EP2611065A2 - Verfahren zur selektiven Verschlüsselung von Bitströmen - Google Patents

Verfahren zur selektiven Verschlüsselung von Bitströmen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2611065A2
EP2611065A2 EP12197596.5A EP12197596A EP2611065A2 EP 2611065 A2 EP2611065 A2 EP 2611065A2 EP 12197596 A EP12197596 A EP 12197596A EP 2611065 A2 EP2611065 A2 EP 2611065A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
stream
bit
coded bit
metadata
modifiable
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP12197596.5A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2611065A3 (de
Inventor
Antoine Robert
Frédéric Lefebvre
Bertrand Chupeau
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Thomson Licensing SAS
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Thomson Licensing SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Thomson Licensing SAS filed Critical Thomson Licensing SAS
Priority to EP12197596.5A priority Critical patent/EP2611065A3/de
Publication of EP2611065A2 publication Critical patent/EP2611065A2/de
Publication of EP2611065A3 publication Critical patent/EP2611065A3/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N7/00—Television systems
    • H04N7/16—Analogue secrecy systems; Analogue subscription systems
    • H04N7/167—Systems rendering the television signal unintelligible and subsequently intelligible
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
    • H04N21/234—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams or manipulating encoded video stream scene graphs
    • H04N21/2347—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams or manipulating encoded video stream scene graphs involving video stream encryption
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/06—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols the encryption apparatus using shift registers or memories for block-wise or stream coding, e.g. DES systems or RC4; Hash functions; Pseudorandom sequence generators
    • H04L9/065—Encryption by serially and continuously modifying data stream elements, e.g. stream cipher systems, RC4, SEAL or A5/3
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
    • H04N21/234—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams or manipulating encoded video stream scene graphs
    • H04N21/2347—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams or manipulating encoded video stream scene graphs involving video stream encryption
    • H04N21/23476—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams or manipulating encoded video stream scene graphs involving video stream encryption by partially encrypting, e.g. encrypting the ending portion of a movie
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
    • H04N21/235—Processing of additional data, e.g. scrambling of additional data or processing content descriptors
    • H04N21/2353—Processing of additional data, e.g. scrambling of additional data or processing content descriptors specifically adapted to content descriptors, e.g. coding, compressing or processing of metadata
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/40—Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/43—Processing of content or additional data, e.g. demultiplexing additional data from a digital video stream; Elementary client operations, e.g. monitoring of home network or synchronising decoder's clock; Client middleware
    • H04N21/44—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing a video clip retrieved from local storage with an incoming video stream or rendering scenes according to encoded video stream scene graphs
    • H04N21/4405—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing a video clip retrieved from local storage with an incoming video stream or rendering scenes according to encoded video stream scene graphs involving video stream decryption
    • H04N21/44055—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing a video clip retrieved from local storage with an incoming video stream or rendering scenes according to encoded video stream scene graphs involving video stream decryption by partially decrypting, e.g. decrypting a video stream that has been partially encrypted
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/80—Generation or processing of content or additional data by content creator independently of the distribution process; Content per se
    • H04N21/83—Generation or processing of protective or descriptive data associated with content; Content structuring
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2209/00—Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
    • H04L2209/60—Digital content management, e.g. content distribution
    • H04L2209/608—Watermarking

Definitions

  • the invention relates to content protection. More particularly the invention relates to a method for selectively scrambling a coded bit-stream.
  • selective encryption has been designed to cope with performance issues of standard encryption.
  • a part of the content is selectively encrypted such that the decryption of that part of the content is absolutely mandatory to decode content in view of full rendering of it to a user.
  • the patent application EP2141923 filed on 30/06/2008 in the name of Thomson Licensing entitled “Methods and apparatuses for selective data encryption” describes a selective encryption algorithm which presents the same security level as standard encryption.
  • An advantage of selective encryption method is to allow encryption with a key dedicated to each user at a much lower cost in term of real-time resources of the server than standard encryption method.
  • the algorithm for selecting part of the content to encrypt may alter the compliance of the compressed stream inhibiting any rendering and causing the video decoder to crash.
  • a method for generating a protected bit-stream with the performance of selective encryption algorithm wherein the resulting protected bit-stream remains compliant with the decoding process by just affecting the rendering is therefore needed.
  • the purpose of the invention is to overcome at least one of the disadvantages of prior art by proposing a method for scrambling a coded bit-stream which does not modify the compliance of the bit-stream.
  • the idea of the invention is to modify original parts of a coded bit-stream such as to perceptually affect the rendering of the modified content but not the compliance as regard as the coding format.
  • the original parts of the bit-stream encrypted by a standard encryption method are provided for descrambling of the modified bit-stream.
  • Scrambling is the process of rendering the sound, pictures and data unintelligible. After descrambling, any defects or artefacts on the sound, pictures or data should be imperceptible. Therefore, by scrambling content, one should understand in a general way, generating a content for which the rendering is perceptually affected compared to the original content so that the user can not bear it.
  • Original parts, and advantageously decryption keys when the original parts are encrypted, are therefore needed by the user for the descrambling process in order to enjoy the rendering of the descrambled content.
  • the invention relates to a method for selectively scrambling a coded bit-stream comprising a step of determining at least one modifiable part in the coded bit-stream, wherein the compliance, regarding a coding standard, of a modified coded bit-stream comprising alternative modifiable part is not affected; a step of selecting at least one modifiable part, wherein the rendering of a compliant modified coded bit-stream comprising alternative modifiable part is perceptually affected compared to the rendering of the original coded bit-stream; a step of substitution, for each of the at least one selected modifiable part, of the original modifiable part in the coded bit-stream by the alternative modifiable part resulting in a compliant selectively scrambled bit-stream.
  • the invention is advantageously well adapted to generate a compliant scrambled bit-stream which will not disrupt the decoder.
  • the step of selecting at least one modifiable part comprises computing a metric representing the perceptibility of artifacts after rendering between the compliant modified coded bit-stream and the original coded bit-stream.
  • the metric is computed according to at least one function among a set of functions, the set of functions comprising PSNR, SSIM, MSE.
  • the step of selecting at least one modifiable part is further controlled by a determined criterion, the criterion being specific to an application.
  • a determined criterion being specific to an application.
  • the step of determining at least one modifiable part in the coded bit-stream further comprises using a watermarking algorithm on the original coded bit-stream.
  • the length of the coded bit-stream and the length of the compliant selectively scrambled bit-stream are identical.
  • the method further comprises a step of delivering metadata, the metadata comprising the original modifiable part of the coded bit-stream and the position in the bit-stream for each of the at least one selected modifiable part.
  • the step of delivering metadata further comprises a step of encrypting metadata.
  • a first set of metadata is encrypted using a first key and a second set of metadata is encrypted with a second key. The characteristic advantageously provides some kind of scrambling scalability.
  • the step of delivering metadata comprises a step of multiplexing metadata into the compliant modified bit-stream.
  • the step of multiplexing comprises insertion of the encrypted metadata into SEI message of the compliant modified bit-stream.
  • bit-stream is a H.264 CABAC coded bit-stream and the modifiable part of the bit-stream is a syntax element.
  • bit-stream is a H.264 CAVLC coded bit-stream and the modifiable part of the bit-stream is a syntax element.
  • the invention also relates to method for descrambling a selectively scrambled bit-stream wherein the selectively scrambled bit-stream comprises at least one modified part; wherein the selectively scrambled bit-stream is compliant regarding a coding standard and wherein the rendering of the selectively scrambled bit-stream is perceptually affected compared to the rendering of the descrambled bit-stream.
  • the descrambling method comprises a step of receiving metadata, the metadata comprising an original part of the bit-stream and a position in the bit-stream for each of the at least one modified part of the selectively scrambled bit-stream; a step of determining the at least one modified part of the selectively scrambled bit-stream according to the received position; a step of substitution of the at least one modified part by the received original part resulting in a descrambled bit-stream.
  • Figure 1 represents the method of scrambling a coded bit-stream according to a particular embodiment.
  • the method according to the described embodiment modifies a coded bit-stream.
  • a stream carrying an electronic content is compressed by coding resulting in a coded bit-stream.
  • the invention is compliant with MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.264/AVC or VC-1 bit-streams including compressed audio content, compressed 3D data.
  • a step E1 potentially modifiable parts in the coded bit-stream are determined such that the decoding process is not affected for the modified bit-stream.
  • a modified bit-stream wherein the values in the bit-stream for modifiable parts are replaced by alternative values, remains compliant with the coding standard.
  • the patent application WO 2008/118145 filed on 02/11/2007 in the name of Thomson Licensing entitled "Modifying a coded bitstream” describes a method for modifying an entropy coded bit-stream. The method comprises some partial decoding and re-encoding stages to determine potentially modifiable parts of coded bit-streams adapted to carry watermark information.
  • the method comprises searching for modifiable CABAC syntax elements.
  • the method comprises searching for modifiable bypassed part of motion vector differentials of some blocks of inter predicted images.
  • the coded bit-stream is partially decoded until finding the acceptable syntax elements.
  • Modified syntax elements are then CABAC re-encoded to select those which do not affect the compliance of the bit-stream.
  • a method comprising partial decoding stages of some arbitrary modified bit-streams in order to check the compliance of the bit-stream is compatible with the invention.
  • the length of the bit-stream is natively preserved.
  • a step E2 visual impacts on the decoded compliant modified bit-stream are evaluated for each potentially modifiable part.
  • the visual impacts or artifacts are measured between the rendering of the original bit-stream and the rendering of the modified bit-stream.
  • known algorithms for measuring the similarity between two images at least comprise peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), means squared error (MSE) and structural similarity (SSIM) index.
  • PSNR peak signal-to-noise ratio
  • MSE means squared error
  • SSIM index structural similarity index.
  • the SSIM index is a full reference metric, in other words, the measuring of image quality is based on an initial uncompressed or distortion-free image as reference.
  • SSIM is designed to improve traditional methods like peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and mean squared error (MSE), which have proved to be inconsistent with human eye perception.
  • PSNR peak signal-to-noise ratio
  • MSE mean squared error
  • a measure based on pixels value of the decompressed bit-stream is computed for each picture the bit-stream.
  • PNSR and MSE the luminance of determined blocks is computed for each block of the picture for both original and modified bit-streams.
  • the measure is based on both luminance and chrominance.
  • a metric representing the perceptibility of artifacts after rendering between the compliant modified coded bit-stream and the original coded bit-stream is computed with cited algorithms.
  • an application based determined criterion allows to select modifiable parts that have the desired visual impacts, i.e preserving the channel logo or an advertisement but hiding the rest of the images.
  • Other variant of applications may be adapted to alter the higher or lower part of the images, to alter only the characters in the image. Selecting modifiable parts may lies in selecting parts that have the highest visual impacts i.e. that alter the most the rendering.
  • Such algorithms may be implemented in a watermarking algorithm applied to the compressed bit-stream wherein the watermarks involving the most visible artifacts among the set of watermarks are selected as modifiable parts of the bit-stream adapted for selective scrambling.
  • a set of original syntax elements associated to the original parts of the coded bit-stream and associated to the positions of modifiable parts in the bit-stream are determined for the original bit-stream.
  • a set of alternative syntax elements associated to alternative modified parts of the bit-stream are further determined.
  • alternative modified parts When inserted in the original bit-stream at the determined position, alternative modified parts highly alter the rendering of the content after decoding through the modification of the syntax elements while not affecting the compliance of the decoding process.
  • a plurality of alternative parts is possible that do not affect the compliance of the bit-stream but alter the rendering of it.
  • Each of the alternative parts for a determined modifiable part affects the rendering with a variable level of perceptibility. The level of perceptibility induced by each of the alternative parts for a determined modifiable part may not be high enough. The modifiable part is then not selected since none of the alternative parts complies with the selection criteria.
  • the selection step comprises the determination of both a modifiable part and an alternative part associated to that modifiable part.
  • a step E3 the substitution of original parts by alternative parts is performed for each selected modifiable parts.
  • Alternative parts are directly inserted in the H.264 output stream instead of original ones at the determined positions.
  • Figure 2 represents the method of scrambling a coded bit-stream according to a second embodiment.
  • the first steps E1, E2 and E3 are identical to the first embodiment.
  • the second embodiment comprises further steps of encrypting and multiplexing original data for descrambling.
  • a supplementary step E4 original values and positions of modifiable parts are encrypted by some encryption method.
  • Original value and position of each of the modifiable parts are metadata outputted from step E3 and associated to the modified bit-stream.
  • Original value and position of each of the modifiable parts are metadata outputted from step E3 and associated to the modified bit-stream.
  • only very small parts of the original bit-stream are encrypted while the decoding the stream without recovering encrypted metadata highly impacts perceptual rendering.
  • original values and positions are concatenated and block ciphered. Thus the requirement of cipher length to guarantee security of the data is satisfied.
  • the original value is encrypted with a first key and an alternative value causing artifacts less perceptible than artifacts caused by the modified part value is encrypted using a second key.
  • metadata comprises, for a position determining a part of the bit-stream, original value encrypted by a key and several alternative values each encrypted with a different key.
  • This variant allows some scrambling scalability by providing a content with different levels of rendering quality, each level protected by a dedicated key. According to his credential, a client will enjoy a determined level through a determined key function of the client credential. This variant also allows providing a content for different targets. According to his status, for instance adult or children, a client will be entitled to see a scene presenting sex or violence whose seeing is limited to adults while the other scenes of the content are fully descrambled.
  • the encrypted metadata are delivered with the modified bit-stream to a client for descrambling purpose.
  • the encrypted metadata are multiplexed at the transport stream level or directly at the bit-stream level, the encrypted metadata are directly sent to the client trough a secure channel.
  • metadata are packetized in SEI messages and added in the H.264 output stream C' S .
  • these encrypted metadata when directly stored in the stream neither modify the compliance of the bit-stream.
  • Figure 3A and figure 3B represent the original coded bit-stream 300 and a protected/scrambled coded bit-stream 310 according to particular embodiments wherein the metadata are transmitted in-band or out-of-band.
  • FIG 3A a sequence of the original bit-stream 300 is represented.
  • the original bit-stream 300 comprise a header 301 followed by frame 302 among which modifiable part 303 are identified.
  • the modified bit-stream 310 the values of original modifiable parts 303 are replaced with the alternative values 313, while the header 301 and the remaining parts 304 of the frame 302 remains unchanged.
  • encrypted metadata 314 are inserted in a message of a coded bit-stream.
  • encrypted metadata 314 are external to the bit-stream 310. For instance, metadata 314 are transferred in a separated file.
  • the entropy code is an arithmetic code and, more specifically, the arithmetic coding scheme known as Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) is used.
  • CABAC Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding
  • metadata 314 are inserted in SEI message of a H.264 coded bit-stream.
  • Figure 4 represents the method of descrambling a bit-stream according to a particular embodiment.
  • a step D1 metadata comprising original parts of the coded bit-stream and positions in the stream of the alternative modified parts are received.
  • the metadata are either recovered from SEI message, or from a secure channel or from a separated file.
  • the step of receiving metadata further comprises the decryption of metadata.
  • a step D2 the position in the stream of each of the alternative modified parts is determined according to the received position.
  • each of the alternative parts in the coded bit-stream are substituted by received original parts thus producing the compliant original bit-stream.
  • the modified bit-stream is read affecting the visual quality but not compromising the decoding process.
  • multiplexed or external metadata are decrypted, substitutions according to this information are made; advantageously the rendered bit-stream is the original one.
  • the original part not the original part, but some other alternative parts are used for the substitution thus not conducting to the quality of the original bit-stream but to some intermediate degradation level.
  • Figure 5 illustrates a device either for scrambling or descrambling a bit-stream according to a particular embodiment.
  • the device for scrambling a coded bit-stream is for instance a computer at content provider or service provider.
  • the scrambling device is, in a variant, any device intended to process original compressed bit-stream.
  • the device 500 comprises physical means intended to implement an embodiment of the invention in a non-limiting example a processor 501 (CPU), a data memory 502 (RAM, HDD), a program memory 503 (ROM) and a coder/decoder 505 for processing the compressed bit-stream.
  • the processor 505 is configured for evaluating the visual impact of modifiable parts in the bit stream.
  • the processor 505 is further configured for determining a potentially modifiable parts in the coded bit stream, performing the selection and the substitution step.
  • the processor 505 is adapted for encrypting metadata
  • the scrambling device further comprises a secure processor for such task.
  • the device comprises a plurality of coders/decoders 505, for simultaneously processing the original bit-stream, for determining a potentially modifiable parts in the coded bit stream and a plurality of modified bit-streams.
  • the data memory 502 may further store bit-streams C s , C O .
  • the device is adapted to implement first and second embodiments of the method previously described.
  • the device for descrambling a bit-stream is, for instance, a personal computer, a Set-Top Box (STB), a decoder or a residential gateway.
  • the descrambling device 500 comprises physical means intended to implement an embodiment of the invention in a non-limiting example a processor 501 (CPU), a data memory 502 (RAM, HDD), a program memory 503 (ROM), an interface (504) for receiving the bit stream and a decoder 505 for processing the compressed bit-stream.
  • the processor 505 is configured determining alternative position in the bit stream and performing back-substitution.
  • the device comprises a decoder 505 for simultaneously processing the modified bit-stream and performing back-substitution.
  • the data memory 502 may further store bit-streams C s , C O .
  • the processor 505 is adapted for decrypting metadata.
  • the invention is compatible with any method of searching some alternative parts of coded bit-stream to modify a precise part of the decoding and could be generalized to all other compressed contents (such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4, VC-1 bit-streams) including compressed audio content, compressed 3D data.
  • compressed contents such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4, VC-1 bit-streams
  • the invention is compatible with any standard encryption method and key management process.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Library & Information Science (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Two-Way Televisions, Distribution Of Moving Picture Or The Like (AREA)
  • Compression Or Coding Systems Of Tv Signals (AREA)
  • Compression, Expansion, Code Conversion, And Decoders (AREA)
EP12197596.5A 2011-12-29 2012-12-17 Verfahren zur selektiven Verschlüsselung von Bitströmen Withdrawn EP2611065A3 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP12197596.5A EP2611065A3 (de) 2011-12-29 2012-12-17 Verfahren zur selektiven Verschlüsselung von Bitströmen

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP11306804.3A EP2611064A1 (de) 2011-12-29 2011-12-29 Verfahren zur selektiven Verschlüsselung von Bitströmen
EP12197596.5A EP2611065A3 (de) 2011-12-29 2012-12-17 Verfahren zur selektiven Verschlüsselung von Bitströmen

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EP2611065A2 true EP2611065A2 (de) 2013-07-03
EP2611065A3 EP2611065A3 (de) 2013-07-31

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US (1) US20140105392A1 (de)
EP (2) EP2611064A1 (de)
JP (1) JP2013141253A (de)
KR (1) KR20130077804A (de)
CN (1) CN103281564A (de)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2008118145A1 (en) 2007-03-23 2008-10-02 Thomson Licensing Modifying a coded bitstream
EP2141923A1 (de) 2008-06-30 2010-01-06 Thomson Licensing Verfahren und Vorrichtungen zur selektiven Datenverschlüsselung

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KR20130077804A (ko) 2013-07-09
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JP2013141253A (ja) 2013-07-18
EP2611064A1 (de) 2013-07-03
US20140105392A1 (en) 2014-04-17

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