the other half-rod via the first pallet (261) which has the effect of bringing the first key (230) of the body and close the corresponding orifice.
• the action on the key located closer to the end (120) of the body of the instrument causes both the closing of the hole associated with the corresponding key (240) and the movement of the adjoining key (230) plugging an orifice located closer to the mouth (110).
• the keys (210, 220) comprise means such as rollers (211) to facilitate the sliding of the finger from one to the other.
• the instrumentalist only acts on the key (210) controlling the key (230) closing the orifice located closer to the mouth, the key (240) located closer to the end is not actuated.
• the connector (263) is connected and disconnected from the first pallet (261) by pivoting about an axis (272) connected to the second pallet (262).
• the abutment height of this connector on the first pallet (261) can be finely adjusted by means of a set screw (371) so as to obtain both a shutter and effective orifice and a sufficient clearance of the key of it when it is not closed.
• the connector (263 ') can be attached to the keys (210, 220) and not to the key bead.
• an end of the connector is pivotally connected about an axis (282) to the end of the key (210) closest to the mouth.
• the other end of the connector (263 ') is placed under the key (220) contiguous to the previous one and closer to the end of the instrument.
• This second key (220) presses on the end of the connector (263 ') via a screw (283) adjustment.
• the connector (263 ') when the connector (263 ') is in such a position that the screw (283) acts on its end, the action on the second key (220) causes the movement of the first key (210) and the closing of the two keys ( 230, 240). By against the action on the first key (210) causes only the closing of the first key (230).
• the connector (263 ') can also be uncoupled by rotation about the pivot axis (282).
• the connector (463) attached to a hinge rod is integrated with the second pallet (432) which is slidable on its half-rod (450).
• said half-rod (450) then comprises means (451) under which cooperates with the pallet to form a guide in translation thereof on the half-rod (450).
• the keys (210, 220) can be fixed on a linkage system (not shown) independent of that of the keys (230, 240), which linkage system is then attached to the body of the instrument preferably next to the system key linkage.
• the keying device makes it possible to articulate the keys on a single rod line, comprising supports (291, 292) distributed at least every two keys along the length of the rod.
• the rod is split into two half-rods between each key.
• Connecting devices (261, 262, 263) rotate the contiguous half-rods during an action on the key closer to the end (120) of the instrument.
• the support (590) also comprises fixing means for spring elements (585, 586) acting on the half-links (551, 552) via the pallets (261, 262) which comprise advantageously fingers (580) forming a stop and accommodating the end of the springs (585, 586) so that in the absence of action on the keys, all the orifices are open.
• the keys closing the orifices may be too far apart to allow contiguous attachment of the keys directly to the keys.
• the keys fixing means on the keys advantageously include extension means (221).
• a C-tone aerophone can be played with 6 fingers. All open holes get the Si. By lowering only the key (7b) with the left index finger we get the Bb. By lowering with the same finger the keys (7b) and (6) we get the La. By adding the left major on the key (6b) only we get the Lab, placing it on (6b) and (5) we get floor. By adding the left annular on (5b) we get the Solb, placing it on (5b) and (4) we get the Fa. Then by adding the right index on the key (3) we get the Mi. Adding the middle right only on (3b) we get the Eb, and placing it on (3b) and (2) we get Re. And by adding the right annular on only (2b) we get Reb and placing it on (2b) and (1) we get Do.
• the keying device makes it possible to obtain the chromatic scale over the entire register without any fingering of the fork and with exactly the same number of openings as chromatic degrees noted in Roman numerals in the figure. 6 in the relevant register.
• the clearance in the high register may require the use of fork fillings in this case, all or part of the connectors (263) are triggered making possible the fork fillings.
• all possible fork fillings can be obtained without losing the advantage of the simplified game over the chromatism in the other registers and in all major and minor ranges. Any range whatever its number of alteration is as easy to play as C major. Because even if the connectors are triggered continuity of the principle of the invention throughout the register is provided through the keys (3 ') and (4').
• the Mi can be played either by pressing the right index finger on the key (3) or pressing (3 ') with the ring finger or the little finger left, and the Fa can be pressed (4) by the ring finger left by pressing (4 ') with the right index finger. It is still possible even for large instruments to operate 2 or 3 keys with a single finger at this location of the register. For example if the ring finger left only presses (5b) the index finger can press (4 '), or (4') and (3) at the same time and even (4 ') (3) and (3b) together, and if the right index finger presses only (3b) the left ring finger can press (3 '), or (3') and (4) at the same time and even (3 ') (4) and (5) together. The left little finger can also press (4b).
• the skilled person will easily adapt the device object of the invention to all aerophones.
• the orifices have a diameter too large to be easily drilled in lines, they can be placed in different radial positions of the body of the instrument, the movements of the keys then being returned by levers according to known constructive principles of the prior art.
• the invention can also be applied to traditional instruments such as the recorder.
• the device object of the invention can be proposed in kit, for adaptation to existing instruments, which it simplifies the game.
• the description above shows that the invention achieves the objective it in particular, it makes it possible to simplify the bill of the instrument both on the mechanisms and in the number of holes drilled and their distribution on the body thereof, while simplifying the game.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
• Multimedia (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Electrophonic Musical Instruments (AREA)

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• 2010
  • 2010-06-03 FR FR1002359A patent/FR2961001A1/fr active Pending
  • 2010-12-01 FR FR1004700A patent/FR2961000A1/fr active Pending
• 2011
  • 2011-01-20 FR FR1100164A patent/FR2961002A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 2011-05-30 WO PCT/FR2011/000321 patent/WO2011151539A1/fr not_active Ceased
  • 2011-05-30 EP EP11744028.9A patent/EP2589043A1/de not_active Withdrawn

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