EP2715272A1 - Dispositif de protection balistique - Google Patents

Dispositif de protection balistique

Info

Publication number
EP2715272A1
EP2715272A1 EP12742785.4A EP12742785A EP2715272A1 EP 2715272 A1 EP2715272 A1 EP 2715272A1 EP 12742785 A EP12742785 A EP 12742785A EP 2715272 A1 EP2715272 A1 EP 2715272A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
elements
ballistic protection
ballistic
layer
protection according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP12742785.4A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2715272B1 (fr
Inventor
Karl Berroth
Thomas Vorsatz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
QSIL Ingenieurkeramik GmbH
Original Assignee
FCT Ingenieurkeramik GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by FCT Ingenieurkeramik GmbH filed Critical FCT Ingenieurkeramik GmbH
Publication of EP2715272A1 publication Critical patent/EP2715272A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2715272B1 publication Critical patent/EP2715272B1/fr
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0414—Layered armour containing ceramic material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0414—Layered armour containing ceramic material
    • F41H5/0428—Ceramic layers in combination with additional layers made of fibres, fabrics or plastics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0492—Layered armour containing hard elements, e.g. plates, spheres, rods, separated from each other, the elements being connected to a further flexible layer or being embedded in a plastics or an elastomer matrix

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a ballistic protection for protection against firearms, splintering and stabbing weapons.
  • Ballistic protection devices are known from the prior art in different designs.
  • One solution is hard ballistic protection, in which fired projectiles are rendered harmless after impacting hard materials such as by breaking, deforming and deflecting the projectile, or by transferring the kinetic energy.
  • at least one bullet-breaking layer is used, wherein the bullet-breaking layer is usually formed by large-sized individual elements, more rarely by a plurality of juxtaposed elements.
  • Such ballistic protection devices are used in particular in the context of personal protection vests or object armor.
  • a generic device is disclosed, for example, as a composite armor element in document DE 10 2007 019 392 B4.
  • CONFIRMATION COPY In this case, at least one row of axially successively arranged on ⁇ , rod-shaped elements is used, which are surrounded by a potting compound.
  • the rod-shaped elements are designed so that they interlock positively in such a way that when Entfref ⁇ fen a projectile yield the elements without a joint formation and thus the formation of a ballistic hole occurs.
  • a disadvantage of the disclosed solution turns out to be the fact that due to the positive locking of the elements, the composite armor has little or no elasticity and thus can only be adapted to a limited extent on uneven or flexible substrates.
  • a generic ballistic protection discloses the document DE 602 21 849 T2.
  • the armor system described here is primarily designed for use on vehicles or buildings and has, inter alia, a plurality of ceramic elements, which are formed abutting or overlapping.
  • the overlapping of the elements can be achieved inter alia by providing them on two sides with L-shaped edges which form the overlap.
  • the area between the overlapping edges is filled with an adhesive, thus achieving a cohesive connection of the elements with each other.
  • the thickness of each overlapping element in the areas of overlap corresponds to only a portion of the total thickness of a single element, making a single element in the areas of overlap more susceptible to damage by bullets or projectiles.
  • the object of the invention is, while avoiding the disadvantages of the prior art to provide a ballistic protection with improved effectiveness against penetrations of projectiles and stabbing, which a high flexibility, a low in terms of the protective effect areal weight and an improved ability to multiple shots resist.
  • An inventive ballistic protection has a plurality, in particular hard ballistic form elements, hereinafter also referred to only as form elements, on.
  • Hard ballistics is generally understood to mean that a projectile, hereinafter also referred to as a projectile, encounters a hard material and that the kinetic energy of the projectile is dissipated and distributed when it strikes the hard material, the projectile and / or the projectile Hard material can be deformed or destroyed.
  • the form elements have, as a particular advantage, at least two planes arranged offset from each other, wherein the planes are materially connected to one another by the integral formation of the form elements.
  • At least two of the form elements provided according to the invention are fixed in a form element combination in a positional relationship to each other in such a way that a first level of a first element element overlaps a second level of a second element element in sections.
  • a first mold element can overlap in sections up to three further mold elements in its second plane. The same applies to any further levels.
  • a projectile or, for example, a cannula By penetrations openings within a ballistic protection are understood, through which a projectile or, for example, a cannula, through the ballistic protection, can pass unhindered up to an object to be protected.
  • objects to be protected living objects such as people or animals, vehicles or buildings are considered according to the present OF INVENTION ⁇ dung.
  • the present invention elemental composite has due to the small segmentation by the majority of the form elements the considerable advantage that this is much less prone to complete destruction than large area segmented hard ballistic devices.
  • Upon impact of a projectile on a form element only a very small portion of the form element composite is damaged or destroyed, which corresponds according to the selected segmentation preferably only the caliber of the projectile.
  • small segmentation provides flexibility and thus the ability to easily access areas to be protected significantly improved compared to conventional hard-ballistic systems.
  • a reliable determination of the positional relationship of the at least two formed and mutually offset total areas is effected by the material connection of the at least two levels in each form element, so that the total areas can not shift against each other during a bombardment event or a puncture action. Transverse and / or shear stresses between the total surfaces can thus be better absorbed and reduced than is the case with known ballistic devices. As a result, the absence of lenticular penetrations always remains as a particular advantage. As a further advantage, because of the material connection of the at least two levels, no additional measures are required in every molding element to ensure the offset in the production of a molding element assembly.
  • the mold elements are such that a crack continuation from the first level to the second level is prevented by a material-specific suitably dimensioned design of the connection area between the two levels of a formula element in the event of cracking in the first level in a bombardment event.
  • the second level is maintained and improves the multi-hit capability.
  • the formed element element composite has a side facing an impinging projectile, hereinafter also referred to as an attack side, and a side facing an object to be protected, hereinafter also referred to as a protective side.
  • the planes of the form elements may have different geometric shapes, such as rectangular, triangular or trapezoidal shapes.
  • a preferred further development of this ballistic protection provides that the shaped elements on the side facing the object to be protected are connected to a high-tensile and shear-resistant carrier layer, for example of aramid fibers.
  • the connection between the mold elements and the carrier layer is advantageously effected by gluing.
  • a molded element composite is created, which offers a particularly high resistance of the ballistic protection against acting projectiles.
  • the form element composite thus acts by the one-sided stiffness as a large-scale shield, while a reverse curvature remains possible and thus there is a high degree of flexibility.
  • the ballistic protection according to the invention is in a state of convex curvature, as this is in particular due to the body performance of the wearer at many points, is affected by a firing event, in addition to or instead of the bending strength described by the power transmission to the end faces of the form elements form a sheet that transmits at least a portion of the energy of the projectile longitudinally in the ballistic protection and then around the wearer.
  • a particular advantage over the prior art is that not only the surface and the mass of a hard ballistic element or in flake or similar solutions, the area and the mass of hard ballistic elements in mutual engagement is effective.
  • inclusion of the shaped elements is also achieved, which are not arranged in the region of the point of action.
  • the included form elements are not directly affected by the destructive effect of the high-energy impulse of the projectile as a particular advantage and reliably decoupled from a crack extension of the impact point.
  • the tensile strength of the support layer particularly advantageous means that the Formele ⁇ elements in the longitudinal direction of the form element confederation, especially in the impact area of the projectile, are pressed against each other.
  • the resulting compressive forces are very advantageous in a wide range, but ideally forwarded annularly in the entirety of the form element composite and thereby degraded particularly effective.
  • the ballistic protection is a, between the respective standing in a positional relationship to form elements, forming inter mediate space with an elastic filler.
  • the filling material according to the invention both completely, as well as only partially fill.
  • the filler material is preferably such that, when it is deformed as a result of the relative movement of the mold elements, it acts as energy-converting during a bombardment event.
  • the mold elements are made of a ceramic material.
  • all known ceramic or ceramic composite materials which are suitable according to their material properties and ceramic fiber composite materials can be used as the ceramic material.
  • the use of ceramic laminates is particularly advantageous, so that several ceramic layers are available and the destruction of a layer is not synonymous with the total failure of the entire element element.
  • the corrosion resistance plays a major role, as this is particularly advantageous, at worst unnoticed decreasing the ability to protect the ballistic protection, over the duration of its use, avoided.
  • the shaped elements are arranged in a masonry-like manner in the longitudinal direction of the molded element composite formed in the longitudinal direction.
  • each mold element is already in its first plane with at least two further mold elements in a form fit in the longitudinal direction of the mold element composite.
  • the staggered arrangement of the form elements and the resulting uniform force distribution within the form element combination advantageously reduces the intensity of possible blunt traumas, such as bruises or fractures, especially when used inside a personal protection vest.
  • a special embodiment of the invention provides that the mold elements each have three mutually offset planes arranged. According to the invention, the offset of the planes is chosen such that the plane facing the attack side and the plane facing the protective side do not overlap.
  • mold members with three levels has to ei ⁇ nen the particular advantage that both line- in the mold elements composite no penetrations, as well as point-like are present.
  • the formation of the three-plane shaped elements further reduces the likelihood of Totel failure of the ballistic protection as a result of complete destruction of a feature element, since even if the level of a feature element is destroyed, coverage by at least one plane of an adjacent feature is obtained and hence the feature element assembly remain intact.
  • the ballistic protection according to the invention has, in a particularly preferred development on the attack side, a sacrificial layer upstream of the form element composite.
  • the further development provides that the energy of a projectile striking the attack side of the ballistic protection is at least partially reduced by the sacrificial layer.
  • the degradation of energy is preferably carried out by deflection and / or deformation of the impinging projectile and by the, at least in part, destruction / fragmentation of the hardballistic sacrificial elements of the sacrificial layer.
  • a multiplicity of sacrificial elements are preferably used in the sacrificial layer, which are formed, for example, as cubes consisting of a ceramic material such as, for example, silicon carbide.
  • the sacrificial elements preferably have additional deflector edges which deflect a bullet as it strikes the sacrificial elements and thereby prevent a vertical impact of the projectile on the sacrificial elements.
  • part of its energy is already dissipated by deflection when the projectile strikes.
  • an asymmetry of the force vectors is provoked by the impact of the projectile on a deflector edge, which has an at least slight devia ⁇ tion of the projectile from its original trajectory result and as a result deflects the energy of the impact away from the original impact point on a much larger area , which significantly supports or at times relieves the protective effect of the system.
  • the deflector edges on the attack side of the ballistic protection are preferably concave and advantageously lead to the sacrificial layer having no or only small surface sections directed at right angles to the impinging projectile.
  • the destruction of the sacrificial elements also leads to a deformation of the impinging projectile.
  • the deformation is particularly advantageous so large that the projectile, after a possible passage through the sacrificial layer through to the molding element layer, is so strongly deformed that this causes little or no damage to the molding element layer.
  • the sacrificial elements Due to the multiplicity of sacrificial elements and the resulting small segmentation of the sacrificial layer, in particular the multi-hit capability of the ballistic protection according to the invention, compared with the known devices, is considerably improved. Even if a sacrificial element is completely destroyed by an impacting bullet, the remaining sacrificial elements and especially the molding element layer lying behind the sacrificial layer remain intact and fully functional. To optimize the multi-hit capability, the sacrificial elements preferably have an attack surface facing surface of not more than 70 square millimeters.
  • the described small-segmentation causes a very low probability that a follow-up shot will impinge on the site of the already destroyed sacrificial element.
  • multi-hit standards are a reference rate of one square inch.
  • the sacrificial elements are arranged in multiple layers in the sacrificial layer or the entire sacrificial layer is formed in multiple layers. Also possible are special geometries of the sacrificial elements to optimize the effect.
  • the embedding takes place, for example, by vulcanization of the potting compound around the sacrificial elements around.
  • the potting compound is further formed tough-elastic or tough plastic and is used according to the invention, at least partially, from the sacrificial elements or the impinging bullet, dissolving splinters to catch and their escape from the sacrificial layer to both the attack side and the molding element layer to complicate and thus a To prevent the effect of these splinters as secondary projectiles.
  • the described interaction of the sacrificial elements and the potting compound in a bombardment event allows a high proportion of the energy dissipation by deformation, so that smaller surface masses are made possible.
  • the sacrificial layer acts in a floating manner with the mold element composite, whereby the flexibility of the ballistic protection is additionally improved.
  • the sacrificial layer is provided with a first splitter-trapping layer arranged in front of it.
  • the first splinter trap layer is made, for example, from a multi-layered aramid material and is used in the first Li ⁇ never to catch dissolving splinters of the sacrificial elements, and / or the impinging projectile.
  • the first splinter trap layer In contrast to the potting compound of the sacrificial layer, however, the first splinter trap layer exclusively serves to intercept such secondary projectiles which emerge from the sacrificial layer in the direction of the attack side. It thus serves to protect objects outside the coverage area of the ballistic protection, such as a person nearby or uncovered body parts of the wearer of a personal protection vest according to the invention.
  • the first fragmentation trap layer is floatingly connected to the sacrificial layer, which in turn particularly advantageous flexibility of the ballistic protection according to the invention is not adversely affected.
  • the form element composite is provided on the protective side with a second splinter trap layer.
  • the second fragment-trap layer for example, likewise consists of an aramid material and, according to the invention, serves to possibly detach from the shaped-element layer Fragments or these under extreme load penetrating bullets to catch.
  • Such splinters can be released from the mold element layer, for example, if, in particular in the case of multi-hit events, an impinging projectile or parts thereof hit the mold element composite and damage it.
  • Splinter trap layer is preferably floating, so that both layers can perform a relative movement to each other, which in turn has a positive effect on the flexibility of the ballistic protection.
  • an additional damping layer for example consisting of gel or air chambers, may be arranged between the object to be protected and the second splinter trap layer.
  • the invention provides in a further preferred variant that a moisture and / or heat-regulating functional layer is assigned between the second splinter-catching layer and the person to be protected.
  • the functional layer has the nature, for example, of receiving and dissipating moisture arising from air permeability under the ballistic protection of a person carrying the ballistic protection and keeping the person at low altitude. conditions to warm or counteract heat build-up at high temperatures.
  • An inventive ballistic protection can be used both in a personal protection vest, as well as in an armored mat for the protection of vehicles, buildings or people.
  • Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of a composite mold elements 1 of the invention as part of a Ballisingschut ⁇ zes in a lateral sectional view of a schematic diagram.
  • the molded element composite 1, is formed by a plurality of mold elements 2 and a high-tensile and shear-resistant carrier layer 3.
  • the mold elements 2 are made of a ceramic material and are connected by a high-strength and non-detachable bonding with the carrier layer 3, whereby in the course of further the positional relationship of the mold elements 2 is fixed to each other.
  • the carrier layer 3 takes over during the use of he ⁇ inventive ballistic protection the reinforcement function for the form element composite 1.
  • Formenseverbundes 1 Upon impact of a projectile (not shown) and the resulting curvature of the Formianoverbundes 1 is formed on the attack side of a pressure zone, in which the mold elements 2 are pressed against each other at least in sections.
  • a tensile zone forms when hitting a projectile.
  • the inventive combination of pressure and tension zone leads to particularly advantageous that the shaped element composite 1, struck when hitting a projectile and the curvature caused thereby, and absorbs, initiated by the projectile, forces and distributed over a large area and thus degrades.
  • the elastic filling material 6 is introduced in the present case by vulcanization in the mold element composite 1.
  • the form elements 2 themselves each have a first and a second plane 4 and 5, which are arranged both vertically and horizontally offset from each other within the respective form ⁇ element 2, wherein the staggered arrangement of the two levels 4 and 5 through the material connection is reliably secured in the mold element 2.
  • the mold elements 2 are fixed in a positional relationship to each other such that in each case the first level 4 of a first mold element 2.1 overlaps the second level 5 of a second mold element 2.2 in sections.
  • Figure 2 shows such a multi-layer structure of ballistic protection.
  • the form element composite 1 is preceded by a sacrificial layer 8 on the attack side, which consists of a plurality, in the present embodiment substantially cube-shaped trained, sacrificial elements 9 is formed.
  • a sacrificial layer 8 on the attack side which consists of a plurality, in the present embodiment substantially cube-shaped trained, sacrificial elements 9 is formed.
  • deflector edges are formed on the attack side (shown in FIG. 4).
  • the sacrificial elements 9 are made in the presentariessbei ⁇ game of silicon carbide and are embedded in a splintering potting compound 10.
  • the splintering potting compound 10 serves primarily to absorb splinters of the projectile and / or the sacrificial elements 9 which dissolve in the sacrificial layer 8, thereby preventing an effect of these fragments as secondary projectiles.
  • the sacrificial layer 8 in particular, enormously improves the multi-hit capability of ballistic protection.
  • the sacrificial layer on the attack side is preceded by a first splinter trap layer 11, which in the present embodiment is made from Arabid.
  • the mold element composite 1 is provided on the protective side with a second splinter trap layer 12.
  • the second splinter trap layer 12 is used according to the invention to absorb splinters from the form element assembly 1 that have been released by an impacting projectile and to effectively prevent their effect as secondary projectiles.
  • a functional layer 13 is arranged between the second splinter trap layer 12 and a person to be protected (not shown).
  • the functional layer 13 is particularly advantageous heat and moisture-regulating design and serves primarily the recording and discharge under the ballistic protection forming moisture of a person wearing this.
  • the individual layers are each connected in a floating manner.
  • FIGS. 3a and 3b show detailed views of a feature element 2 in a particular embodiment with three planes 4, 5 and 7.
  • FIG. 4 shows an exemplary embodiment of a sacrificial element 9 with deflector edges 14

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Professional, Industrial, Or Sporting Protective Garments (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif de protection balistique comportant une pluralité d'éléments moulés de balistique dure, qui sont en une seule pièce et présentent au moins deux plans décalés l'un par rapport à l'autre. Au moins deux des éléments moulés sont, dans un assemblage d'éléments moulés, fixés l'un à l'autre dans une position mutuelle de telle sorte qu'un premier plan d'un premier élément moulé chevauche partiellement un deuxième plan d'un deuxième élément moulé. L'agencement selon l'invention des au moins deux plans se chevauchant de deux éléments moulés permet de former, dans l'assemblage d'éléments moulés, pratiquement deux surfaces totales superposées et décalées l'une par rapport à l'autre, ces deux surfaces permettant de manière avantageuse de créer un assemblage d'éléments moulés qui ne présente aucune ligne de pénétration.
EP12742785.4A 2011-06-01 2012-05-29 Dispositif de protection balistique Not-in-force EP2715272B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE202011101638U DE202011101638U1 (de) 2011-06-01 2011-06-01 Ballistikschutz
PCT/DE2012/000556 WO2012163329A1 (fr) 2011-06-01 2012-05-29 Dispositif de protection balistique

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2715272A1 true EP2715272A1 (fr) 2014-04-09
EP2715272B1 EP2715272B1 (fr) 2017-01-11

Family

ID=46603461

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP12742785.4A Not-in-force EP2715272B1 (fr) 2011-06-01 2012-05-29 Dispositif de protection balistique

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US9410772B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP2715272B1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2012265273B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2837360C (fr)
DE (2) DE202011101638U1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2012163329A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA201308533B (fr)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10704256B2 (en) * 2013-05-02 2020-07-07 360° Ballistics, LLC Process to add bullet resistance to an existing wall
US11209245B2 (en) 2011-04-18 2021-12-28 360° Ballistics, LLC Barrier for absorbing very high power bullets and uses thereof
US10739114B2 (en) 2011-04-18 2020-08-11 360° Ballistics, LLC Barrier for absorbing very high power bullets and uses thereof
US10823535B2 (en) 2013-05-02 2020-11-03 360° Ballistics, LLC Repair of ballistic concrete panels
US9869535B2 (en) * 2014-09-15 2018-01-16 Milspray Llc System and method for ballistic protection for a vehicle door
DE102022103396A1 (de) * 2022-02-14 2023-08-17 Rheinmetall Landsysteme Gmbh Anordnung und geschütztes Fahrzeug

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US3577836A (en) * 1969-11-12 1971-05-11 Raymond M Tamura Armored garment
DE3228264A1 (de) * 1981-08-13 1985-12-05 Harry 7311 Hochdorf Apprich Beschusssicheres mehrschichtmaterial
NL8600449A (nl) * 1986-02-22 1987-09-16 Delft Tech Hogeschool Pantserplaat-komposiet met keramische opvanglaag.
DE4005904A1 (de) * 1990-02-24 1991-08-29 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag Als panzerung dienendes verbundbauteil
AU8874691A (en) * 1990-11-06 1992-05-26 Eurocourt Limited Improvements in or relating to body protecting clothing
US6510777B2 (en) * 1999-04-30 2003-01-28 Pinnacle Armor, Llc Encapsulated imbricated armor system
ATE370382T1 (de) 2001-07-25 2007-09-15 Aceram Materials And Technolog Keramische panzerungssysteme mit frontseitiger splitterfangschicht und dämpfungsschicht
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE202011101638U1 (de) 2012-09-05
CA2837360A1 (fr) 2012-12-06
AU2012265273A1 (en) 2013-12-12
US20140116235A1 (en) 2014-05-01
US9410772B2 (en) 2016-08-09
AU2012265273B2 (en) 2017-02-02
EP2715272B1 (fr) 2017-01-11
DE112012002319A5 (de) 2014-03-13
ZA201308533B (en) 2016-07-27
CA2837360C (fr) 2018-10-23
WO2012163329A1 (fr) 2012-12-06

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