EP2683845A1 - Bain de sels fondus pour la nitruration de pieces mecaniques en acier, et un procede de mise en oeuvre - Google Patents
Bain de sels fondus pour la nitruration de pieces mecaniques en acier, et un procede de mise en oeuvreInfo
- Publication number
- EP2683845A1 EP2683845A1 EP12713208.2A EP12713208A EP2683845A1 EP 2683845 A1 EP2683845 A1 EP 2683845A1 EP 12713208 A EP12713208 A EP 12713208A EP 2683845 A1 EP2683845 A1 EP 2683845A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- bath
- nitriding
- alkali metal
- sodium
- content
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/40—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions
- C23C8/42—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions only one element being applied
- C23C8/48—Nitriding
- C23C8/50—Nitriding of ferrous surfaces
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/40—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions
- C23C8/52—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions more than one element being applied in one step
- C23C8/54—Carbo-nitriding
- C23C8/56—Carbo-nitriding of ferrous surfaces
Definitions
- the invention relates to the nitriding of mechanical parts made of steel.
- mechanical parts parts intended to ensure, in use, a mechanical function, which generally implies that these parts have a high hardness, good resistance to corrosion and wear; we can cite, in a non-exhaustive way:
- nitriding treatment sometimes accompanied by a carburation, in which case it is often referred to as nitrocarburizing.
- nitrocarburizing a nitriding treatment
- the concept of nitriding includes both nitriding alone, in a bath with a very low cyanide content (typically less than 0.5%), as well as nitrocarburization for cyanide contents above this threshold.
- This nitriding can be done from a gas phase or a plasma phase or from a liquid phase.
- Nitriding in the liquid phase has the advantage of allowing a significant hardening to a thickness of several microns in hours of barely a few hours, but has the important disadvantage of involving the implementation of baths of molten salts, at temperatures of the order of 600 ° C (or more), containing in practice cyanides, in combination with cyanates and carbonates (the cations are in practice cations of alkali metals, such as lithium, sodium, potassium, etc ...) - In practice the cyanates are decomposed to form cyanides, carbonates and nitrogen, which is thus available to diffuse into the nitriding part. .
- low cyanide baths should consist essentially of potassium or sodium cyanates, potassium and sodium carbonates, with more potassium than sodium (which lowered the temperature of the salt baths). ); the objective was to reduce the cyanide content to no more than 5% or even 3%); the decrease in cyanide content was to be offset by cyanates; there was no particular explanation for the role of chlorides apart from the fact that, in carburizing baths, barium chloride is a melting flux.
- nitriding-carburizing baths could contain alkaline chlorides, saving cyanides and cyanates, which are much more expensive, or lowering the melting temperature; this document concerned salt baths containing from 30% to 60% of cyanides and taught to maximize the content of n-cyanates relative to isocyanates (there were no chlorides in the example described).
- carburizing baths used at temperatures of 800 ° C. to 950 ° C. containing, by weight, from 35% to 82% of carbonate of carbonates.
- alkali metals from 15% to 35% of alkali metal cyanides, from 3% to 15% of alkali metal anhydrous silicates and up to 15% of alkaline chlorides; it was indicated that it is preferable that alkaline chlorides be present, preferably up to 10%, without giving any explanation (it seems however that the presence of chlorides has contributed to the preparation of cyanides in a usable form ).
- US Pat. No. 6,746,546 (published in 2004) has proposed a bath of molten salts containing alkali metal cyanates and alkali metal carbonates, with 45% to 53% cyanate ions (preferably 48% to 50%) maintained at 750 ° F to 950 ° F, i.e. 400 ° C to 510 ° C, to impart good corrosion resistance.
- the alkali metals were preferably sodium and / or potassium (when both were present, the potassium content was preferably 3.9: 1 relative to the sodium content); in use, this bath contained 1% to 4% cyanide (no details were given as to the presence of any other elements in the bath).
- nitriding treatments with a low cyanide content should be followed by a finishing treatment as long as a low roughness is sought, which contributes to increasing the cost treatment (labor, polishing equipment) as well as the overall duration of treatment.
- a low roughness can be obtained with nitriding baths with a high cyanide content (more than 5%), but after periods of several hours (typically 4 to 6 hours), which may seem too long on an industrial scale.
- the subject of the invention is a nitriding bath with a low cyanide content capable of, at most of the order of a few hours, of nitriding mechanical parts made of iron or steel while giving them a very low roughness (ie without porosity significant), rendering unnecessary a subsequent mechanical recovery (polishing or tribofinishing), all for a moderate cost.
- the invention proposes for this purpose an essentially constituted nitriding bath (the contents are expressed by weight):
- composition ranges are generally given for a new bath, but that one seeks in practice to stay as far as possible in these ranges; thus, there is in practice no cyanide ion in the starting bath, and it is in service that one seeks to remain at not more than 3% of cyanide ions.
- the alkali metal chlorides are lithium, sodium and / or potassium chlorides, which corresponds to chlorides which have been found to be effective, while having a moderate cost, and which do not require heavy stresses. handling point of view.
- the chloride content is between 40% and 50%, preferably at least approximately 45% (+ 1-2%, even +/- 1%). This range of contents has been found to lead, in a reasonable time, to good nitriding and low roughness.
- the carbonate content must not become too high, as this may prevent the chemical reactions that lead to nitriding.
- the cyanate content is between 20% and 40%, or even between 20% and 35%, preferably between 20% and 30%. Even more advantageously, this content is between 25% and 40%, or even between 25% and 35%, preferably between 25% and 30%.
- These cyanates may in particular be sodium cyanates (or potassium cyanates).
- alkali metal carbonates is from 20% to 30%, preferably from 25% to 30%.
- These carbonates may in particular be sodium, potassium and / or lithium carbonates; it is advantageously a mixture of sodium carbonate and lithium.
- the bath of molten salts consists essentially of (+/- 2%, or even +/- 1%):
- the bath of molten salts essentially consists, before formation of cyanides up to a maximum of 3, of (at +/- 2%, even +/- 1%):
- the invention also proposes a process for nitriding mechanical parts made of iron or steel, according to which these parts are immersed in a bath of the aforementioned composition at a temperature of between 530 ° C. and 650 ° C. for at most 4 hours.
- the parts are immersed in the bath at a temperature of between 570 ° C. and 590 ° C. for at most 2 hours.
- the duration of a nitriding treatment is conventionally of the order of 90 minutes, but it is understood that the duration of treatment depends on the nature and / or the destination of the parts; this is how one can go from some 30 minutes for valves or tool steels, up to 4 hours when one seeks to nitride on important thicknesses (layers of several tens of micrometers of thickness), or in the case of alloy steels.
- the invention is advantageously implemented with processing times of the order of 60 to 120 minutes.
- the invention also relates to mechanical parts of iron or steel nitrided according to the aforementioned method, recognizable in particular by the absence of traces of subsequent mechanical finishing process such as polishing (including the absence of fine polishing scratches).
- compositions tested are compared with standard baths (which are the same for the various examples) which do not conform to the invention.
- nitriding treatment 60 min at 580 ° C was done in a standard nitriding bath (not in accordance with the invention) consisting essentially of:
- the iron nitride layer thus formed had a thickness of 10 +/- 1 ⁇ m.
- composition according to the invention of this example appeared to be favorable to a good stability of the bath over time, in particular as regards the cyanide content.
- the samples thus nitrided were then oxidized in a bath of molten salts containing carbonates, hydroxides and nitrates of alkali metals.
- the purpose of this oxidation was to passivate the surface of the nitride layer forming an iron oxide layer of 1 to 3 ⁇ thick.
- the parts were immersed in a corrosion protection oil (containing corrosion inhibitors) as is usual with nitriding processes.
- the corrosion resistance (measured on 10 neutral salt spray parts according to ISO 9227) of the samples treated according to the invention was between 150 and 250 hours.
- the corrosion resistance (measured on 10 pieces of neutral salt spray according to ISO 9227) of the samples treated in the standard bath was between 10 and 290 hours.
- a nitriding of ferrous parts made according to the invention thus makes it possible to obtain corrosion resistance comparable to that obtained with standard bath nitriding, while improving the roughness of the surfaces, compared with a treatment in such a standard bath. .
- Annealed C45 steel samples prepared as above, were nitrided for 1 hour at 590 ° C in a bath containing:
- alkali metal chlorides NaCl, KCl
- Such a bath has proved not usable industrially since its melting temperature is greater than 600 ° C., which prevents any ferritic phase nitriding treatment (the majority of the parts are generally nitrided in the ferritic phase, ie at a temperature below 600 ° C). Only the austenitic phase nitriding is then possible, but only for temperatures above 630 ° C and with a high salt entrainment rate (high bath viscosity), which is economically unattractive.
- this composition appeared to have a higher viscosity than the composition of Example 1, which results in a greater consumption of salts.
- the degree of porosity of the nitride layers obtained according to the invention is less than 5%, whereas the degree of porosity of the nitride layers obtained with a standard bath is between 25 and 35%.
- Such a bath has proved not usable for a nitriding treatment since its liquidus temperature is greater than 600 ° C. It is recalled that the temperature of the liquidus is the temperature from which the bath is fully melted and homogeneous composition (unlike the melting temperature which is the temperature from which the bath begins to be liquid, possibly in several phases.
- the layer of iron nitride formed in the bath following the invention is of the type ⁇ (Fe 2 -3n) and has a void ratio lower than 5% (measured by light microscopy) and has a hardness of 840 ⁇ 40 HV 0 , oi ⁇
- the iron nitride layer formed in the standard bath (not in accordance with the invention) is of the ⁇ (Fe 2 -3N) type and has a porosity of between 25 and 35% (measured by optical microscopy) and has a hardness of 700 ⁇ 40 HVo.oi- A lower apparent hardness of the layers obtained with a standard bath is explained by their higher porosity rate. Indeed, it is well known that the presence of porosity (ie holes) reduces the resistance of the layers to the penetration of the indenter used for the measurement of hardness.
- the layer formed has a thickness of 10 +/- 1 ⁇
- the degree of porosity of the nitride layers obtained according to the invention is between 5 and 10%, whereas the degree of porosity of the nitride layers obtained with a standard bath is between 55 and 65%. It is known that cold-impacted steels have a high degree of work hardening which has a detrimental effect on the porosity of the layers (the higher the degree of work hardening, the more porous the layers). The invention makes it possible to obtain layers with a low porosity rate, even for strongly hardened steels.
- the samples thus nitrided were then oxidized in a bath of molten salts containing carbonates, hydroxides and nitrates of alkali metals.
- the purpose of this oxidation is to passivate the surface of the nitride layer by forming an iron oxide layer 1 to 3 ⁇ thick.
- the parts are immersed in a corrosion protection oil (containing corrosion inhibitors) as is usual with nitro ration processes.
- the corrosion resistance (measured on 10 pieces in neutral salt spray according to ISO 9227) of the treated samples according to the invention is between 310 and 650 hours.
- Example 8 (in accordance with the invention)
- the iron nitride layer formed in the bath according to the invention is of the ⁇ (Fe2-3N) type and has a porosity of less than 5% (measured by optical microscopy) and has a hardness of 1020 ⁇ 40 HV 0 , IM-
- the iron nitride layer formed in the standard bath is of the ⁇ (Fe 2 -3N) type and has a porosity of between 30 and 40% (measured by optical microscopy) and has a hardness of 830 ⁇ 40 HV 0 ,
- the lower apparent hardness of the layers obtained with a standard bath is explained by their higher porosity rate. Indeed, it is well known that the presence of porosity (ie holes) reduces the resistance of the layers to the penetration of the indenter used for the measurement of hardness.
- compositions indicated in the abovementioned examples define the new bath, it being specified that the indications of contents for the cyanide ions are valid in service, taking into account the reactions occurring during the nitriding (it is then sought to maintain the composition bath as stable as possible).
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
- Chemically Coating (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL12713208T PL2683845T3 (pl) | 2011-03-11 | 2012-03-07 | Kąpiel ze stopionych soli do azotowania wyrobów stalowych i sposób jej wytwarzania |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1152020A FR2972459B1 (fr) | 2011-03-11 | 2011-03-11 | Bains de sels fondus pour la nitruration de pieces mecaniques en acier, et un procede de mise en oeuvre |
| PCT/FR2012/050479 WO2012146839A1 (fr) | 2011-03-11 | 2012-03-07 | Bain de sels fondus pour la nitruration de pieces mecaniques en acier, et un procede de mise en oeuvre |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2683845A1 true EP2683845A1 (fr) | 2014-01-15 |
| EP2683845B1 EP2683845B1 (fr) | 2019-06-26 |
Family
ID=45937409
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP12713208.2A Active EP2683845B1 (fr) | 2011-03-11 | 2012-03-07 | Bain de sels fondus pour la nitruration de pieces mecaniques en acier, et un procede de mise en oeuvre |
Country Status (22)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US9611534B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2683845B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP6129752B2 (fr) |
| KR (2) | KR101953523B1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN103502501B (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2012247317B2 (fr) |
| BR (1) | BR112013018061B1 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2825652C (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2745150T3 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2972459B1 (fr) |
| HU (1) | HUE046077T2 (fr) |
| MA (1) | MA34884B1 (fr) |
| MX (1) | MX342937B (fr) |
| MY (1) | MY164965A (fr) |
| PH (1) | PH12013501601B1 (fr) |
| PL (1) | PL2683845T3 (fr) |
| RU (1) | RU2590752C2 (fr) |
| SG (1) | SG192765A1 (fr) |
| TN (1) | TN2013000300A1 (fr) |
| UA (1) | UA112312C2 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2012146839A1 (fr) |
| ZA (1) | ZA201306476B (fr) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2936274B2 (ja) | 1988-10-20 | 1999-08-23 | ライト、ヘミスフェア、ピーティーワイ、リミテド | 聴衆応答システム |
| CN103882370A (zh) * | 2014-03-24 | 2014-06-25 | 合肥美桥汽车传动及底盘系统有限公司 | 42CrMo或40Cr转向节软氮化处理工艺 |
| FR3030578B1 (fr) | 2014-12-23 | 2017-02-10 | Hydromecanique & Frottement | Procede de traitement superficiel d'une piece en acier par nitruration ou nitrocarburation, oxydation puis impregnation |
| CA3068747A1 (fr) | 2017-07-07 | 2019-01-10 | Industries Mailhot Inc. | Procede et systeme de refroidissement de pieces metalliques apres nitruration |
| RU2688428C1 (ru) * | 2018-10-01 | 2019-05-22 | Открытое акционерное общество "Завод бурового оборудования" | Способ поверхностного упрочнения резьбовых соединений тонкостенных бурильных труб |
| CN111500974A (zh) * | 2020-04-30 | 2020-08-07 | 海门金锋盛厨房设备有限公司 | 耐磨、抗蚀不锈钢的盐浴氮化系统及其氮化方法 |
| CN113416918A (zh) * | 2021-05-28 | 2021-09-21 | 昆山三民涂赖电子材料技术有限公司 | 一种极薄零件的氮碳共渗工艺 |
| US11668000B1 (en) | 2021-11-29 | 2023-06-06 | Fluid Controls Pvt. Ltd. | Method of treating an article |
| FR3133394B1 (fr) | 2022-03-14 | 2025-01-31 | Hydromecanique & Frottement | Procede de traitement d’une piece en alliage de fer pour ameliorer sa resistance a la corrosion |
| FR3163360A1 (fr) | 2024-06-18 | 2025-12-19 | Hydromecanique Et Frottement | Procédé de traitement par électrodialyse membranaire d’un effluent issu d’une ligne de nitruration |
Family Cites Families (25)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1052668A (fr) | ||||
| GB854349A (en) | 1958-07-30 | 1960-11-16 | Ici Ltd | Improvements in or relating to fused sale baths |
| GB891578A (en) | 1959-07-09 | 1962-03-14 | Degussa | Process for carbo-nitriding metals, more especially iron alloys, in salt baths containing alkali cyanide and alkali cyanate |
| GB1185640A (en) | 1966-12-21 | 1970-03-25 | Ici Ltd | Process for Casehardening Steels |
| DE2441310C3 (de) | 1974-08-29 | 1978-05-18 | Deutsche Gold- Und Silber-Scheideanstalt Vormals Roessler, 6000 Frankfurt | Verfahren zum Nitrieren von Eisen und Stahl in Salzbädern |
| US4019928A (en) * | 1973-03-05 | 1977-04-26 | Duetsche Gold- Und Silber-Scheideanstalt Vormals Roessler | Process for nitriding iron and steel in salt baths regenerated with triazine polymers |
| DE2311818C2 (de) | 1973-03-09 | 1974-12-12 | Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen | Vorrichtung zum Zuführen eines Flußmittels bei einer Drahtverzinnungsanlage |
| AT347994B (de) * | 1974-03-21 | 1979-01-25 | Daimler Benz Ag | Verfahren zum nitrieren von metallen |
| JPS53144435A (en) * | 1977-05-24 | 1978-12-15 | Nagata Tateo | Salt bath softening nitriding agent |
| IL52591A (en) | 1977-07-25 | 1980-07-31 | Israel Aircraft Ind Ltd | Method of surface hardening stainless steel parts |
| JPS6021222B2 (ja) * | 1978-08-31 | 1985-05-25 | パーカー熱処理工業株式会社 | 高合金鋼に対する塩浴窒化処理方法 |
| DE3142318A1 (de) | 1981-10-24 | 1983-05-05 | Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Salzbad zum nitrieren von eisenwerkstoffen |
| JPS6299455A (ja) * | 1985-10-28 | 1987-05-08 | Shonan Chitsuka Kogyo Kk | 塩浴軟窒化法 |
| JPS62256957A (ja) * | 1986-05-01 | 1987-11-09 | Kazuto Takamura | 低温塩浴軟窒化剤 |
| SU1355641A1 (ru) * | 1986-08-04 | 1987-11-30 | Белорусский технологический институт им.С.М.Кирова | Расплав дл азотировани стальных изделий |
| SU1749313A1 (ru) * | 1989-12-12 | 1992-07-23 | Белорусский институт механизации сельского хозяйства | Состав расплава дл комплексного насыщени стальных изделий |
| JPH0673524A (ja) * | 1992-08-25 | 1994-03-15 | Daido Techno Metal Kk | 鉄鋼表面窒化方法 |
| DE69838575T2 (de) | 1997-11-28 | 2008-07-24 | Maizuru Corp. | Verfahren zur Oberflächenbehandlung von Eisenmaterial und Salzbadofen dafür verwendet |
| JP2000345317A (ja) * | 1999-05-28 | 2000-12-12 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 無端状金属ベルトの塩浴窒化のための溶融塩組成物 |
| US6746546B2 (en) | 2001-11-02 | 2004-06-08 | Kolene Corporation | Low temperature nitriding salt and method of use |
| JP2004027342A (ja) * | 2002-06-28 | 2004-01-29 | Nippon Parkerizing Co Ltd | 鉄系焼結部品の洗浄方法及び鉄系焼結部品 |
| JP3748425B2 (ja) | 2002-09-04 | 2006-02-22 | パーカー熱処理工業株式会社 | 耐食性を強化された金属部材の塩浴窒化方法 |
| JP2004169163A (ja) * | 2002-11-22 | 2004-06-17 | Nippon Parkerizing Co Ltd | マルエージング鋼の塩浴窒化用溶融塩組成物、その処理方法及び無端状金属ベルト |
| DE102006026883B8 (de) * | 2006-06-09 | 2007-10-04 | Durferrit Gmbh | Verfahren zum Härten von Edelstahl und Salzschmelze zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
| US8287667B2 (en) | 2006-06-29 | 2012-10-16 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Salt bath ferritic nitrocarburizing of brake rotors |
-
2011
- 2011-03-11 FR FR1152020A patent/FR2972459B1/fr active Active
-
2012
- 2012-03-07 MY MYPI2013701615A patent/MY164965A/en unknown
- 2012-03-07 US US13/985,437 patent/US9611534B2/en active Active
- 2012-03-07 PH PH1/2013/501601A patent/PH12013501601B1/en unknown
- 2012-03-07 CA CA2825652A patent/CA2825652C/fr active Active
- 2012-03-07 EP EP12713208.2A patent/EP2683845B1/fr active Active
- 2012-03-07 CN CN201280010718.8A patent/CN103502501B/zh active Active
- 2012-03-07 RU RU2013145569/02A patent/RU2590752C2/ru active
- 2012-03-07 JP JP2013557160A patent/JP6129752B2/ja active Active
- 2012-03-07 HU HUE12713208A patent/HUE046077T2/hu unknown
- 2012-03-07 MX MX2013010431A patent/MX342937B/es active IP Right Grant
- 2012-03-07 KR KR1020197001597A patent/KR101953523B1/ko active Active
- 2012-03-07 KR KR1020137026748A patent/KR20140010141A/ko not_active Ceased
- 2012-03-07 MA MA36133A patent/MA34884B1/fr unknown
- 2012-03-07 ES ES12713208T patent/ES2745150T3/es active Active
- 2012-03-07 WO PCT/FR2012/050479 patent/WO2012146839A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2012-03-07 PL PL12713208T patent/PL2683845T3/pl unknown
- 2012-03-07 BR BR112013018061-7A patent/BR112013018061B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2012-03-07 AU AU2012247317A patent/AU2012247317B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2012-03-07 SG SG2013061635A patent/SG192765A1/en unknown
- 2012-07-03 UA UAA201311938A patent/UA112312C2/uk unknown
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2013
- 2013-07-18 TN TNP2013000300A patent/TN2013000300A1/fr unknown
- 2013-08-28 ZA ZA2013/06476A patent/ZA201306476B/en unknown
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