EP2700107A2 - Procédé de fabrication d'une cellule solaire - Google Patents

Procédé de fabrication d'une cellule solaire

Info

Publication number
EP2700107A2
EP2700107A2 EP12718138.6A EP12718138A EP2700107A2 EP 2700107 A2 EP2700107 A2 EP 2700107A2 EP 12718138 A EP12718138 A EP 12718138A EP 2700107 A2 EP2700107 A2 EP 2700107A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
range
paste
emitter
solar cell
layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP12718138.6A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Christine MEYER
Tobias Droste
Yvonne GASSENBAUER
Jens Dirk MOSCHNER
Peter Roth
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Original Assignee
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV filed Critical Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Publication of EP2700107A2 publication Critical patent/EP2700107A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F77/20—Electrodes
    • H10F77/206—Electrodes for devices having potential barriers
    • H10F77/211—Electrodes for devices having potential barriers for photovoltaic cells
    • H10F77/219—Arrangements for electrodes of back-contact photovoltaic cells
    • H10F77/223—Arrangements for electrodes of back-contact photovoltaic cells for metallisation wrap-through [MWT] photovoltaic cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F77/20—Electrodes
    • H10F77/206—Electrodes for devices having potential barriers
    • H10F77/211—Electrodes for devices having potential barriers for photovoltaic cells
    • H10F77/219—Arrangements for electrodes of back-contact photovoltaic cells
    • H10F77/227—Arrangements for electrodes of back-contact photovoltaic cells for emitter wrap-through [EWT] photovoltaic cells, e.g. interdigitated emitter-base back-contacts
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a solar cell from a front and a back having semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type, in particular p- or n-silicon-based semiconductor substrate, comprising at least the method steps
  • the invention relates to a method for producing a solar cell from a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type, in particular p- or n-doped mono- or multicrystalline silicon substrate, which for the concepts EWT (emitter wrap through), MWT (metal wrap through) as well as the Combination of MWT with PERC (passivated emitter and rear cell) achieves good insulation in the through hole.
  • EWT emitter wrap through
  • MWT metal wrap through
  • PERC passivated emitter and rear cell
  • the front-side layer of the opposite conductivity type ie in a solar cell with p-doped substrate, the n-doped emitter (EWT) and / or a metallic connection to this (MWT) is passed through the passage openings extending from the front side to the rear side then allow a contact on the back.
  • a metallization is additionally applied to the front side of the MWT cells, so that the number of through holes required is significantly lower.
  • On the back of the emitter contacts are then separated from the contacts to the base electrically to avoid short circuits. Without this separation, standard MWT cells may short out due to the back emitter, which can be removed by laser dicing or local etching back.
  • the emitter should be present only on the front side, inside the holes and back around the respective via opening, to avoid a short circuit between emitter contact (including via) and base.
  • MWT-PERC cells which are covered with an insulating layer at the back of the emitter contact, the need for the back emitter areas around the via openings is eliminated.
  • no metallization in the through holes is required for EWT cells.
  • partial or full metallization of the through holes is often made.
  • the invention is also applicable, wherein a selective electrical contacting of the emitter, but not the base is required.
  • a short circuit can occur, in particular, due to the direct contact of the emitter contact with the base, which can occur on the rear as well as in the interior of the plated-through hole.
  • This short circuit can be prevented in MWT-PERC cells by inserting the passivation layer on the back and on the inside of the plated-through holes as insulation between base material and emitter contact (WO-A-2009/071561).
  • any solution used for solar cells is conceivable.
  • a selective emitters ter ie an emitter which has a different doping profile in different regions, can be used (US-A-2010/243040).
  • a masking for protecting the front side emitter and / or for protecting the emitter layer in the vias (through openings) as well as in the region of the emitter contacts on the back can be used (WO-A-2010/081505).
  • the backside can already be protected by a mask / diffusion barrier before the diffusion (step c)), so that the emitter is formed only in defined areas (eg EP-A-2 068 369, Thaidigsmann-EUPVSEC-2010).
  • the back can be smoothed (polishing sets).
  • a passivation layer ie a single layer or a multi-layer system, consisting for. B. from dielectrics or semiconductors with a large band gap, on the back base areas or the entire back. Subsequent opening of this Passivier für in sub-areas, which serve the subsequent contacting of the base.
  • the latter can be done, for example, in a laser process or by means of an etching paste.
  • the opening of the passivation layer can also be omitted, depending on the further processing, in particular in the case of flame-through Al paste and LFC (laser-fired contacts).
  • h Production of metallic compounds and their connection to the corresponding semiconductor regions.
  • the metal is often applied in the form of a screen printing paste, which forms its final conductivity and the connection to the semiconductor material by subsequent sintering (high temperature step).
  • Age- natively, other, eg thermal / physical or chemical methods of metallization are conceivable.
  • the production of these contact areas to the emitter (emitter contact pads) as well as the contact areas to the back, so base side can be done in one step and at the same time with the production of the transition metallization or separately in several steps z.
  • the material is applied to all or part of the back and the local contacts are made using LFC (laser-fired contacts) (Clement 2010).
  • LFC laser-fired contacts
  • a local back surface field is created, the so-called local BSF (back surface field).
  • steps e) and f) are omitted.
  • step h3) the contact with the base is formed over the whole area with the restriction of the emitter contact pads and optionally also base contact pads.
  • a back surface field accordingly forms not only locally, but over most of the back surface.
  • the rear emitter Since the rear emitter is not removed in the region of the contact pads or isolated by a dielectric from the base, in addition, a transection of the rear emitter region around the contact pads around, z. B. with the help of a laser. In the remaining area of the rear side, the existing emitter layer is overcompensated by the conductive layer applied over the whole area, such as Al layer.
  • Another method for producing defined emitter areas is the application of a barrier layer even before diffusion (EP-A-2 068 369).
  • the dielectric must be applied to the entire inside of the hole in sufficient thickness.
  • the inlet side is typically coated thicker, and the thickness decreases in the through opening to the other side. This results in a high material consumption in order to achieve the necessary insulating thickness even at the thinnest point.
  • the process can be poorly controlled.
  • FIGS. 1 a to 1 d show sections of MWT cells according to the prior art, the PERC technology being used in the exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 1 c and 1 d.
  • the illustrated in section MWT cells have in the exemplary embodiment on a P-silicon-based wafer, which forms a base 12.
  • an emitter layer 14 is typically formed on the front side by means of a phosphorus dopant source, which emitter layer likewise forms in the previously formed through openings 16 and on the rear side.
  • the area in the through-holes 16 is labeled 14A.
  • the emitter region 14B present in the region around the through openings 16 on the backside of the wafer becomes the Protection against short circuits to base 12 used.
  • a PERC cell Figures lc, ld
  • phosphorus silicate glass PSG
  • a dielectric 24 is applied to the back side of the wafer, which may also partially extend parasitically into the through openings 16.
  • an antireflective layer such as silicon nitride layer 22
  • a cleaning step can take place.
  • an electrically conductive material can be introduced, at the same time solder pads are applied to the back.
  • the front or front side metallization 17 is connected at MWT cells front, which in turn contacts the emitter 14 front side.
  • the through metallization that is to say the metallization present in the passage openings, contacts the emitter directly without a front side metallization being present.
  • the rear side is provided with an electrically conductive layer such as an aluminum backside layer, wherein a back surface through a subsequent sintering process in previously opened regions of the dielectric in a PERC cell Field is formed (area 20B).
  • the back surface field extends over the entire surface of the deposited backside metallization 20.
  • the corresponding back surface field is identified by 20A.
  • the penetration of Al into the Si substrate overcompensates the back emitter.
  • the backside metallization 20 is in the region of the connection contacts for the passage metallizations z. B. recessed by masking or screen printing.
  • EWT cells In EWT cells, a separate metallization is not present at the front. Rather, there is an immediate contact between the through holes 16 penetrating through holes and the front emitter region.
  • the present invention has for its object to provide a method for producing a back-side contact solar cell, is ensured in the manufacturing technology with simple and inexpensive measures that the through-contacting between front metallization and back of the solar cell, so the electrically conductive connection to the emitter who did not contact base.
  • the invention essentially provides that a method for producing a solar cell consists of a front and a back pointing semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type, in particular p- or n-silicon-based semiconductor substrate comprising at least the method steps
  • the invention relates in particular to a method for producing a MWT-PERC solar cell in which openings in the substrate of the solar cell are plated through and emitter regions formed by diffusion on the rear side of the solar cell are completely removed outside the via, and on the back side a dielectric layer is applied, and is characterized in that the via is a paste used which acts against the walls of the openings electrically non-contacting.
  • an insulation is created in the through holes, which is not based on the emitter formation within the through holes and in the back emitter contact regions, but that the metallization in the through hole during sintering forms a poor or non-conductive contact with the substrate, so that one can speak of a non - contacting paste.
  • this material is a paste that forms the required dielectric properties in the area of contact with the substrate.
  • PERC cells eliminate any need to coat the via with a dielectric.
  • the invention is characterized in that a paste containing glass particles, silver particles and organic substances is used as the material passing through the through holes.
  • the paste used is one in which the silver particles consist of 80% to 100% flakes which have a size distribution determined by laser diffraction of D90 in the range of 1 ⁇ to 20 ⁇ , preferably in the range of 2 ⁇ to 15 ⁇ and in particular in the range between 5 ⁇ and 12 ⁇ have.
  • the invention proposes that the paste used is one in which the glass particles have a laser diffraction-determined size distribution of D90 in the range from 0.5 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, preferably in the range between 1 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, in particular in the range between 3 ⁇ and 8 ⁇ have.
  • a glass be used which is lead-free and has a glass softening temperature in the range between 350 ° C and 550 ° C, in particular in the range between 400 ° C and 500 ° C for the glass particles.
  • the invention provides that a paste is used whose solids content is in the range between 80% by weight and 95% by weight, preferably in the range between 84% by weight and 90% by weight.
  • a paste is used whose glass content is in the range between 1 and 15% by weight, preferably in the range between 4% by weight and 12% by weight, in particular in the range between 8% by weight and 10% by weight .- lies.
  • the paste can be introduced from the rear side into the passage openings.
  • the electrically conductive material which has the insulating properties with respect to the semiconductor substrate is introduced and hardened by thermal treatment, as in a typical sintering process, then the front-side metallization and the back-side aluminum layer are formed in the usual manner, the sequence of the method steps as mentioned Production of the front side metallization and the back contact does not necessarily have to be predetermined by the sequence reproduced above.
  • the subsequent thermal treatment as in a typical sintering process - the insulating paste is cured.
  • this does not require complete coating of the entire inner side of the hole with the dielectric applied on the back side. This is particularly advantageous for small hole diameters or large aspect ratios (wafer thickness / hole diameter).
  • the paste is cured / sintered for a time between 1 sec and 20 sec at a wafer temperature T of> 700 °, in particular 750 ° C. ⁇ T ⁇ 850 ° C. of a nitrogen atmosphere or an atmosphere consisting of nitrogen and up to 40% oxygen.
  • 4a, 4b are flow diagrams for producing a MWT or MWT PERC solar cell
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a MWT PERC cell with via metallization isolated to the base, FIG.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a MWT solar cell, the removal of a
  • Fig. 7 shows the schematic representation of a MWT cell with fiction, according sacrificial layer.
  • FIGS. 2a, 2b show sections of MWT or MWT-PERC solar cells produced according to the invention, wherein the same reference numerals are used in principle for the same elements. Furthermore, for reasons of simplification, a p-type silicon-based semiconductor material is assumed as the substrate or wafer, and the n-type doping layers are referred to as emitters. The following measures apply mutatis mutandis to other semiconductor materials and conductivity, without further explanation being required.
  • FIGS. 2a, 2b show in section a MWT cell, which may be referred to as a standard MWT cell, without a dielectric layer running on the back, as is the case with a PERC cell.
  • the substrate 112 (p-conducting) forming the base 112 is first provided with passage openings 116 by means of z. B. a laser process is formed. Then there is a texturing. Subsequently, by means of a phosphorus dopant source, such as gaseous POCl 3 or liquid H 3 P0 4 solution, an emitter layer 114 is formed on the front side, which also arises on the rear side of the base 112 and in the passage openings 116, possibly with different thickness.
  • a phosphorus dopant source such as gaseous POCl 3 or liquid H 3 P0 4 solution
  • the PSG (phosphorus silicate glass) layer formed during the diffusion process is removed in HF-containing solution.
  • An antireflection coating 122 can then be applied on the front side.
  • a paste is introduced, which closes the passage openings 116 and extends from the front side of the substrate to the rear side and along the same, as illustrated by the schematic illustration.
  • the paste has the properties such that it has an insulating effect after hardening or sintering with respect to the p-type substrate 112, ie the base, otherwise forms the required through metallization, as is required for MWT cells, to be electrically conductive Making connections from the front emitter to the back. Then, in the usual way, a front-side metallization 117, which contacts the via paste, and an electrically conductive layer, such as aluminum layer 120, are applied over the entire surface on the back outside the contacts with the through-metallizations, so that a back surface field (BSF layer) 120a is formed can.
  • BSF layer back surface field
  • the emitter extends through the through openings 116 and along the rear side, an electrical insulation of the Al layer 120 takes place from the rear-side emitter layer by laser irradiation, as described with reference to FIGS. 1a, 1b has been explained.
  • the emitter 114 can be seen to extend exclusively along the front side of the solar cell. On the back and in the through holes 116, an emitter layer is not present.
  • the emitter extends in sections within the passage openings 116.
  • FIGS. 3a, 3b which reproduce a section of a PERC cell, differs from that of FIGS. 2a, 2b in that a dielectric layer 224 extends at least along the rear side of the substrate 212.
  • Dielectric layer 224 may be an oxide as disclosed in EP-A-2 068 369, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
  • the dielectric layer 224 which may also be a layer system, is made of silicon or aluminum oxide with a silicon nitride capping layer.
  • FIG. 4b The course of the process for producing the MWT-PERC cell according to FIGS. 3a, 3b is shown in FIG. 4b.
  • the backside is passivated, with the layer 224 being deposited.
  • the fiction, contemporary paste 215b is introduced into the through holes 216, which can completely fill the passage openings 216.
  • the paste is formed in such a way that a passage opening is created in the middle area, ie a so-called "soul" is present, as can also be seen in FIG the rear side metallization (metal layer 220) is applied, wherein openings in the dielectric layer 224 lead to the formation of local back surface field areas 220 B.
  • heat treatment steps are carried out in the usual way in order to enable sintering. With reference to FIGS. 5 to 7 essential aspects of the invention will be explained again.
  • Metal Wrap-Through (MWT) solar cells are cells in which the front-side metallization contacts from the backside, called back-contact cells.
  • MWT cell a metallic compound is fed from the front to the back through holes in the cell, as shown in FIG.
  • PERC Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell
  • PERC Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell
  • the present invention is concerned u. a. with the application of the PERC concept on MWT cells.
  • a hitherto unresolved problem is due to the fact that in chemical etching back of the back emitter, the front side is connected through the holes with the back. Typically, etching medium applied from the back will also reach the front through the holes. As a result, contact of the etching medium with the front side, in particular in the region of the holes, can not be ruled out, so that there also occurs an emitter-back etching which adversely affects cell performance, as shown in FIG.
  • a metal contact In the case of MWT solar cells, a metal contact must be through-contacted from the back to the front through an opening in the substrate. This metal must not be stored in electrically conductive contact with the base of the semiconductor. For standard MWT cells, the base is shielded from the metal contact by the emitter, as shown in FIG.
  • any existing emitter diffusion on the back outside the via must be completely removed, usually by flat etching.
  • an insulation is produced in the hole, which is not based on the coating in the hole, but z. B. on the electrically insulating property of a paste.
  • This works in the case of a partially or completely uncovered base, in particular even without a coating in the region of the hole or in the case of inhomogeneous coating, which does not completely cover all areas of the emitter contact.
  • the insulation is thus achieved according to the invention by an electrically non-contacting paste. In this case, the requirements for insulation in the hole can be significantly reduced.
  • An etching of the front when removing the back emitter is avoided by a suitable protection procedure, which prevents or reduces the attack of the emitter.
  • a further, inventive solution is characterized in that the emitter is protected on the front side and / or in the hole during etching back by preferably a PSG (phosphorus-silicate-glass) layer of suitable thickness.
  • PSG phosphorus-silicate-glass
  • This can be generated, for example, in a long (i.e., longer than 25 minutes) (inline) diffusion process or an oxidation step. Any etching of the front side and / or the hole will then first attack the PSG sacrificial layer, so that the emitter remains protected for a sufficiently long time, as shown in FIG.
  • Yet another self-discovery solution is characterized in that the emitter is protected on the front side and / or in the hole during back etching by another technical variant so that small amounts of etching solution passing through the holes emerge at the front, not or hardly to an attack of the emitter on the
  • Front and / or lead in the hole This can be done for example by means of a dilution or neutralization of the etching solution by a suitable applied on the front side solution.

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  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
  • Electrodes Of Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de fabrication d'une cellule solaire MWT-PERC selon lequel des ouvertures ménagées dans le substrat de la cellule solaire sont métallisées et des régions émettrices présentes sur la face arrière de la cellule solaire sont entièrement retirées à l'extérieur de la zone de métallisation et une couche diélectrique est appliquée sur la face arrière. Pour la métallisation des trous, on utilise une pâte qui empêche l'établissement d'un contact électrique avec le substrat.
EP12718138.6A 2011-04-19 2012-04-19 Procédé de fabrication d'une cellule solaire Withdrawn EP2700107A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102011002174 2011-04-19
PCT/EP2012/057192 WO2012143460A2 (fr) 2011-04-19 2012-04-19 Procédé de fabrication d'une cellule solaire

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2700107A2 true EP2700107A2 (fr) 2014-02-26

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP12718138.6A Withdrawn EP2700107A2 (fr) 2011-04-19 2012-04-19 Procédé de fabrication d'une cellule solaire

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US20140299182A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2700107A2 (fr)
CN (1) CN103620800A (fr)
DE (1) DE112012001787A5 (fr)
TW (2) TW201251067A (fr)
WO (2) WO2012143460A2 (fr)

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DE102012217078B4 (de) * 2012-09-21 2015-03-05 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Verfahren zum Herstellen einer photovoltaischen Solarzelle
DE102012223698A1 (de) * 2012-12-19 2014-06-26 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Konzentratorsystem
TWI581442B (zh) * 2013-05-13 2017-05-01 昱晶能源科技股份有限公司 太陽能電池之製造方法
CN103762278A (zh) * 2014-01-29 2014-04-30 英利集团有限公司 一种mwt太阳能电池及其制作方法
CN108336162A (zh) * 2018-02-08 2018-07-27 浙江晶科能源有限公司 一种双面太阳能电池及其制造方法
CN109545906A (zh) * 2018-12-24 2019-03-29 江苏日托光伏科技股份有限公司 一种mwt+perc太阳能电池的生产方法
CN111245366B (zh) * 2020-01-09 2021-05-18 徐州谷阳新能源科技有限公司 一种mwt太阳能电池改善稳态的psg调整和测试方法
CN116314415B (zh) * 2023-02-10 2024-09-27 天合光能股份有限公司 背接触太阳能电池和制备方法

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2012143460A3 (fr) 2013-01-24
WO2012143467A2 (fr) 2012-10-26
DE112012001787A5 (de) 2014-01-16
TW201251067A (en) 2012-12-16
TW201248904A (en) 2012-12-01
WO2012143460A2 (fr) 2012-10-26
CN103620800A (zh) 2014-03-05
WO2012143467A3 (fr) 2013-02-21
US20140299182A1 (en) 2014-10-09

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