EP2855438A2 - Nouveaux composés et nouvelles compositions pour le traitement de troubles ou de maladies du contrôle de la respiration - Google Patents

Nouveaux composés et nouvelles compositions pour le traitement de troubles ou de maladies du contrôle de la respiration

Info

Publication number
EP2855438A2
EP2855438A2 EP13798039.7A EP13798039A EP2855438A2 EP 2855438 A2 EP2855438 A2 EP 2855438A2 EP 13798039 A EP13798039 A EP 13798039A EP 2855438 A2 EP2855438 A2 EP 2855438A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
propylamino
bis
hydroxylamine
triazin
methyl
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP13798039.7A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2855438A4 (fr
Inventor
James C. Mannion
Scott L. Dax
Duncan Euan MACINTYRE
Francis John GOLDER
James Francis MCLEOD
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Galleon Pharmaceuticals Inc
Original Assignee
Galleon Pharmaceuticals Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US13/482,837 external-priority patent/US20120295911A1/en
Application filed by Galleon Pharmaceuticals Inc filed Critical Galleon Pharmaceuticals Inc
Publication of EP2855438A2 publication Critical patent/EP2855438A2/fr
Publication of EP2855438A4 publication Critical patent/EP2855438A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/433—Thidiazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
    • A61K31/52—Purines, e.g. adenine
    • A61K31/522—Purines, e.g. adenine having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. hypoxanthine, guanine, acyclovir
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/53—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with three nitrogens as the only ring hetero atoms, e.g. chlorazanil, melamine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
    • A61K31/5355—Non-condensed oxazines and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/57—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/16—Central respiratory analeptics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
    • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D239/46—Two or more oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms
    • C07D239/50—Three nitrogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D251/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings
    • C07D251/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D251/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D251/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hetero atoms directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D251/40—Nitrogen atoms
    • C07D251/54—Three nitrogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D471/08—Bridged systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
    • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D498/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D498/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D498/08—Bridged systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D519/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing more than one system of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system not provided for in groups C07D453/00 or C07D455/00

Definitions

  • Normal control of breathing is a complex process that involves, in part, the body's interpretation and response to chemical stimuli such as carbon dioxide, pH and oxygen levels in blood, tissues and the brain. Breathing control is also affected by other factors such as wakefulness (i.e., whether the patient is awake or sleeping), emotion, posture and vocalization.
  • breath control is also affected by other factors such as wakefulness (i.e., whether the patient is awake or sleeping), emotion, posture and vocalization.
  • Within the brain medulla there are respiratory control centers that interpret various feedforward and feedback signals that affect respiration and issues commands to the muscles that perform the work of breathing. Key muscle groups are located in the abdomen, diaphragm, pharynx and thorax. Sensors located centrally and peripherally then provide input to the brain's central respiration control areas that enables response to changing metabolic requirements.
  • CO 2 carbon dioxide levels
  • Increased CO 2 levels signal the body to increase breathing rate and depth, resulting in higher blood oxygen levels and subsequent lower blood CO 2 levels.
  • low CO 2 levels can result in periods of hyponea (decreased breathing) or, in the extreme case, apnea (no breathing) since the stimulation to breathe is diminished. This is what happens when a person hyperventilates.
  • apneas central, mixed or obstructive; where the breathing repeatedly stops for 10 to 60 seconds
  • congenital central hypoventilation syndrome congenital central hypoventilation syndrome
  • Secondary loss of breathing control may be due to chronic cardiopulmonary diseases (e.g., heart failure, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and impending respiratory failure), excessive weight (e.g., obesity-hypoventilation syndrome), certain drugs (e.g., anesthetics, sedatives, anxiolytics, hypnotics, alcohol, and narcotic analgesics and/or factors that affect the neurological system (e.g., stroke, tumor, trauma, radiation damage, and ALS).
  • chronic cardiopulmonary diseases e.g., heart failure, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and impending respiratory failure
  • excessive weight e.g., obesity-hypoventilation syndrome
  • certain drugs e.g., anesthetics, sedatives, anxiolytics, hypnotics, alcohol, and narcotic analgesics and/or factors that affect the neurological system (e.g., stroke, tumor, trauma,
  • Sleep disordered breathing is an example of where abnormalities in the control of breathing lead to a serious and prevalent disease in humans.
  • Sleep apnea is characterized by frequent periods of no or partial breathing.
  • Key factors that contribute to these apneas include anatomical factors (such as obesity), decreased hypercapnic and hypoxic ventilatory responses (e.g., decreased response to high carbon dioxide and low oxygen levels, respectively) and loss of "wakefulness" (i.e., drive to pharyngeal dilator muscles).
  • Apneic events result in hypoxia (and the associated oxidative stress) and eventually severe cardiovascular consequences (high blood pressure, stroke, heart attack).
  • the invention includes a composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: N-(2,4-bis- «-propylamino)-N-(6- methylamino)-[l,3,5]triazine (CLXXII), N-(2,4,6-tris-w-propylamino)-[l,3,5]triazine (CLXXIII), N-(2,4,6-tris- «-propylamino)-l,3-pyrimidine (CLXXIV), N-(2,4-bis- «- propylamino)-N-(6-z ' -propylamino)-l,3-pyrimidine (CLXXV), a salt thereof, and any combinations thereof.
  • the salt is hydrogen sulfate, hydrochloride, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate or dihydrogen phosphate.
  • the composition further comprises at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention also includes a method of preventing or treating a breathing control disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: N-(2,4-bis- «-propylamino)-N- (6-methylamino)-[l,3,5]triazine (CLXXII), N-(2,4,6-tris- «-propylamino)- [l,3,5]triazine (CLXXIII), N-(2,4,6-tris- «-propylamino)-l,3-pyrimidine (CLXXIV), N-(2,4-bis- «-propylamino)-N-(6- -propylamino)-l,3-pyrimidine (CLXXV), a salt thereof, and any combinations thereof.
  • the breathing control disorder or disease is selected from the group consisting of respiratory depression, sleep apnea, apnea of prematurity, obesity -hypoventilation syndrome, primary alveolar hypoventilation syndrome, dyspnea, hypoxia, and hypercapnia.
  • the respiratory depression is caused by an anesthetic, a sedative, an anxiolytic agent, a hypnotic agent, alcohol or a narcotic.
  • the subject is further administered a composition comprising at least one additional compound useful for treating the breathing control disorder or disease.
  • the at least one additional compound is selected from the group consisting of acetazolamide, almitrine, theophylline, caffeine, methyl progesterone, a serotinergic modulator, a cannabinoid and an ampakine.
  • the formulation is administered in conjunction with the use of a mechanical ventilation device or positive airway pressure device on the subject.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the formulation is administered to the subject by an inhalational, topical, oral, buccal, rectal, vaginal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, transdermal, intrathecal, intraperitoneal, intrathoracic, intrapleural or intravenous route.
  • the invention also includes a method of preventing destabilization or stabilizing breathing rhythm in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: N-(2,4-bis- «-propylamino)-N-(6- methylamino)-[l,3,5]triazine (CLXXII), N-(2,4,6-tris-w-propylamino)-[l,3,5]triazine (CLXXIII), N-(2,4,6-tris- «-propylamino)-l,3-pyrimidine (CLXXIV), N-(2,4-bis- «- propylamino)-N-(6-z ' -propylamino)-l,3-pyrimidine (CLXXV), a salt thereof, and any combinations thereof.
  • the destabilization is associated with a breathing control disorder or disease selected from the group consisting of respiratory depression, sleep apnea, apnea of prematurity, obesity -hypoventilation syndrome, primary alveolar hypoventilation syndrome, dyspnea, hypoxia, and hypercapnia.
  • the respiratory depression is caused by an anesthetic, a sedative, an anxiolytic agent, a hypnotic agent, alcohol or a narcotic.
  • the subject is further administered a composition comprising at least one additional compound useful for treating the breathing control disorder or disease.
  • the at least one additional compound is selected from the group consisting of acetazolamide, almitrine, theophylline, caffeine, methyl progesterone, a serotinergic modulator, a cannabinoid and an ampakine.
  • the formulation is administered in conjunction with the use of a mechanical ventilation device or positive airway pressure device on the subject.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the formulation is administered to the subject by an inhalational, topical, oral, buccal, rectal, vaginal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, transdermal, intrathecal, intraperitoneal, intrathoracic, intrapleural or intravenous route.
  • the invention also includes a composition comprising N-(4,6-bis- «- propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine (XXXV) or a salt thereof, wherein 4,6-bis-( «-propylamino)-l,3,5-triazin-2-ol (CLXXVIII) is present at a level equal to or lower than about 1% (w/w) with respect to (XXXV) or the salt thereof.
  • 4,6-bis-(w-propylamino)-l,3,5-triazin-2-ol is present at a level equal to or lower than about 0.5% (w/w) with respect to (XXXV) or the salt thereof.
  • 4,6-bis-( «-propylamino)- l,3,5-triazin-2-ol is present at a level equal to or lower than about 0.3% (w/w) with respect to (XXXV) or the salt thereof.
  • 4,6- bis-( «-propylamino)-l,3,5-triazin-2-ol is present at a level equal to or lower than about 0.2% (w/w) with respect to (XXXV) or the salt thereof.
  • 4,6-bis-( «-propylamino)-l,3,5-triazin-2-ol is present at a level equal to or lower than about 0.15% (w/w) with respect to (XXXV) or the salt thereof.
  • 4,6-bis-( «-propylamino)-l,3,5-triazin- 2-ol is present at a level equal to or lower than about 0.1% (w/w) with respect to (XXXV) or the salt thereof.
  • 4,6-bis-( «- propylamino)-l,3,5-triazin-2-ol is essentially absent from the composition.
  • the invention also includes a composition comprising N-(4,6-bis- «- propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine (XXXV) or a salt thereof, further comprising a buffer and a liquid carrier.
  • the salt of (XXXV) is the hydrogen sulfate salt
  • the composition further comprises citric acid.
  • the pH of the composition is adjusted with a base.
  • the base comprises sodium hydroxide.
  • the liquid carrier comprises water.
  • the pH of the composition ranges from about 2.5 to about 6. In yet another embodiment, the pH of the composition ranges from about 2.5 to about 5. In yet another embodiment, the pH of the composition ranges from about 3 to about 4. In yet another
  • the concentration of (XXXV) or the salt thereof in the composition is about 1-10 mg/mL. In yet another embodiment, the concentration of (XXXV) or the salt thereof in the composition is about 5-10 mg/mL. In yet another embodiment, the concentration of (XXXV) or the salt thereof in the composition is about 10 mg/mL. In yet another embodiment, the composition comprises less than 0.5% (w/w)
  • less than 0.5% (w/w) of N-(4,6-Bis-n-propylamino)-[l,3,5]-triazin-2-ol (CLXXVIII) with respect to (XXXV) forms over an eighteen-month period of storage of the composition at 2-8°C.
  • less than 0.5% (w/w) of N- (4,6-Bis-n-propylamino)-[l,3,5]-triazin-2-ol (CLXXVIII) with respect to (XXXV) forms over a twenty-four-month period of storage of the composition at 2-8°C.
  • the invention also includes a crystalline free base of N-(4,6-Bis- «- propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine (XXXV), Form A, with a XRPD spectrum as per Figure 22.
  • the invention also includes at least one crystalline salt of N-(4,6-Bis- «-propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N.O-dimethyl-hydroxylamine (XXXV) selected from the group consisting of: crystalline hydrogen sulfate salt (XXXVI) Form A, with a XRPD spectrum as per Figure 14; crystalline hydrogen sulfate salt (XXXVI) comprising a mixture of Form A and Form B, with a XRPD spectrum as per Figure 23; crystalline hydrogen sulfate salt (XXXVI) Form C, with a XRPD spectrum as per Figure 24; crystalline hydrogen sulfate salt (XXXVI) Form D, with a XRPD spectrum as per Figure 25; crystalline hydrogen sulfate salt (XXXVI) comprising a mixture of Form A and Form D, with a XRPD spectrum as per Figure 26; crystalline phosphoric acid salt (CLXXX)
  • the invention also includes a salt of N-(4,6-Bis-w-propylamino- [l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-hydroxylamine (XXXV), comprising approximately one mole equivalent of sulfuric acid.
  • the salt further comprises one mole equivalent of water.
  • the invention also includes a salt of N-(4,6-Bis-w-propylamino- [l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N.O-dimethyl-hydroxylamine (XXXV), comprising at least one mole equivalent of phosphoric acid.
  • the salt comprises about one mole equivalent of phosphoric acid.
  • the invention also includes a method of reducing or minimizing the open channel fraction of the potassium maxi-K or BK channel in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one compound of formula (I):
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, phenylalkyl, substituted phenylalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, substituted heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl; or R 1 and R 2 combine as to form a biradical selected from the group consisting of 3- hydroxy-pentane- 1 ,5 -diyl, 6-hydroxy-cycloheptane- 1 ,4-diyl, propane- 1 ,3 -diyl, butane- 1,4-diyl and pentane-l,5-diyl; R 3 is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted
  • bond b 1 is nil and: (i) Z is H, bond b 2 is a single bond, and A is CH; or, (ii) Z is nil, bond b 2 is nil, and A is a single bond; and,
  • bond b 1 is a single bond, and: (i) Z is CH 2 , bond b 2 is a single bond, and A is CH; or, (ii) Z is CH, bond b 2 is a double bond, and A is C; or a salt thereof.
  • the invention also includes a method of inhibiting the TASK- 1 (KCNK3) channel in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one compound of formula (I):
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, phenylalkyl, substituted phenylalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, substituted heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl; or R 1 and R 2 combine as to form a biradical selected from the group consisting of 3- hydroxy-pentane- 1 ,5 -diyl, 6-hydroxy-cycloheptane- 1 ,4-diyl, propane- 1 ,3 -diyl, butane- 1,4-diyl and pentane-l,5-diyl; R 3 is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted
  • bond b 1 is nil and: (i) Z is H, bond b 2 is a single bond, and A is CH; or, (ii) Z is nil, bond b 2 is nil, and A is a single bond; and,
  • bond b 1 is a single bond, and: (i) Z is CH 2 , bond b 2 is a single bond, and A is CH; or, (ii) Z is CH, bond b 2 is a double bond, and A is C; or a salt thereof.
  • the invention also includes a method of increasing minute ventilation in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising at least one
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, phenylalkyl, substituted phenylalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, substituted heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl; or R 1 and R 2 combine as to form a biradical selected from the group consisting of 3- hydroxy-pentane- 1 ,5 -diyl, 6-hydroxy-cycloheptane- 1 ,4-diyl, propane- 1 ,3 -diyl, butane- 1,4-diyl and pentane-l,5-diyl; R 3 is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted
  • bond b 1 is nil and: (i) Z is H, bond b 2 is a single bond, and A is CH; or, (ii) Z is nil, bond b 2 is nil, and A is a single bond; and,
  • bond b 1 is a single bond, and: (i) Z is CH 2 , bond b 2 is a single bond, and A is CH; or, (ii) Z is CH, bond b 2 is a double bond, and A is C; or a salt thereof.
  • the compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of: N-(4,6-Bis-methylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl- hydroxylamine, N-(4,6-Bis-ethylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl- hydroxylamine, N-(4-Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-(6- «-propylamino) [l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)- ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethyl-hydroxylamine, N-(4-Ethylamino)-N-(6- «-propylamino)-[l,3,5]triazin- 2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine, N-(Bis-4,6-(2-methylpropylamino))
  • the compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of: N-(4,6-Bis-n-propylamino-l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-0-methyl- hydroxylamine; N-(4,6-Bis-n-propylamino-l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N',N'- dimethylhydrazine; N-(2,4-Bis-n-propylamino)-N-(6-methylamino)-[l,3,5]triazine; N-[(2,6-Bis-n-propylamino)-pyrimidin-4-yl]-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine; N,N- Dimethyl-N'-(2-n-propylamino-7-methyl-pyrrolo[2,3d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-hydrazine; a salt thereof and mixtures thereof.
  • the compound of formula (I) is N-(4,6-Bis- «- propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine, or a salt thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical formulation is administered via intravenous infusion.
  • the infusion dose of the pharmaceutical formulation is at least about 0.016 mg/kg/min.
  • the infusion dose of the pharmaceutical formulation is about 0.016 mg/kg/min.
  • the infusion dose of the pharmaceutical composition produce plasma concentrations of at least about 726 ng/mL in the subject.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the mammal is human.
  • Figure 1 is a graph illustrating results of plethysmography experiments which monitored minute ventilation in the opioid-treated rat upon administration of Compound (XXXVI) [labeled as cmpd (A)].
  • Figure 2 comprising Figures 2A-B, illustrates arterial blood gas analysis results for administration of Compound (XXXVI) [labeled as cmpd (A)] in the opioid-treated rat.
  • Figure 2A - PaC0 2 (mmHg);
  • Figure 2B - Sa0 2 (%).
  • Figure 3 is a graph illustrating results of plethysmography experiments monitoring minute ventilation in the rat upon administration of Compound (XXXVI) [labeled as cmpd (A)] under conditions of hypoxia.
  • Figure 4 is a graph illustrating end-tidal CO 2 and minute ventilation in the opioid-treated monkey upon administration of Compound (XXXVI) [labeled as cmpd (A)].
  • Figure 5 is a graph illustrating the dose-dependent effect of Compound (XXXVI) [labeled as cmpd (A)] and Compound (L) [labeled as cmpd (B)] on minute ventilation, in terms of maximum peak response, in the rat.
  • Figure 6 is a graph illustrating the dose-dependent effect of Compound (XXXVI) [labeled as cmpd (A)] and Compound (CXXI) [labeled as cmpd (C)] on minute ventilation, in terms of maximum peak response, in the rat.
  • Figure 7 comprising Figures 7A-D, illustrates the dose-dependent effect of Compound (L) [labeled as cmpd (B)] on blood gases and pH in the opioid- treated rat.
  • Figure 7A - pH; Figure 7B - Sa0 2 ; Figure 7C - PO 2 ; Figure 7D - pC0 2 .
  • Figure 8 comprising Figures 8A-D, illustrates the dose-dependent effect of Compound (CXLII) [labeled as cmpd (D)] on blood gases and pH in the opioid-treated rat.
  • Figure 9 is a graph illustrating the effect of Compound (CXLII)
  • cmpd (D) [labeled as cmpd (D)] in the minute ventilation of the opioid-treated rat.
  • Figure 10 illustrates the l H -NMR spectrum for Compound (XXXVI) in DMSO-d 6 at 25°C.
  • Figure 1 1 illustrates the 13 C-NMR spectrum for Compound (XXXVI) in DMSO-d 6 at 25°C.
  • Figure 12 illustrates the FTIR spectrum for Compound (XXXVI).
  • Figure 13 illustrates the thermal analysis by DSC of N-(4,6-bis- «- propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine hydrogen sulfate (XXXVI).
  • Figure 14 illustrates the X-ray diffraction spectrum of Compound (XXXVI) Form A (hydrogen sulfate salt Form A).
  • Figure 15 is a graph illustrating the effect of Compound (XXXVI) on reversing the effects of midazolam on minute ventilation (MV) in the rat.
  • Figure 16 is a graph illustrating the effect of Compound (XXXVI) on reversing the effects of midazolam on tidal volume (TV) in the rat.
  • Figure 17 is a graph illustrating the effect of Compound (XXXVI) on reversing the effects of midazolam on respiratory frequency (f) in the rat.
  • Figure 18 is a graph illustrating the effect of Compound (XXXVI) infusion on the minute volume response to acute hypercapnia (3% CO 2 ).
  • Figure 19A is a graph illustrating the effect of pH on aqueous solubility of Compound (XXXV) at ambient temperature.
  • Figure 19B is a graph illustrating the effect of pH on aqueous solubility of Compound (XXXV) at ambient temperature
  • Figure 20A is a graph illustrating the effect of pH on degradation of
  • Figure 20B is a graph illustrating the effect of pH on degradation of Compound (XXXV) at pH 2-3.6.
  • Figure 21 is a graph illustrating the formation rate of Compound (CLXXVIII) from Compound (XXXV) in solution at 2-8°C, pH 3-4.
  • Figure 22 is a graph illustrating the X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the free base of Compound (XXXV)
  • Figure 23 is a graph illustrating the X-ray powder diffraction spectrum of a mixture of Compound (XXXVI) Form A and Compound (XXXVI) Form B.
  • Figure 24 is a graph illustrating the X-ray powder diffraction spectrum of Compound (XXXVI) Form C.
  • Figure 25 is a graph illustrating the X-ray powder diffraction spectrum of Compound (XXXVI) Form D.
  • Figure 26 is a graph illustrating the X-ray powder diffraction spectrum of a mixture of Compound (XXXVI) Form A and Compound (XXXVI) Form D.
  • Figure 27 is a graph illustrating the X-ray powder diffraction spectrum of Compound (CLXXX) Form A.
  • Figure 28 is a graph illustrating the X-ray powder diffraction spectrum of Compound (CLXXX) Form C.
  • Figure 29 is a graph illustrating the X-ray powder diffraction spectrum of a mixture of Compound (CLXXX) Form A and Compound (CLXXX) Form B.
  • Figure 30 is a graph illustrating the X-ray powder diffraction spectrum of a mixture of Compound (CLXXX) Form C and Compound (CLXXX) Form D.
  • Figure 31 is a graph illustrating the X-ray powder diffraction spectrum of a mixture of Compound (CLXXX) Form C and Compound (CLXXX) Form E.
  • Figure 32 comprising Figures 32A-D, are graphs illustrating the effect of Compound (XLII) on respiratory rate (Figure 32A), tidal volume (Figure 32B), minute volume (Figure 32C) and 5 min average change in minute volume (Figure 32D) respectively, in rat.
  • XLII Compound
  • Figure 32A tidal volume
  • Figure 32B tidal volume
  • Figure 32C minute volume
  • Figure 32D 5 min average change in minute volume
  • Figure 33 comprising Figures 33A-D, are graphs illustrating the effect of Compound (CLXXII) on respiratory rate (Figure 33A), tidal volume (Figure 33B), minute volume (Figure 33C) and 5 min average change in minute volume (Figure 33D) respectively, in rat.
  • Figure 34 comprising Figures 34A-C, illustrates the effect of BK channel activity in response to Compound (XXXV) at a concentration of 1 ⁇ .
  • Figure 34A sample recordings of channel activity in control conditions and with 1 ⁇ (XXXV). Arrow, closed state.
  • Figure 34B all points histogram obtained from 1 min of recording in control condition.
  • Figure 34C all points histogram obtained from 1 min of ecording with 1 ⁇ (XXXV). Patch ID: C 05 SP 101008 0000.
  • Figure 35 illustrates the design of study GAL-021-101 : infusion rates and duration by study period and group (cohort). The dose levels that were pooled for PD analyses are delineated on the left side.
  • Figure 36 is an illustrative design diagram of respiratory depression Proof-of-Concept study (GAL-021-104).
  • Figure 37 is a graph illustrating tidal volume during first 2 hour after starting the infusion.
  • Figure 38 is a set of graphs illustrating the integrated percent change from baseline during the first hour (0-lh) and first 2 hours (0-2h) after starting the infusion for minute ventilation (Figure 38A), end tidal CO 2 (Figure 38B), respiratory rate (Figure 38C), and tidal volume (Figure 38D) in the initial clinical study (GAL-021-101). Data from the first hour of period 9 (0.96 mg/kg/h) was pooled with data from similar infusion rate subjects in groups 6 and 7 for the 0-lh assessments.
  • Figure 39 is a set of graphs illustrating integrated percent change from baseline during the first hour (0-lh) and during first 2 hours (0-2h) after starting the infusion for minute ventilation (Figure 39A), end tidal CO 2 (Figure 39B), respiratory rate (Figure 39C), and tidal volume (Figure 39D) in the second clinical study (GAL-021-102).
  • Figure 40 is a graph illustrating transcutaneous hemoglobin oxygen saturation (GAL-021-102).
  • Figure 41 illustrates results for Part I of the GAL-021-104 clinical study: integrated percent change from baseline during the last ten minutes of each segment for minute ventilation (Figure 41 A), tidal volume (Figure 4 IB) and respiratory rate (Figure 41C). Segments were thirty minutes in durantion, except for the segment labeled (XXXVI)-high, which had duration of 40 minutes due to a twenty -minute loading dose infusion. The end-tidal was clamped during the study and was largely invariant.
  • Figure 43 comprising Figures 43A-D, illustrates results for Part 2 of the GAL-021-104 study: Integrated percent change from baseline during the last ten- minutes of each segment for minute ventilation (Figure 43 A), end-tidal CO 2 (Figure 43B), respiratory rate (Figure 43C), and tidal volume (Figure 43D).
  • Figure 44 comprising Figures 44A-B, illustrate mean plasma concentration-time profiles of N-(4,6-/? «- «-propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0- dimethyl-hydroxylamine hydrogen sulfate (XXXVI) following IV infusion to healthy volunteers during the First-in-Human study ( Figure 44A) and the second study ( Figure 44B).
  • XXXVI dimethyl-hydroxylamine hydrogen sulfate
  • the present invention relates in one aspect to the unexpected discovery that the compounds of the invention are respiratory stimulants and useful in the treatment of breathing control disorders or diseases. Definitions
  • the articles “a” and “an” refer to one or to more than one (i.e. to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article.
  • an element means one element or more than one element.
  • the term "about” is understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art and varies to some extent on the context in which it is used. As used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a temporal duration, and the like, the term “about” is meant to encompass variations of ⁇ 20% or ⁇ 10%, more preferably ⁇ 5%, even more preferably ⁇ 1 %, and still more preferably ⁇ 0.1 % from the specified value, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosed methods.
  • a "subject" may be a human or non-human mammal.
  • Non-human mammals include, for example, livestock and pets, such as ovine, bovine, porcine, canine, feline and murine mammals.
  • the subject is human.
  • minute ventilation is a measure of breathing volume per unit time and is given herein as mL/min
  • pC02 is partial pressure of carbon dioxide (gas) in (arterial) blood measured in mm Hg (millimeters of Hg)
  • ⁇ (3 ⁇ 4 is partial pressure of oxygen (gas) in (arterial) blood measured in mmHg (millimeters of Hg)
  • SaC>2 is the percentage of hemoglobin in the form of oxy -hemoglobin in blood
  • end-tidal CO2 is the measurement of exhaled carbon dioxide gas as detected using colorimetry, or capnometry.
  • ED 50 refers to the effective dose of a formulation that produces a given effect in 50 % of the subjects that are administered that formulation.
  • a "disease” is a state of health of an animal wherein the animal cannot maintain homeostasis, and wherein if the disease is not ameliorated then the animal's health continues to deteriorate.
  • a disorder in an animal is a state of health in which the animal is able to maintain homeostasis, but in which the animal's state of health is less favorable than it would be in the absence of the disorder. Left untreated, a disorder does not necessarily cause a further decrease in the animal's state of health.
  • an “effective amount”, “therapeutically effective amount” or “pharmaceutically effective amount” of a compound is that amount of compound that is sufficient to provide a beneficial effect to the subject to which the compound is administered.
  • the term to "treat,” as used herein, means reducing the frequency with which symptoms are experienced by a patient or subject or administering an agent or compound to reduce the severity with which symptoms are experienced.
  • the term "pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to a material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound useful within the invention, and is relatively non-toxic, i.e., the material may be administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
  • salt refers to an addition salt of free acid or base that is useful within the methods of the invention.
  • salt also refers to a mixture of a salt with its corresponding free acid or base, either in isolated form (e.g., as a solid) or in solution.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a salt of the administered compound prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids and bases, including inorganic acids, inorganic bases, organic acids, inorganic bases, solvates, hydrates, and clathrates thereof.
  • composition refers to a mixture of at least one compound useful within the invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to a subject.
  • the term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or carrier, such as a liquid or solid filler, stabilizer, dispersing agent, suspending agent, diluent, excipient, thickening agent, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting a compound useful within the invention within or to the subject such that it may perform its intended function.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or carrier such as a liquid or solid filler, stabilizer, dispersing agent, suspending agent, diluent, excipient, thickening agent, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting a compound useful within the invention within or to the subject such that it may perform its intended function.
  • Such constructs are carried or transported from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.
  • Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation, including the compound useful within the invention, and not injurious to the subject.
  • materials that may serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate;
  • powdered tragacanth malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; surface active agents; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water;
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier also includes any and all coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are compatible with the activity of the compound useful within the invention, and are physiologically acceptable to the subject. Supplementary active compounds may also be incorporated into the compositions.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound useful within the invention.
  • process-related impurities refers to impurities formed during the process of making the active pharmaceutical ingredient, as caused by exposure of any starting material, intermediate, reactant, solvent, and the active pharmaceutical ingredient itself to the conditions of the synthetic process.
  • treating a disease or disorder means reducing the frequency with which a symptom of the disease or disorder is experienced by a subject.
  • Disease and disorder are used interchangeably herein.
  • alkyl by itself or as part of another substituent means, unless otherwise stated, a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e. Ci-Cio means one to ten carbon atoms) and includes straight, branched chain, or cyclic substituent groups. Examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, and cyclopropylmethyl. Most preferred is (Ci-C6)alkyl, such as, but not limited to, ethyl, methyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, w-pentyl, w-hexyl and
  • cycloalkyl by itself or as part of another substituent means, unless otherwise stated, a cyclic chain hydrocarbon having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e. C 3 -C6 means a cyclic group comprising a ring group consisting of three to six carbon atoms) and includes straight, branched chain or cyclic substituent groups. Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. Most preferred is
  • (C 3 -C6)cycloalkyl such as, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
  • alkenyl employed alone or in combination with other terms, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable mono-unsaturated or di-unsaturated straight chain or branched chain hydrocarbon group having the stated number of carbon atoms. Examples include vinyl, propenyl (or allyl), crotyl, isopentenyl, butadienyl, 1,3-pentadienyl, 1,4-pentadienyl, and the higher homologs and isomers.
  • alkynyl employed alone or in combination with other terms, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight chain or branched chain hydrocarbon group with a triple carbon-carbon bond, having the stated number of carbon atoms. Examples include ethynyl and propynyl, and the higher homologs and isomers.
  • alkoxy employed alone or in combination with other terms means, unless otherwise stated, an alkyl group having the designated number of carbon atoms, as defined above, connected to the rest of the molecule via an oxygen atom, such as, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, 1-propoxy, 2-propoxy (isopropoxy) and the higher homologs and isomers.
  • oxygen atom such as, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, 1-propoxy, 2-propoxy (isopropoxy) and the higher homologs and isomers.
  • halo or halogen alone or as part of another substituent means, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom, preferably, fluorine, chlorine, or bromine, more preferably, fluorine or chlorine.
  • heteroalkyl by itself or in combination with another term means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched chain alkyl group consisting of the stated number of carbon atoms and one or two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may be optionally oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may be optionally quaternized.
  • the heteroatom(s) may be placed at any position of the heteroalkyl group, including between the rest of the heteroalkyl group and the fragment to which it is attached, as well as attached to the most distal carbon atom in the heteroalkyl group.
  • Up to two heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, for example, -CH 2 -NH-OCH 3 , or -CH 2 -CH 2 -S-S-CH 3
  • heteroalkenyl by itself or in combination with another term means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched chain monounsaturated or di-unsaturated hydrocarbon group consisting of the stated number of carbon atoms and one or two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized. Up to two heteroatoms may be placed consecutively.
  • aromatic refers to a carbocycle or heterocycle with one or more polyunsaturated rings and having aromatic character, i.e. having (4n+2) delocalized ⁇ (pi) electrons, where n is an integer.
  • aryl employed alone or in combination with other terms, means, unless otherwise stated, a carbocyclic aromatic system containing one or more rings (typically one, two or three rings) wherein such rings may be attached together in a pendent manner, such as a biphenyl, or may be fused, such as naphthalene.
  • rings typically one, two or three rings
  • naphthalene such as naphthalene.
  • examples include phenyl, anthracyl, and naphthyl. Preferred are phenyl and naphthyl, most preferred is phenyl.
  • aryl-(Ci-C 3 )alkyl means a functional group wherein a one to three carbon alkylene chain is attached to an aryl group
  • aryl-CH 2 - and aryl- CH(CH 3 )- e.g., -CH 2 CH 2 -phenyl or -CH 2 -phenyl (benzyl).
  • Preferred is aryl-CH 2 - and aryl- CH(CH 3 )-.
  • substituted aryl-(Ci-C 3 )alkyl means an aryl-(Ci-C 3 )alkyl functional group in which the aryl group is substituted.
  • substituted aryl(CH 2 )- is substituted.
  • heteroaryl-(Ci-C 3 )alkyl means a functional group wherein a one to three carbon alkylene chain is attached to a heteroaryl group, e.g., -CH 2 CH 2 -pyridyl. Preferred is heteroaryl-(CH 2 )-.
  • substituted heteroaryl-(Ci-C 3 )alkyl means a heteroaryl-(Ci-C 3 )alkyl functional group in which the heteroaryl group is substituted. Preferred is substituted heteroaryl-(CH 2 )-.
  • heterocycle or “heterocyclyl” or
  • heterocyclic by itself or as part of another substituent means, unless otherwise stated, an unsubstituted or substituted, stable, mono- or multi-cyclic heterocyclic ring system that consists of carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may be optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized.
  • the heterocyclic system may be attached, unless otherwise stated, at any heteroatom or carbon atom that affords a stable structure.
  • a heterocycle may be aromatic or non- aromatic in nature. In one embodiment, the heterocycle is a heteroaryl.
  • heteroaryl or “heteroaromatic” refers to a heterocycle having aromatic character.
  • a polycyclic heteroaryl may include one or more rings that are partially saturated. Examples include tetrahydroquinoline and
  • non-aromatic heterocycles include monocyclic groups such as aziridine, oxirane, thiirane, azetidine, oxetane, thietane, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, imidazoline, pyrazolidine, dioxolane, sulfolane, 2,3-dihydrofuran, 2,5-dihydrofuran, tetrahydrofuran, thiophane, piperidine, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 1,4- dihydropyridine, piperazine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, pyran, 2,3-dihydropyran, tetrahydropyran, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, homopiperazine, homopiperidine, 1,3-dioxepane, 4,7-dihydro-l,3-dioxepin and hexamethyleneoxide.
  • heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl (such as, but not limited to, 2- and 4-pyrimidinyl), pyridazinyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl and 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl.
  • polycyclic heterocycles examples include indolyl (such as, but not limited to, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-indolyl), indolinyl, quinolyl, tetrahydroquinolyl, isoquinolyl (such as, but not limited to, 1- and 5-isoquinolyl),
  • 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolyl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl (such as, but not limited to, 2- and 5 -quinoxalinyl), quinazolinyl, phthalazinyl, 1,8-naphthyridinyl,
  • heterocyclyl and heteroaryl moieties are intended to be representative and not limiting.
  • substituted means that an atom or group of atoms has replaced hydrogen as the substituent attached to another group.
  • substituted refers to any level of substitution, namely mono-, di-, tri-, terra-, or penta-substitution, where such substitution is permitted.
  • the substituents are independently selected, and substitution may be at any chemically accessible position. In one embodiment, the substituents vary in number between one and four. In another embodiment, the substituents vary in number between one and three. In yet another embodiment, the substituents vary in number between one and two. In yet another embodiment, the substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of C e alkyl, -OH, Ci_6 alkoxy, halo, amino, acetamido and nitro. As used herein, where a substituent is an alkyl or alkoxy group, the carbon chain may be branched, straight or cyclic, with straight being preferred.
  • the term “AcOH” refers to acetic acid; the term “nBuOH” refers to w-butanol; the term “CH2CI2” refers to dichloromethane (also known as methylene dichloride); the term “DMSO” refers to dimethylsulfoxide; the term “EtOAc” refers to ethyl acetate; the term “EtOH” refers to ethanol; the term “HQ” refers to hydrochloric acid or a hydrochloride salt; the term “HPLC” refers to high pressure liquid chromatography; the term “H2SO4" refers to sulfuric acid; the term “LCMS” refers to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; the term “MS” refers to mass spectrometry; the term “MeOH” refers to methanol; the term “NaCl” refers to sodium chloride; the term “ aHCOs” refers to sodium bicarbonate; the term “NaOH” refers to ace
  • “Instructional material,” as that term is used herein, includes a publication, a recording, a diagram, or any other medium of expression that can be used to communicate the usefulness of the composition and/or compound of the invention in a kit.
  • the instructional material of the kit may, for example, be affixed to a container that contains the compound and/or composition of the invention or be shipped together with a container that contains the compound and/or composition. Alternatively, the instructional material may be shipped separately from the container with the intention that the recipient uses the instructional material and the compound cooperatively.
  • Delivery of the instructional material may be, for example, by physical delivery of the publication or other medium of expression communicating the usefulness of the kit, or may alternatively be achieved by electronic transmission, for example by means of a computer, such as by electronic mail, or download from a website.
  • the invention includes compounds of the invention, as well as any compositions comprising such compounds.
  • the invention includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: N-(2,4-bis- «-propylamino)-N-(6-methylamino)-[l,3,5]triazine
  • the salt is hydrogen sulfate, hydrochloride, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate or dihydrogen phosphate.
  • the at least one compound is formulated with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention also includes a composition comprising N-(4,6-bis- «- propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine (XXXV) or a salt thereof, wherein 4,6-bis-( «-propylamino)-l,3,5-triazin-2-ol is present at a level equal to or lower than about 1% (w/w) with respect to (XXXV) or the salt thereof.
  • 4,6-bis-( «-propylamino)-l,3,5-triazin-2-ol is present at a level equal to or lower than about 0.5% (w/w) with respect to (XXXV) or the salt thereof.
  • 4,6-bis-( «-propylamino)-l,3,5-triazin-2-ol is present at a level equal to or lower than about 0.3% (w/w) with respect to (XXXV) or the salt thereof.
  • 4,6-bis-(w-propylamino)-l,3,5-triazin-2- ol is present at a level equal to or lower than about 0.2% (w/w) with respect to
  • the invention also includes a composition comprising N-(4,6-bis- «- propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine (XXXV) or a salt thereof, further comprising a buffer and a liquid carrier.
  • the salt of (XXXV) is the hydrogen sulfate salt
  • the composition further comprises citric acid.
  • the pH of the composition is adjusted with a base.
  • the base comprises sodium hydroxide.
  • the liquid carrier comprises water.
  • the pH of the composition ranges from about 2.5 to about 6. In yet another embodiment, the pH of the composition ranges from about 2.5 to about 5. In yet another embodiment, the pH of the composition ranges from about 3 to about 4. In yet another
  • the concentration of (XXXV) or the salt thereof in the composition is about 1-10 mg/mL. In yet another embodiment, the concentration of (XXXV) or the salt thereof in the composition is about 5-10 mg/mL. In yet another embodiment, the concentration of (XXXV) or the salt thereof in the composition is about 10 mg/mL. In yet another embodiment, the composition comprises less than about 0.5% (w/w) 4,6-bis-( «-propylamino)- 1 ,3,5-triazin-2-ol (CLXXVIII) with respect to (XXXV).
  • less than about 0.5% (w/w) of N-(4,6-Bis-n-propylamino)- [l,3,5]-triazin-2-ol (CLXXVIII) with respect to (XXXV) forms over at least a 6- month period of storage of the composition at 2-8°C.
  • less than about 0.5% (w/w) of N-(4,6-Bis-n-propylamino)-[l,3,5]-triazin-2-ol (CLXXVIII) with respect to (XXXV) forms over at least a 12-month period of storage of the composition at 2-8°C.
  • less than about 0.5% (w/w) of N- (4,6-Bis-n-propylamino)-[l,3,5]-triazin-2-ol (CLXXVIII) with respect to (XXXV) forms over at least an 18-month period of storage of the composition at 2-8°C.
  • less than about 0.5% (w/w) of N-(4,6-Bis-n-propylamino)- [l,3,5]-triazin-2-ol (CLXXVIII) with respect to (XXXV) forms over at least a 24- month period of storage of the composition at 2-8°C.
  • the invention also includes a crystalline free base of N-(4,6-Bis-w- propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine (XXXV), Form A, with a XRPD spectrum as per Figure 22.
  • the invention also includes at least one crystalline salt of N-(4,6-Bis- «-propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N.O-dimethyl-hydroxylamine (XXXV) selected from the group consisting of: crystalline hydrogen sulfate salt (XXXVI) Form A, with a XRPD spectrum as per Figure 14; crystalline hydrogen sulfate salt (XXXVI) comprising a mixture of Form A and Form B, with a XRPD spectrum as per Figure 23; crystalline hydrogen sulfate salt (XXXVI) Form C, with a XRPD spectrum as per Figure 24; crystalline hydrogen sulfate salt (XXXVI) Form D, with a XRPD spectrum as per Figure 25; crystalline hydrogen sulfate salt (XXXVI) comprising a mixture of Form A and Form D, with a XRPD spectrum as per Figure 26; crystalline phosphoric acid salt (CLXXX)
  • the invention also includes a salt of N-(4,6-Bis-w-propylamino- [l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-hydroxylamine (XXXV), comprising approximately one mole equivalent of sulfuric acid.
  • the salt further comprises one mole equivalent of water.
  • the invention also includes a salt of N-(4,6-Bis- «-propylamino- [l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N.O-dimethyl-hydroxylamine (XXXV), comprising at least one mole equivalent of phosphoric acid.
  • the salt comprises about one mole equivalent of phosphoric acid.
  • the invention also includes a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof: (I), wherein
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, phenylalkyl, substituted phenylalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, substituted heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl; or R 1 and R 2 combine as to form a biradical selected from the group consisting of 3- hydroxy-pentane- 1 ,5 -diyl, 6-hydroxy-cycloheptane- 1 ,4-diyl, propane- 1 ,3 -diyl, butane- 1,4-diyl and pentane-l,5-diyl; R 3 is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted
  • bond b 1 is nil and: (i) Z is H, bond b 2 is a single bond, and A is CH; or, (ii) Z is nil, bond b 2 is nil, and A is a single bond; and,
  • bond b 1 is a single bond, and: (i) Z is CH 2 , bond b 2 is a single bond, and A is CH; or, (ii) Z is CH, bond b 2 is a double bond, and A is C.
  • R 3 is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, or substituted alkenyl.
  • R 5 is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, acyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl.
  • Y is N
  • bond b 1 is nil
  • Z is H
  • bond b 2 is a single bond
  • A is CH
  • the compound of the invention is a 1,3,5-triazine of formula (Il-a) or a salt thereof: R1 ⁇ / X - N
  • Y is N
  • bond b 1 is nil
  • Z is nil
  • bond b 2 is nil
  • A is a bond
  • the compound of the invention is a 1,3,5-triazine of formula (Il-b) or a salt thereof:
  • Y is CR 6
  • bond b 1 is nil
  • Z is H
  • bond b 2 is a single bond
  • A is CH
  • the compound of the invention is a pyrimidine of formula (Ill-a) or a salt thereof:
  • Y is CR 6
  • bond b 1 is nil
  • Z is nil
  • bond b 2 is nil
  • A is a bond
  • the compound of the invention is a pyrimidine of formula (Ill-b) or a salt thereof:
  • Y is C
  • bond b 1 is a single bond
  • Z is CH 2
  • bond b 2 is a single bond
  • A is CH
  • the compound of the invention is a
  • Y is C
  • bond b 1 is a single bond
  • Z is CH
  • bond b 2 is a double bond
  • A is C
  • the compound of the invention is a pyrrolopyrimidine of formula (V) or a salt thereof:
  • the compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of: N-(4,6-Bis-methylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl- hydroxylamine, N-(4,6-Bis-ethylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl- hydroxylamine, N-(4-Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-(6- «-propylamino) [l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)- ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethyl-hydroxylamine, N-(4-Ethylamino)-N-(6- «-propylamino)-[l,3,5]triazin- 2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine, N-(Bis-4,6-(2-methylpropylamino))
  • the at least one compound is 2,6-bis-(N- «- propylamino)-[l,3]pyrimidin-4-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine or a salt thereof.
  • the salt is hydrogen sulfate, hydrochloride, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate or dihydrogen phosphate.
  • the at least one compound is selected from the group consisting of: 2-( «-Propyl)amino-4-( -propylamino-7-methyl-pyrrolidino[2,3- d]pyrimidine (CXXVI), 2-( «-Propyl)amino-4-dimethylamino-7-methyl- pyrrolidino[2,3-d]pyrimidine (CXXVIII), 2-( «-Propyl)amino-4-methylamino-7- methyl-pyrrolidino[2,3-d]pyrimidine (CXXXI), 2-( «-Propyl)amino-4-( - propyl)amino-7- -propyl-pyrrolidino[2,3-d]pyrimidine (CXXXVI), 2,4-Bis-( «- propyl)amino-7H-pyrrolidino[2,3-d]pyrimidine (CXLIX), 2-( «-Propyl)amin
  • the at least one compound is selected from the group consisting of: N-(2-Propylamino-7H-pyrrolo[2,3d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-0,N- dimethyl-hydroxylamine (CXLI), N-(2-(Propen-2-yl)amino-7-methyl- pyrrolo[2,3d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine (CLVIII), N-(2-(Propen- 2-yl)amino-7-methyl-pyrrolo[2,3d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-0-methyl-hydroxylamine (CLX), N-(2-«-Propylamino-7-methyl-pyrrolo[2,3d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-0,N-dimethyl- hydroxylamine (CLXII), N-(2- «-Propylamino-7-methyl-pyrrolo[2,3d]pyrimidin-4-yl)- O-methyl-hydroxylamine (CLXLI), N
  • the compound is formulated with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the compounds of the invention may be prepared according to the general methodology illustrated in the synthetic schemes described below.
  • the reagents and conditions described herein may be modified to allow the preparation of the compounds of the invention, and such modifications are known to those skilled in the art.
  • the scheme included herein are intended to illustrate but not limit the chemistry and methodologies that one skilled in the art may use to make compounds of the invention.
  • compounds of formula (I) may be prepared by the successive additions of (i) primary amines, (ii) a N-alkoxy-N-alkylamine or (iii) appropriately substituted hydrazine (H 2 N-NHR 2 or ⁇ HN-NHR 2 ) to suitably chlorinated intermediate (VI), as illustrated below in Scheme 1.
  • a compound of formula (IV) or (V) may be prepared by reductive alkylation of a suitably chlorinated amino-pyrrolidino-pyrimidine or amino-pyrrolo-pyrimidine, respectively (Scheme 2).
  • a triazine compound of formula (II) may be prepared by the successive additions of primary amines and (i) a N-alkoxy-N- alkylamine, (ii) a hydrazine H2N-NHR 2 , or (iii) a hydrazine R 1 HN-NHR 2 to a suitably chlorinated triazine. Under appropriate conditions, the reaction may allow the addition of either one or two amine substituents to the triazine ring.
  • the N-alkoxy-N-alkylamine, the hydrazine H2N-NHR 2 , or the hydrazine R 1 !] ⁇ - NHR 2 may be added to the triazine, followed by the addition of the amines.
  • a solution of 2,4,6-trichlorotriazine in an appropriate aprotic or protic solvent containing an inorganic or organic base is added a solution of a primary amine (VII) and the reaction is allowed to proceed at ambient temperature or heated, to isolate mono-amine adduct (VIII) or bis-amine adduct (IX).
  • VIP primary amine
  • mono-amine adduct (VIII) is reacted with another primary amine or a secondary amine (X) to yield the unsymmetrical monochloro-bis-amino-triazine adduct (XI).
  • monochloro- bis-amino-triazine adduct (XI) is reacted with (i) a N-alkoxy-N-alkylamine, (ii) a hydrazine H 2 N-NHR 2 or (iii) a hydrazine R 1 HN-NHR 2 in an appropriate aprotic or protic solvent containing an inorganic or organic base to produce desired compounds of formula (II) (Scheme 3).
  • bis-amine adduct (IX) is reacted with (i) a N-alkoxy-N-alkylamine, (ii) a hydrazine H2N-NHR 2 or (iii) a hydrazine R 1 HN-NHR 2 in an appropriate aprotic or protic solvent containing an inorganic or organic base to produce desired compounds of formula (II), wherein R 3 CH 2 is R 5 (Scheme 4).
  • the pyrimidine compound of the formula (III) may be prepared by the successive additions of primary amines and (i) a N-alkoxy-N- alkylamine, (ii) a hydrazine H 2 N-NHR 2 or (iii) a hydrazine R 1 HN-NHR 2 to a suitably chlorinated pyrimidine.
  • bis-amine adduct (XIII) is reacted with (i) a N-alkoxy-N- alkylamine, (ii) a hydrazine -NHR 2 , or (iii) a hydrazine R 1 HN-NHR 2 in an appropriate aprotic or protic solvent containing an inorganic or organic base to produce desired compounds of formula (III) (Scheme 5).
  • a pyrrolidino-pyrimidine of formula (IV) or a pyrrolo-pyrimidine compounds of formula (V) may be prepared from an appropriately chlorinated aminopyrrolidinopyrimidine or aminopyrrolopyrimidine intermediate, respectively.
  • 2-chloroacetaldehyde may be added to a solution of 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-l,3-pyrimidine (XIV) in a polar protic solvent, at ambient temperature or under heating, to yield cyclized adduct (XV).
  • a chlorinating agent such as, but not limited to, phosphorous oxychloride produces the chloro intermediate (XVI).
  • Intermediate (XVI) may be submitted to reductive alkylation with an aldehyde in the presence of a reducing agent, such as a borohydride (in a non-limiting example, cyanoborohydride) in a protic solvent, at ambient temperature or elevated temperature, to produce the amino substituted adduct (XVII).
  • a reducing agent such as a borohydride (in a non-limiting example, cyanoborohydride) in a protic solvent, at ambient temperature or elevated temperature, to produce the amino substituted adduct (XVII).
  • amino substituted adduct (XVII) is reacted with (i) a N-alkoxy-N-alkylamine, (ii) a hydrazine H 2 N-NHR 2 , or (iii) a hydrazine ⁇ HN-NHR 2 in an appropriate aprotic or protic solvent containing an inorganic or organic base to produce desired compounds of formula (V), wherein R 3 and R 4 are H (Scheme 6).
  • a pyrrolidinopyrimidine compound of the formula (IV) may be prepared from the corresponding pyrrolopyrimidine analog via reduction (Scheme 7).
  • the manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients may introduce or generate impurities in an intermediate or final active pharmaceutical compound.
  • impurities may include trace metals, processing aide residuals (e.g., silica, cellulose fibers), or solvents derived from purchased starting materials.
  • processing aide residuals e.g., silica, cellulose fibers
  • solvents derived from purchased starting materials e.g., ethanol, sulfate, sulfate, derived from purchased starting materials.
  • Other impurities may form as a consequence of the conditions to which the starting materials, process intermediates, or active ingredient itself are exposed.
  • These impurities may be problematic, affecting the manufacturing process as a whole and the active ingredient in particular (e.g., its purity and crystallinity, and conditions for its isolation or crystallization).
  • Such impurities often carry forward into the isolated API.
  • the bond between the aromatic heterocycle and the ring substituents may be susceptible to hydrolytic cleavage.
  • a halo substituent in the 2 position (Schemes 3 and 4) may be hydrolytically replaced with a hydroxyl group to yield N-(4,6-Bis( «- propylamino)-l,3,5-triazin-2-ol (CLXXVIII).
  • the amine substituents of compounds of formula (Il-a) may be displaced by a hydroxyl group.
  • a series of chemical changes may occur to enable this substitution, such as a prior oxidation of the appended amine side chain, with hydrolytic replacement by hydroxyl as the final transformation.
  • the ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylhydroxylamino substituent of N-(4,6-Bis-n- propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine (XXXV) may be partially displaced by hydroxyl during processing in the presence of water, forming (CLXXVIII) as a process impurity.
  • (CLXXVIII) is unreported, has very low solubility in most organic solvents and is sparingly soluble in aqueous environments. It was unexpectedly observed that even at elevated temperatures (CLXXVIII) is very insoluble relative to the active ingredient. Thus, trace quantities of this compound in the API can be problematic in liquid formulations.
  • (CLXXVIII) formed during processing is removed from the system by filtering a solution of the active ingredient as the free base at an elevated temperature. Remaining levels of the impurity present after such filtration may be purged during solid product isolation in the mother liquor and final product washes. In one embodiment, the level of
  • (CLXXVIII) in the isolated (XXXVI) is less that 1% (w/w) with respect to (XXXVI). In yet another embodiment, the level of (CLXXVIII) in the isolated (XXXVI) is less that 0.5% (w/w) with respect to (XXXVI). In yet another embodiment, the level of (CLXXVIII) in the isolated (XXXVI) is less that 0.3% (w/w) with respect to
  • the level of (CLXXVIII) in the isolated (XXXVI) is less that 0.2% (w/w) with respect to (XXXVI). In yet another embodiment, the level of (CLXXVIII) in the isolated (XXXVI) is less that 0.15%
  • the level of (CLXXVIII) in the isolated (XXXVI) is less that 0.1% (w/w) with respect to (XXXVI).
  • the isolated (XXXVI) is essentially free of 4,6-bis( «- propy lamino)- 1 , 3 , 5 -triazin-2 -ol (CLXXVIII) .
  • Solubility was assessed for (XXXV) alone ( Figure 19A) or when admixed with citric acid and adjusted to pH 3-5.5 with 6N sodium hydroxide (Figure 19B). From the resulting data (Table 12A, Figure 19B), solubility of (XXXV) was calculated to be 10 mg/mL at ca. pH 3.86, 25 mg/mL at ca. pH 3.46, and 50 mg/mL at ca. pH 3.16. The solubility studies in water suggested solubility might be inadequate above a pH of ca. 3.6 to enable useful concentrations. Formulation at pH ⁇ 3.6 may be tolerable when the formulated drug is diluted prior to administration, however the drug stability could be an issue at such a low pH.
  • formulations including a co-solvent matrix could be useful in providing good solubility for the salt and free base forms at a suitable pH.
  • the solubilities of (XXXV) and (XXXVI) were evaluated in various solvents and standard IV solutions, including 0.9% NaCl, 5% dextrose, ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile, 30% PEG 400, 70% PEG 400 and 100% PEG 400, 5% Tween 80, and propylene glycol (Table 12D).
  • the solubility of (XXXVI) exceeded 90 mg/mL in water (>400 mg/mL), IV solutions (0.9% saline and 5% dextrose), ethanol and methanol, and in 30%, 70% and 100% propylene glycol.
  • hydrolytic degradants may be observed over time.
  • N-(4,6-Bis-n- propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine (XXXV) may degrade to 4,6-Bis(propylamino)-l,3,5-triazin-2-ol (CLXXVIII) in water-based formulations.
  • Degradation was increasingly more pronounced as the pH was reduced below a value of 3 ( Figures 20A and 20B).
  • solubility was high at pH 3.5 or lower, and decreased rapidly at ca. pH 3.5 to ca. 4.4 ( Figures 19A and 19B).
  • the pH of the mixture containing (XXXV) is adjusted to a specific range to balance solubility and hydrolytic stability at any temperature selected.
  • the rate of degradation for (XXXV) was highest in the pH range where (XXXV) is soluble to clinically useful levels.
  • the clinically useful concentration of (XXXV) in a liquid carrier is about 1-10 mg/mL. In another embodiment, the clinically useful concentration of (XXXV) in a liquid carrier is about 5-10 mg/mL.
  • Degradation of (XXXV) in an aqueous environment was also highly temperature-dependent, wherein cold temperatures slowed degradation.
  • (XXXV) as its hydrogen sulfate salt (XXXVI) in a liquid carrier is admixed with agents to adjust pH to optimize solubility and minimize degradation.
  • (XXXV) as its hydrogen sulfate salt (XXXVI) in a liquid carrier is admixed with a buffering aid.
  • Suitable buffering aids include, but are not limited to citric acid, ascorbic acid, monobasic phosphoric acid, and lactic acid. In an embodiment, the buffering aid is citric acid.
  • (XXXV) as its hydrogen sulfate salt (XXXVI) is admixed with citric acid and a base to adjust pH as necessary to optimize solubility and minimize hydrolytic degradation.
  • Suitable bases include, but are not limited to, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and dibasic potassium hydrogen phosphate.
  • the pH is adjusted with sodium hydroxide.
  • the liquid carrier is a mixture of water and a suitable organic co-solvent. Suitable organic co-solvents include, but are not limited to, glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400, ethanol, 1 ,4-butanediol, and dimethylsulfoxide.
  • the liquid carrier is water.
  • the mixture comprising (XXXV) as its sulfate salt (XXXVI) with citric acid and sodium hydroxide in water is adjusted to a pH of about 2.5 to 6.
  • the mixture is adjusted to a pH of about 3 to 5.
  • the mixture is adjusted to a pH of about 3 to 4.
  • the mixture comprising (XXXV) as it hydrogen sulfate salt may be stored at low temperatures to retard the rate of degradation of the compound.
  • the temperature may be in the range of about 0- 15°C.
  • the cold temperature may be in the range of 2-8°C.
  • the mixture comprising (XXXV) as its hydrogen sulfate salt (XXXVI) and citric acid and sodium hydroxide is adjusted to pH of about 3-4 and stored at about 2-8 °C. The rate of degradant growth was slow at 2-8°C and much faster at 25°C or above.
  • the level of (CLXXVIII) formed when (XXXVI) is formulated for parenteral administration may be maintained below 0.5% for over 2 years by storing the preparation at 2-8°C ( Figure 21).
  • the present invention includes a formulation comprising an active ingredient, salt former, admixed buffering aid, admixed base pH and liquid carrier, along with storage conditions necessary to optimize drug solubility and maintain hydrolytic degradants within acceptable levels.
  • the compounds described herein may form salts with acids, and such salts are included in the present invention.
  • the salts are pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • salts embraces addition salts of free acids that are useful within the methods of the invention.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to salts that possess toxicity profiles within a range that affords utility in pharmaceutical applications. Pharmaceutically unacceptable salts may nonetheless possess properties such as high crystallinity, which have utility in the practice of the present invention, such as for example utility in process of synthesis, purification or formulation of compounds useful within the methods of the invention.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared from an inorganic acid or from an organic acid.
  • inorganic acids include sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, nitric, carbonic, sulfuric, and phosphoric acids (including hydrogen phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate).
  • organic acids may be selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, araliphatic, heterocyclic, carboxylic and sulfonic classes of organic acids, examples of which include formic, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, gluconic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, glucuronic, maleic, fumaric, pyruvic, aspartic, glutamic, benzoic, anthranilic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic (pamoic), methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, pantothenic, trifluoromethanesulfonic, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, sulfanilic, cyclohexylaminosulfonic, stearic, alginic, ⁇ -hydroxybutyric, sal
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts of compounds of the invention include, for example, metallic salts including alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and transition metal salts such as, for example, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc salts.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts also include organic salts made from basic amines such as, for example, ⁇ , ⁇ '- dibenzylethylene-diamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine ( -methylglucamine) and procaine. All of these salts may be prepared from the corresponding compound by reacting, for example, the appropriate acid or base with the compound.
  • the compounds of the invention are useful in the methods of present invention in combination with at least one additional compound useful for treating breathing control disorders.
  • additional compounds may comprise compounds of the present invention or other compounds, such as commercially available compounds, known to treat, prevent, or reduce the symptoms of breathing disorders.
  • the combination of at least one compound of the invention or a salt thereof and at least one additional compound useful for treating breathing disorders has additive, complementary or synergistic effects in the treatment of disordered breathing, and in the treatment of sleep-related breathing disorders.
  • the compounds of the invention or a salt thereof may be used in combination with one or more of the following drugs:
  • ampakines are the pyrrolidine derivative racetam drugs such as piracetam and aniracetam; the "CX" series of drugs which encompass a range of benzoylpiperidine and benzoylpyrrolidine structures, such as CX-516 (6-(piperidin-l-yl- carbonyl)quinoxaline), CX-546 (2,3-dihydro-l,4-benzodioxin-7-yl-(l-piperidyl)- methanone), CX-614 (2H,3H,6aH-pyrrolidino(2, l-3',2')-l,3-oxazino-
  • LY-451,646 and LY-503,430 (4'- ⁇ (l S)-l-fluoro-2-[(isopropylsulfonyl)amino]-l- methylethyl ⁇ -N-methylbiphenyl-4-carboxamide).
  • a synergistic effect may be calculated, for example, using suitable methods such as, for example, the Sigmoid-E max equation (Holford & Scheiner, 19981, Clin. Pharmacokinet. 6: 429-453), the equation of Loewe additivity (Loewe & Muischnek, 1926, Arch. Exp. Pathol Pharmacol. 114: 313-326) and the median-effect equation (Chou & Talalay, 1984, Adv. Enzyme Regul. 22: 27-55).
  • Each equation referred to above may be applied to experimental data to generate a corresponding graph to aid in assessing the effects of the drug combination.
  • the corresponding graphs associated with the equations referred to above are the concentration-effect curve, isobologram curve and combination index curve, respectively.
  • the invention includes a method of preventing or treating a breathing control disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: N-(2,4-bis- «-propylamino)-N-(6- methylamino)-[l,3,5]triazine (CLXXII), N-(2,4,6-tris- «-propylamino)-[l,3,5]triazine (CLXXIII), N-(2,4,6-tris- «-propylamino)-l,3-pyrimidine (CLXXIV), N-(2,4-bis- «- propylamino)-N-(6-z ' -propylamino)-l,3-pyrimidine (CLXXV), a salt thereof, and any combinations thereof.
  • the invention also includes a method of preventing destabilization or stabilizing breathing rhythm in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: N-(2,4-bis- «-propylamino)-N-(6- methylamino)-[l,3,5]triazine (CLXXII), N-(2,4,6-tris-w-propylamino)-[l,3,5]triazine (CLXXIII), N-(2,4,6-tris- «-propylamino)-l,3-pyrimidine (CLXXIV), N-(2,4-bis- «- propylamino)-N-(6-z ' -propylamino)-l,3-pyrimidine (CLXXV), a salt thereof, and any combinations thereof.
  • a pharmaceutical formulation comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least
  • the breathing control disorder or disease is selected from the group consisting of respiratory depression, sleep apnea, apnea of prematurity, obesity -hypoventilation syndrome, primary alveolar hypoventilation syndrome, dyspnea, hypoxia, and hypercapnia.
  • the respiratory depression is caused by an anesthetic, a sedative, an anxiolytic agent, a hypnotic agent, alcohol or a narcotic.
  • the subject is further administered a composition comprising at least one additional compound useful for treating the breathing control disorder or disease.
  • the at least one additional compound is selected from the group consisting of acetazolamide, almitrine, theophylline, caffeine, methyl progesterone, a serotinergic modulator, a cannabinoid and an ampakine.
  • the formulation is administered in conjunction with the use of a mechanical ventilation device or positive airway pressure device on the subject.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the formulation is administered to the subject by an inhalational, topical, oral, buccal, rectal, vaginal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, transdermal, intrathecal or intravenous route.
  • the invention also includes a method of reducing or minimizing the open channel fraction of the potassium maxi-K or BK channel in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one compound of formula (I).
  • the invention also includes a method of inhibiting the TASK-1
  • the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one compound of formula (I).
  • the invention also includes a method of increasing minute ventilation in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising at least one
  • the compound of formula (I) is:
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, phenylalkyl, substituted phenylalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, substituted heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl; or R 1 and R 2 combine as to form a biradical selected from the group consisting of 3- hydroxy-pentane- 1 ,5 -diyl, 6-hydroxy-cycloheptane- 1 ,4-diyl, propane- 1 ,3 -diyl, butane- 1,4-diyl and pentane-l,5-diyl; R 3 is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted
  • bond b 1 is nil and: (i) Z is H, bond b 2 is a single bond, and A is CH; or, (ii) Z is nil, bond b 2 is nil, and A is a single bond; and,
  • bond b 1 is a single bond, and: (i) Z is C3 ⁇ 4, bond b 2 is a single bond, and A is CH; or, (ii) Z is CH, bond b 2 is a double bond, and A is C; or a salt thereof.
  • the compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of: N-(4,6-Bis-methylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl- hydroxylamine, N-(4,6-Bis-ethylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl- hydroxylamine, N-(4-Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-(6- «-propylamino) [l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)- ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethyl-hydroxylamine, N-(4-Ethylamino)-N-(6- «-propylamino)-[l,3,5]triazin- 2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine, N-(Bis-4,6-(2-methylpropylamino))
  • the compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of: N-(4,6-Bis-n-propylamino-l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)- O-methyl-hydroxylamine; N-(4,6-Bis-n-propylamino-l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N',N'- dimethylhydrazine; N-(2,4-Bis-n-propylamino)-N-(6-methylamino)-[l,3,5]triazine; N-[(2,6-Bis-n-propylamino)-pyrimidin-4-yl]-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine; N,N- Dimethyl-N'-(2-n-propylamino-7-methyl-pyrrolo[2,3d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-hydrazine; a salt thereof and mixtures thereof.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the mammal is human
  • the compound of formula (I) is N-(4,6-Bis- «-propylamino- [l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine, or a salt thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical formulation is administered via intravenous infusion.
  • the infusion dose of the pharmaceutical formulation is at least about 0.016 mg/kg/min.
  • the infusion dose of the pharmaceutical formulation is about 0.016 mg/kg/min.
  • the infusion dose of the pharmaceutical composition produces plasma concentrations of at least about 726 ng/mL in the subject.
  • the infusion dose of the pharmaceutical composition produces plasma concentrations of at least about 726 ng/mL in a mammal.
  • the present invention also includes a method of preventing or treating a breathing control disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising at least a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one compound of formula (I):
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, phenylalkyl, substituted phenylalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, substituted heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl; or R 1 and R 2 combine as to form a biradical selected from the group consisting of 3- hydroxy-pentane- 1 ,5 -diyl, 6-hydroxy-cycloheptane- 1 ,4-diyl, propane- 1 ,3 -diyl, butane- 1,4-diyl and pentane-l,5-diyl; R 3 is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted
  • bond b 1 is a single bond, and: (i) Z is CH 2 , bond b 2 is a single bond, and A is CH; or, (ii) Z is CH, bond b 2 is a double bond, and A is C; or a salt thereof.
  • the present invention also includes a method of preventing destabilization of or stabilizing breathing rhythm in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising at least a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof.
  • administering the formulation of the invention stabilizes the breathing rhythm of the subject. In another embodiment, administering the formulation of the invention increases minute ventilation in the subject.
  • the destabilization is associated with a breathing control disorder or disease.
  • the breathing disorder or disease is selected from the group consisting of narcotic-induced respiratory depression, anesthetic-induced respiratory depression, sedative-induced respiratory depression, anxiolytic-induced respiratory depression, hypnotic-induced respiratory depression, alcohol-induced respiratory depression, analgesic-induced respiratory depression, sleep apnea, apnea of prematurity, obesity -hypoventilation syndrome, primary alveolar hypoventilation syndrome, dyspnea, altitude sickness, hypoxia, hypercapnia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  • the respiratory depression is caused by an anesthetic, a sedative, an anxiolytic agent, a hypnotic agent, alcohol or a narcotic.
  • the subject is further administered at least one additional compound useful for treating the breathing disorder or disease.
  • the at least one additional compound is selected from the group consisting of acetazolamide, almitrine, theophylline, caffeine, methylprogesterone and related compounds, a serotinergic modulator, a cannabinoid, and an ampakine.
  • the formulation is administered to the subject in conjunction with the use of a mechanical ventilation device or positive airway pressure device.
  • the formulation is administered to the subject by an inhalational, topical, oral, buccal, rectal, vaginal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, transdermal, intrathecal or intravenous route.
  • the subject is a mammal including but not limited to mouse, rat, ferret, guinea pig, monkey, dog, cat, horse, cow, pig and other farm animals.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the at least one compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of: N- (4,6-Bis-methylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine, N-(4,6-Bis- ethylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine, N-(4- Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-(6- «-propylamino) [l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl- hydroxylamine, N-(4-Ethylamino)-N-(6- «-propylamino)-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0- dimethyl-hydroxylamine, N-(Bis-4,6-(2-methylpropylamino)) [l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)
  • the invention also encompasses the use of pharmaceutical compositions of at least one compound of the invention or a salt thereof to practice the methods of the invention.
  • Such a pharmaceutical composition may consist of at least one compound of the invention or a salt thereof, in a form suitable for administration to a subject, or the pharmaceutical composition may comprise at least one compound of the invention or a salt thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, one or more additional ingredients, or some combination of these.
  • the at least one compound of the invention may be present in the pharmaceutical composition in the form of a physiologically acceptable salt, such as in combination with a
  • physiologically acceptable cation or anion as is well known in the art.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions useful for practicing the method of the invention may be administered to deliver a dose of between 1 ng/kg/day and 100 mg/kg/day. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions useful for practicing the invention may be administered to deliver a dose of between 1 ng/kg/day and 500 mg/kg/day.
  • compositions of the invention will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered.
  • the composition may comprise between 0.1% and 100% (w/w) active ingredient.
  • compositions that are useful in the methods of the invention may be suitably developed for inhalational, oral, rectal, vaginal, parenteral, topical, transdermal, pulmonary, intranasal, buccal, ophthalmic, intrathecal, intravenous or another route of administration.
  • a composition useful within the methods of the invention may be directly administered to the brain, the brainstem, or any other part of the central nervous system of a mammal.
  • Other contemplated formulations include projected nanoparticles, liposomal preparations, resealed erythrocytes containing the active ingredient, and immunologically -based
  • compositions described herein may be prepared by any method known or hereafter developed in the art of pharmacology.
  • preparatory methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient into association with a carrier or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary or desirable, shaping or packaging the product into a desired single- or multi-dose unit.
  • a "unit dose" is a discrete amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient.
  • the amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient that would be administered to a subject or a convenient fraction of such a dosage such as, for example, one-half or one-third of such a dosage.
  • the unit dosage form may be for a single daily dose or one of multiple daily doses (e.g., about 1 to 4 or more times per day). When multiple daily doses are used, the unit dosage form may be the same or different for each dose.
  • compositions are principally directed to pharmaceutical compositions which are suitable for ethical administration to humans, it will be understood by the skilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable for administration to animals of all sorts.
  • compositions suitable for administration to humans in order to render the compositions suitable for administration to various animals is well understood, and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist can design and perform such modification with merely ordinary, if any, experimentation.
  • Subjects to which administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is contemplated include, but are not limited to, humans and other primates, mammals including commercially relevant mammals such as cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, cats, and dogs.
  • compositions of the invention are formulated using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprise a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, glycerol, water, saline, ethanol and other pharmaceutically acceptable salt solutions such as phosphates and salts of organic acids. Examples of these and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1991, Mack Publication Co., New Jersey).
  • the carrier may be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils.
  • the proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars, sodium chloride, or polyalcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol
  • Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions may be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate or gelatin.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is not DMSO alone.
  • Formulations may be employed in admixtures with conventional excipients, i.e., pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic carrier substances suitable for oral, parenteral, nasal, inhalational, intravenous, subcutaneous, transdermal enteral, or any other suitable mode of administration, known to the art.
  • the pharmaceutical preparations may be sterilized and if desired mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure buffers, coloring, flavoring and/or aromatic substances and the like. They may also be combined where desired with other active agents, e.g., other analgesic agents.
  • additional ingredients include, but are not limited to, one or more ingredients that may be used as a pharmaceutical carrier.
  • composition of the invention may comprise a preservative from about 0.005% to 2.0% by total weight of the composition.
  • the preservative is used to prevent spoilage in the case of exposure to contaminants in the environment.
  • preservatives useful in accordance with the invention included but are not limited to those selected from the group consisting of benzyl alcohol, sorbic acid, parabens, imidurea and combinations thereof.
  • a particularly preferred preservative is a combination of about 0.5% to 2.0% benzyl alcohol and 0.05% to 0.5% sorbic acid.
  • the composition preferably includes an antioxidant and a chelating agent which inhibit the degradation of the compound.
  • Preferred antioxidants for some compounds are BHT, BHA, alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid in the preferred range of about 0.01% to 0.3% and more preferably BHT in the range of 0.03% to 0.1% by weight by total weight of the composition.
  • the chelating agent is present in an amount of from 0.01% to 0.5% by weight by total weight of the composition.
  • Particularly preferred chelating agents include edetate salts (e.g. disodium edetate) and citric acid in the weight range of about 0.01% to 0.20% and more preferably in the range of 0.02% to 0.10% by weight by total weight of the composition.
  • the chelating agent is useful for chelating metal ions in the composition which may be detrimental to the shelf life of the formulation. While BHT and disodium edetate are the particularly preferred antioxidant and chelating agent respectively for some compounds, other suitable and equivalent antioxidants and chelating agents may be substituted therefore as would be known to those skilled in the art.
  • Liquid suspensions may be prepared using conventional methods to achieve suspension of the active ingredient in an aqueous or oily vehicle.
  • Aqueous vehicles include, for example, water, and isotonic saline.
  • Oily vehicles include, for example, almond oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol, vegetable oils such as arachis, olive, sesame, or coconut oil, fractionated vegetable oils, and mineral oils such as liquid paraffin.
  • Liquid suspensions may further comprise one or more additional ingredients including, but not limited to, suspending agents, dispersing or wetting agents, emulsifying agents, demulcents, preservatives, buffers, salts, flavorings, coloring agents, and sweetening agents.
  • Oily suspensions may further comprise a thickening agent.
  • suspending agents include, but are not limited to, sorbitol syrup, hydrogenated edible fats, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth, gum acacia, and cellulose derivatives such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose.
  • Known dispersing or wetting agents include, but are not limited to, naturally-occurring phosphatides such as lecithin, condensation products of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid, with a long chain aliphatic alcohol, with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol, or with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride (e.g., polyoxy ethylene stearate, heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, respectively).
  • Known emulsifying agents include, but are not limited to, lecithin, and acacia.
  • Known preservatives include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, or w-propyl para-hydroxybenzoates, ascorbic acid, and sorbic acid.
  • Known sweetening agents include, for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, sucrose, and saccharin.
  • Known thickening agents for oily suspensions include, for example, beeswax, hard paraffin, and cetyl alcohol.
  • Liquid solutions of the active ingredient in aqueous or oily solvents may be prepared in substantially the same manner as liquid suspensions, the primary difference being that the active ingredient is dissolved, rather than suspended in the solvent.
  • an "oily" liquid is one which comprises a carbon-containing liquid molecule and which exhibits a less polar character than water.
  • Liquid solutions of the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may comprise each of the components described with regard to liquid suspensions, it being understood that suspending agents will not necessarily aid dissolution of the active ingredient in the solvent.
  • Aqueous solvents include, for example, water, and isotonic saline.
  • Oily solvents include, for example, almond oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol, vegetable oils such as arachis, olive, sesame, or coconut oil, fractionated vegetable oils, and mineral oils such as liquid paraffin.
  • Powdered and granular formulations of a pharmaceutical preparation of the invention may be prepared using known methods. Such formulations may be administered directly to a subject, used, for example, to form tablets, to fill capsules, or to prepare an aqueous or oily suspension or solution by addition of an aqueous or oily vehicle thereto. Each of these formulations may further comprise one or more of dispersing or wetting agent, a suspending agent, and a preservative. Additional excipients, such as fillers and sweetening, flavoring, or coloring agents, may also be included in these formulations.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention may also be prepared, packaged, or sold in the form of oil-in-water emulsion or a water- in-oil emulsion.
  • the oily phase may be a vegetable oil such as olive or arachis oil, a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin, or a combination of these.
  • compositions may further comprise one or more emulsifying agents such as naturally occurring gums such as gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides such as soybean or lecithin phosphatide, esters or partial esters derived from combinations of fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides such as sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of such partial esters with ethylene oxide such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
  • emulsions may also contain additional ingredients including, for example, sweetening or flavoring agents.
  • Methods for impregnating or coating a material with a chemical composition include, but are not limited to methods of depositing or binding a chemical composition onto a surface, methods of
  • incorporating a chemical composition into the structure of a material during the synthesis of the material i.e., such as with a physiologically degradable material
  • methods of absorbing an aqueous or oily solution or suspension into an absorbent material with or without subsequent drying.
  • the regimen of administration may affect what constitutes an effective amount.
  • the therapeutic formulations may be administered to the patient either prior to or after the onset of a breathing disorder event. Further, several divided dosages, as well as staggered dosages may be administered daily or sequentially, or the dose may be continuously infused, or may be a bolus injection. Further, the dosages of the therapeutic formulations may be proportionally increased or decreased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic or prophylactic situation.
  • compositions of the present invention may be carried out using known procedures, at dosages and for periods of time effective to treat a breathing control disorder in the patient.
  • An effective amount of the therapeutic compound necessary to achieve a therapeutic effect may vary according to factors such as the activity of the particular compound employed; the time of administration; the rate of excretion of the compound; the duration of the treatment; other drugs, compounds or materials used in combination with the compound; the state of the disease or disorder, age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well-known in the medical arts. Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response.
  • an effective dose range for a therapeutic compound of the invention is from about 0.01 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg of body weight/per day.
  • One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to study the relevant factors and make the determination regarding the effective amount of the therapeutic compound without undue experimentation.
  • the compound can be administered to an animal as frequently as several times daily, or it may be administered less frequently, such as once a day, once a week, once every two weeks, once a month, or even less frequently, such as once every several months or even once a year or less. It is understood that the amount of compound dosed per day may be administered, in non-limiting examples, every day, every other day, every 2 days, every 3 days, every 4 days, or every 5 days. For example, with every other day administration, a 5 mg per day dose may be initiated on Monday with a first subsequent 5 mg per day dose administered on
  • Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.
  • a medical doctor e.g., physician or veterinarian, having ordinary skill in the art may readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required.
  • physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds of the invention employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
  • Dosage unit form refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the patients to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of therapeutic compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical vehicle.
  • the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the therapeutic compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compounding/formulating such a therapeutic compound for the treatment of breathing disorders in a patient.
  • compositions of the invention are administered to the patient in dosages that range from one to five times per day or more.
  • compositions of the invention are administered to the patient in range of dosages that include, but are not limited to, once every day, every two, days, every three days to once a week, and once every two weeks.
  • the frequency of administration of the various combination compositions of the invention will vary from subject to subject depending on many factors including, but not limited to, age, disease or disorder to be treated, gender, overall health, and other factors.
  • the invention should not be construed to be limited to any particular dosage regime and the precise dosage and composition to be administered to any patient will be determined by the attending physical taking all other factors about the patient into account.
  • Compounds of the invention for administration may be in the range of from about 1 ⁇ g to about 7,500 mg, about 20 ⁇ g to about 7,000 mg, about 40 ⁇ g to about 6,500 mg, about 80 ⁇ g to about 6,000 mg, about 100 ⁇ g to about 5,500 mg, about 200 ⁇ g to about 5,000 mg, about 400 ⁇ g to about 4,000 mg, about 800 ⁇ g to about 3,000 mg, about 1 mg to about 2,500 mg, about 2 mg to about 2,000 mg, about 5 mg to about 1,000 mg, about 10 mg to about 750 mg, about 20 mg to about 600 mg, about 30 mg to about 500 mg, about 40 mg to about 400 mg, about 50 mg to about 300 mg, about 60 mg to about 250 mg, about 70 mg to about 200 mg, about 80 mg to about 150 mg, and any and all whole or partial increments thereinbetween.
  • the dose of a compound of the invention is from about 0.5 ⁇ g and about 5,000 mg. In some embodiments, a dose of a compound of the invention used in compositions described herein is less than about 5,000 mg, or less than about 4,000 mg, or less than about 3,000 mg, or less than about 2,000 mg, or less than about 1,000 mg, or less than about 800 mg, or less than about 600 mg, or less than about 500 mg, or less than about 200 mg, or less than about 50 mg.
  • a dose of a second compound as described herein is less than about 1,000 mg, or less than about 800 mg, or less than about 600 mg, or less than about 500 mg, or less than about 400 mg, or less than about 300 mg, or less than about 200 mg, or less than about 100 mg, or less than about 50 mg, or less than about 40 mg, or less than about 30 mg, or less than about 25 mg, or less than about 20 mg, or less than about 15 mg, or less than about 10 mg, or less than about 5 mg, or less than about 2 mg, or less than about 1 mg, or less than about 0.5 mg, and any and all whole or partial increments thereof.
  • the present invention is directed to a packaged pharmaceutical composition
  • a packaged pharmaceutical composition comprising a container holding a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, alone or in combination with a second pharmaceutical agent; and instructions for using the compound to treat, prevent, or reduce one or more symptoms of breathing disorder in a patient.
  • the term "container” includes any receptacle for holding the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the container is the packaging that contains the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the container is not the packaging that contains the pharmaceutical composition, i.e., the container is a receptacle, such as a box or vial that contains the packaged
  • the instructions for use of the pharmaceutical composition may be contained on the packaging containing the pharmaceutical composition, and as such the instructions form an increased functional relationship to the packaged product.
  • the instructions may contain information pertaining to the compound's ability to perform its intended function, e.g., treating, preventing, or reducing a breathing disorder in a patient.
  • Routes of administration of any of the compositions of the invention include inhalational, oral, nasal, rectal, parenteral, sublingual, transdermal, transmucosal (e.g., sublingual, lingual, (trans)buccal, (trans)urethral, vaginal (e.g., trans- and perivaginally), (intra)nasal, and (trans)rectal), intravesical, intrapulmonary, intraduodenal, intragastrical, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intra-arterial, intravenous, intrabronchial, inhalation, intraperitoneal, intrathoracic, intrapleural and topical administration.
  • inhalational e.g., sublingual, lingual, (trans)buccal, (trans)urethral, vaginal (e.g., trans- and perivaginally), intravesical, intrapulmonary, intraduodenal, intragastrical, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intra
  • compositions and dosage forms include, for example, tablets, capsules, caplets, pills, gel caps, troches, dispersions, suspensions, solutions, syrups, granules, beads, transdermal patches, gels, powders, pellets, magmas, lozenges, creams, pastes, plasters, lotions, discs, suppositories, liquid sprays for nasal or oral administration, dry powder or aerosolized formulations for inhalation, compositions and formulations for intravesical administration and the like. It should be understood that the formulations and compositions that would be useful in the present invention are not limited to the particular formulations and compositions that are described herein.
  • compositions suitable for oral administration include, but are not limited to, a powdered or granular
  • compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known in the art and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of inert, non-toxic pharmaceutically excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
  • excipients include, for example an inert diluent such as lactose; granulating and disintegrating agents such as cornstarch; binding agents such as starch; and lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate.
  • Tablets may be non-coated or they may be coated using known methods to achieve delayed disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, thereby providing sustained release and absorption of the active ingredient.
  • a material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be used to coat tablets.
  • tablets may be coated using methods described in U.S. Patents Nos. 4,256, 108; 4, 160,452; and 4,265,874 to form osmotically controlled release tablets.
  • Tablets may further comprise a sweetening agent, a flavoring agent, a coloring agent, a preservative, or some combination of these in order to provide for pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparation.
  • Hard capsules comprising the active ingredient may be made using a physiologically degradable composition, such as gelatin. Such hard capsules comprise the active ingredient, and may further comprise additional ingredients including, for example, an inert solid diluent such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, or kaolin.
  • Soft gelatin capsules comprising the active ingredient may be made using a physiologically degradable composition, such as gelatin. Such soft capsules comprise the active ingredient, which may be mixed with water or an oil medium such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
  • the compounds of the invention may be in the form of tablets or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents; fillers; lubricants; disintegrates; or wetting agents.
  • the tablets may be coated using suitable methods and coating materials such as OPADRYTM film coating systems available from Colorcon, West Point, Pa. (e.g., OPADRYTM OY Type, OYC Type, Organic Enteric OY-P Type, Aqueous Enteric OY-A Type, OY-PM Type and OPADRYTM White,
  • Liquid preparation for oral administration may be in the form of solutions, syrups or suspensions.
  • the liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, methyl cellulose or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agent (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oily esters or ethyl alcohol); and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl para-hydroxy benzoates or sorbic acid).
  • suspending agents e.g., sorbitol syrup, methyl cellulose or hydrogenated edible fats
  • emulsifying agent e.g., lecithin or acacia
  • non-aqueous vehicles e.g., almond oil, oily esters or ethyl alcohol
  • preservatives e.g., methyl or propyl para-hydroxy benzoates or sorbic acid
  • a tablet comprising the active ingredient may, for example, be made by compressing or molding the active ingredient, optionally with one or more additional ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing, in a suitable device, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granular preparation, optionally mixed with one or more of a binder, a lubricant, an excipient, a surface active agent, and a dispersing agent.
  • Molded tablets may be made by molding, in a suitable device, a mixture of the active ingredient, a
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients used in the manufacture of tablets include, but are not limited to, inert diluents, granulating and disintegrating agents, binding agents, and lubricating agents.
  • Known dispersing agents include, but are not limited to, potato starch and sodium starch glycollate.
  • Known surface-active agents include, but are not limited to, sodium lauryl sulphate.
  • Known diluents include, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium phosphate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, and sodium phosphate.
  • Known granulating and disintegrating agents include, but are not limited to, corn starch and alginic acid.
  • Known binding agents include, but are not limited to, gelatin, acacia, pre-gelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
  • Known lubricating agents include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, silica, and talc.
  • Granulating techniques are well known in the pharmaceutical art for modifying starting powders or other particulate materials of an active ingredient.
  • the powders are typically mixed with a binder material into larger permanent free-flowing agglomerates or granules referred to as a "granulation.”
  • solvent-using "wet" granulation processes are generally characterized in that the powders are combined with a binder material and moistened with water or an organic solvent under conditions resulting in the formation of a wet granulated mass from which the solvent must then be evaporated.
  • Melt granulation generally consists in the use of materials that are solid or semi-solid at room temperature (i.e. having a relatively low softening or melting point range) to promote granulation of powdered or other materials, essentially in the absence of added water or other liquid solvents.
  • the low melting solids when heated to a temperature in the melting point range, liquefy to act as a binder or granulating medium.
  • the liquefied solid spreads itself over the surface of powdered materials with which it is contacted, and on cooling, forms a solid granulated mass in which the initial materials are bound together.
  • the resulting melt granulation may then be provided to a tablet press or be encapsulated for preparing the oral dosage form.
  • Melt granulation improves the dissolution rate and bioavailability of an active (i.e. drug) by forming a solid dispersion or solid solution.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5, 169,645 discloses directly compressible wax- containing granules having improved flow properties.
  • the granules are obtained when waxes are admixed in the melt with certain flow improving additives, followed by cooling and granulation of the admixture.
  • only the wax itself melts in the melt combination of the wax(es) and additives(s), and in other cases both the wax(es) and the additives(s) will melt.
  • the present invention also includes a multi-layer tablet comprising a layer providing for the delayed release of one or more compounds useful within the methods of the invention, and a further layer providing for the immediate release of one or more compounds useful within the methods of the invention.
  • a gastric insoluble composition may be obtained in which the active ingredient is entrapped, ensuring its delayed release.
  • parenteral administration of a pharmaceutical composition includes any route of administration characterized by physical breaching of a tissue of a subject and administration of the pharmaceutical composition through the breach in the tissue.
  • Parenteral administration thus includes, but is not limited to, administration of a pharmaceutical composition by injection of the composition, by application of the composition through a surgical incision, by application of the composition through a tissue-penetrating non-surgical wound, and the like.
  • parenteral administration is contemplated to include, but is not limited to, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intrasternal injection, and kidney dialytic infusion techniques.
  • Formulations of a pharmaceutical composition suitable for parenteral administration comprise the active ingredient combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as sterile water or sterile isotonic saline. Such formulations may be prepared, packaged, or sold in a form suitable for bolus administration or for continuous administration. Injectable formulations may be prepared, packaged, or sold in unit dosage form, such as in ampules or in multi-dose containers containing a preservative. Formulations for parenteral administration include, but are not limited to, suspensions, solutions, emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, pastes, and implantable sustained-release or biodegradable formulations. Such formulations may further comprise one or more additional ingredients including, but not limited to, suspending, stabilizing, or dispersing agents.
  • the active ingredient is provided in dry (i.e., powder or granular) form for reconstitution with a suitable vehicle (e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water) prior to parenteral administration of the reconstituted composition.
  • a suitable vehicle e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water
  • compositions may be prepared, packaged, or sold in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oily suspension or solution.
  • This suspension or solution may be formulated according to the known art, and may comprise, in addition to the active ingredient, additional ingredients such as the dispersing agents, wetting agents, or suspending agents described herein.
  • Such sterile injectable formulations may be prepared using a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, such as water or 1,3-butane diol, for example.
  • Other acceptable diluents and solvents include, but are not limited to, Ringer's solution, isotonic sodium chloride solution, and fixed oils such as synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
  • compositions for sustained release or implantation may comprise pharmaceutically acceptable polymeric or hydrophobic materials such as an emulsion, an ion exchange resin, a sparingly soluble polymer, or a sparingly soluble salt.
  • stratum corneum layer of the epidermis An obstacle for topical administration of pharmaceuticals is the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis.
  • the stratum corneum is a highly resistant layer comprised of protein, cholesterol, sphingolipids, free fatty acids and various other lipids, and includes cornified and living cells.
  • One of the factors that limit the penetration rate (flux) of a compound through the stratum corneum is the amount of the active substance that can be loaded or applied onto the skin surface. The greater the amount of active substance which is applied per unit of area of the skin, the greater the concentration gradient between the skin surface and the lower layers of the skin, and in turn the greater the diffusion force of the active substance through the skin. Therefore, a formulation containing a greater concentration of the active substance is more likely to result in penetration of the active substance through the skin, and more of it, and at a more consistent rate, than a formulation having a lesser concentration, all other things being equal.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration include, but are not limited to, liquid or semi-liquid preparations such as liniments, lotions, oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions such as creams, ointments or pastes, and solutions or suspensions.
  • Topically administrable formulations may, for example, comprise from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) active ingredient, although the concentration of the active ingredient may be as high as the solubility limit of the active ingredient in the solvent.
  • Formulations for topical administration may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein. Enhancers of permeation may be used. These materials increase the rate of penetration of drugs across the skin.
  • Typical enhancers in the art include ethanol, glycerol monolaurate, PGML (polyethylene glycol monolaurate), dimethylsulfoxide, and the like.
  • Other enhancers include oleic acid, oleyl alcohol, ethoxydiglycol, laurocapram, alkanecarboxylic acids, dimethylsulfoxide, polar lipids, or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
  • compositions of the invention may contain liposomes.
  • the composition of the liposomes and their use are known in the art (for example, see Constanza, U.S. Patent No. 6,323,219).
  • the topically active pharmaceutical composition may be optionally combined with other ingredients such as adjuvants, anti-oxidants, chelating agents, surfactants, foaming agents, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, viscosifiers, buffering agents, preservatives, and the like.
  • a permeation or penetration enhancer is included in the composition and is effective in improving the percutaneous penetration of the active ingredient into and through the stratum corneum with respect to a composition lacking the permeation enhancer.
  • compositions may further comprise a hydrotropic agent, which functions to increase disorder in the structure of the stratum corneum, and thus allows increased transport across the stratum corneum.
  • hydrotropic agents such as isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol, or sodium xylene sulfonate, are known to those of skill in the art.
  • the topically active pharmaceutical composition should be applied in an amount effective to affect desired changes.
  • amount effective shall mean an amount sufficient to cover the region of skin surface where a change is desired.
  • An active compound should be present in the amount of from about 0.0001% to about 15% by weight volume of the composition. More preferable, it should be present in an amount from about 0.0005% to about 5% of the composition; most preferably, it should be present in an amount of from about 0.001% to about 1% of the composition.
  • Such compounds may be synthetically-or naturally derived.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be prepared, packaged, or sold in a formulation suitable for buccal administration.
  • Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of tablets or lozenges made using conventional methods, and may contain, for example, 0.1 to 20% (w/w) of the active ingredient, the balance comprising an orally dissolvable or degradable composition and, optionally, one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
  • formulations suitable for buccal administration may comprise a powder or an aerosolized or atomized solution or suspension comprising the active ingredient.
  • Such powdered, aerosolized, or aerosolized formulations when dispersed, preferably have an average particle or droplet size in the range from about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers, and may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.
  • the examples of formulations described herein are not exhaustive and it is understood that the invention includes additional modifications of these and other formulations not described herein, but which are known to those of skill in the art.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be prepared, packaged, or sold in a formulation suitable for rectal administration.
  • a composition may be in the form of, for example, a suppository, a retention enema preparation, and a solution for rectal or colonic irrigation.
  • Suppository formulations may be made by combining the active ingredient with a non-irritating pharmaceutically acceptable excipient which is solid at ordinary room temperature (i.e., about 20°C) and which is liquid at the rectal temperature of the subject (i.e., about 37°C in a healthy human).
  • a non-irritating pharmaceutically acceptable excipient which is solid at ordinary room temperature (i.e., about 20°C) and which is liquid at the rectal temperature of the subject (i.e., about 37°C in a healthy human).
  • pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycols, and various glycerides. Suppository formulations may further comprise various additional ingredients including, but not limited to, antioxidants, and preservatives.
  • Retention enema preparations or solutions for rectal or colonic irrigation may be made by combining the active ingredient with a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier.
  • enema preparations may be administered using, and may be packaged within, a delivery device adapted to the rectal anatomy of the subject.
  • Enema preparations may further comprise various additional ingredients including, but not limited to, antioxidants, and preservatives. Additional Administration Forms
  • Additional dosage forms of this invention include dosage forms as described in U.S. Patents Nos. 6,340,475, 6,488,962, 6,451,808, 5,972,389, 5,582,837, and 5,007,790. Additional dosage forms of this invention also include dosage forms as described in U.S. Patent Applications Nos. 20030147952,
  • Additional dosage forms of this invention also include dosage forms as described in PCT Applications Nos. WO 03/35041, WO 03/35040, WO 03/35029, WO 03/35177, WO 03/35039, WO 02/96404, WO 02/32416, WO 01/97783, WO 01/56544, WO 01/32217, WO 98/55107, WO 98/1 1879, WO 97/47285, WO 93/18755, and WO 90/11757.
  • Controlled- or sustained-release formulations of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be made using conventional technology.
  • the dosage forms to be used can be provided as slow or controlled-release of one or more active ingredients therein using, for example, hydropropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, or microspheres or a combination thereof to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions.
  • Suitable controlled-release formulations known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including those described herein, can be readily selected for use with the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
  • single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration such as tablets, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets, that are adapted for controlled-release are encompassed by the present invention.
  • controlled-release pharmaceutical products have a common goal of improving drug therapy over that achieved by their non-controlled counterparts.
  • the use of an optimally designed controlled-release preparation in medical treatment is characterized by a minimum of drug substance being employed to cure or control the condition in a minimum amount of time.
  • Advantages of controlled-release formulations include extended activity of the drug, reduced dosage frequency, and increased patient compliance.
  • controlled-release formulations can be used to affect the time of onset of action or other characteristics, such as blood level of the drug, and thus can affect the occurrence of side effects.
  • controlled-release formulations are designed to initially release an amount of drug that promptly produces the desired therapeutic effect, and gradually and continually release of other amounts of drug to maintain this level of therapeutic effect over an extended period of time.
  • the drug In order to maintain this constant level of drug in the body, the drug must be released from the dosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of drug being metabolized and excreted from the body.
  • Controlled-release of an active ingredient can be stimulated by various inducers, for example pH, temperature, enzymes, water, or other physiological conditions or compounds.
  • controlled-release component in the context of the present invention is defined herein as a compound or compounds, including, but not limited to, polymers, polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, liposomes, or microspheres or a combination thereof that facilitates the controlled-release of the active ingredient.
  • the formulations of the present invention may be, but are not limited to, short-term, rapid-offset, as well as controlled, for example, sustained release, delayed release and pulsatile release formulations.
  • sustained release is used in its conventional sense to refer to a drug formulation that provides for gradual release of a drug over an extended period of time, and that may, although not necessarily, result in substantially constant blood levels of a drug over an extended time period.
  • the period of time may be as long as a month or more and should be a release that is longer that the same amount of agent administered in bolus form.
  • the compounds may be formulated with a suitable polymer or hydrophobic material which provides sustained release properties to the compounds.
  • the compounds for use the method of the invention may be administered in the form of microparticles, for example, by injection or in the form of wafers or discs by implantation.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered to a patient, alone or in combination with another pharmaceutical agent, using a sustained release formulation.
  • delayed release is used herein in its conventional sense to refer to a drug formulation that provides for an initial release of the drug after some delay following drug administration and that may, although not necessarily, includes a delay of from about 10 minutes up to about 12 hours.
  • pulsatile release is used herein in its conventional sense to refer to a drug formulation that provides release of the drug in such a way as to produce pulsed plasma profiles of the drug after drug administration.
  • immediate release is used in its conventional sense to refer to a drug formulation that provides for release of the drug immediately after drug administration.
  • short-term refers to any period of time up to and including about 8 hours, about 7 hours, about 6 hours, about 5 hours, about 4 hours, about 3 hours, about 2 hours, about 1 hour, about 40 minutes, about 20 minutes, or about 10 minutes and any or all whole or partial increments thereof after drug administration after drug administration.
  • rapid-offset refers to any period of time up to and including about 8 hours, about 7 hours, about 6 hours, about 5 hours, about 4 hours, about 3 hours, about 2 hours, about 1 hour, about 40 minutes, about 20 minutes, or about 10 minutes, and any and all whole or partial increments thereof after drug administration.
  • a method of treating a patient lacking normal breathing and normal breathing control comprises administering the composition useful within the invention as described herein, and additionally treating the patient using a device for treatment of a lack of normal breathing.
  • a device for treatment of a lack of normal breathing include, but are not limited to, ventilation devices, CPAP and BiPAP devices.
  • Mechanical ventilation is a method to mechanically assist or replace spontaneous breathing.
  • Mechanical ventilation is typically used after an invasive intubation, a procedure wherein an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube is inserted into the airway. It is normally used in acute settings, such as in the operating room or ICU, for a short period of time during surgery, medical procedure, or serious illness. It may also be used at home or in a nursing or rehabilitation institution, if patients have chronic illnesses that require long-term ventilation assistance.
  • the main form of mechanical ventilation is positive pressure ventilation, which works by increasing the pressure in the patient's airway and thus forcing air into the lungs.
  • NIPPV non-invasive positive pressure pentilation
  • PAV proportional assist ventilation
  • ASV adaptive support ventilation
  • NAVA neurally adjusted ventilatory assist
  • Non-invasive ventilation refers to all modalities that assist ventilation without the use of an endotracheal tube.
  • Non-invasive ventilation is primarily aimed at minimizing patient discomfort and the complications associated with invasive ventilation, and is often used in cardiac disease, exacerbations of chronic pulmonary disease, sleep apnea, and neuromuscular diseases.
  • Non-invasive ventilation refers only to the patient interface and not the mode of ventilation used; modes may include spontaneous or control modes and may be either pressure or volume modes.
  • Some commonly used modes of NIPPV include:
  • CPAP Continuous positive airway pressure
  • BIPAP Bi-level positive airway pressure
  • IPPV Intermittent positive pressure ventilation
  • reaction conditions including but not limited to reaction times, reaction size/volume, and experimental reagents, such as solvents, catalysts, pressures, atmospheric conditions, e.g., nitrogen atmosphere, and reducing/oxidizing agents, with art-recognized alternatives and using no more than routine experimentation, are within the scope of the present application.
  • range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed sub-ranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 2.7, 3, 4, 5, 5.3, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
  • 2,4,6-Trichloro-l,3,5-triazine (XVIII) (5.0 g, 27 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (35 mL) and poured into ice-water (50 mL) to form a very fine suspension.
  • a solution of N-methylamine hydrochloride (3.66 g, 54 mmol) in water (20 mL) was added and the temperature maintained at approximately 0 °C.
  • 2N NaOH 54 mL, 108 mmol was added in a dropwise manner to keep the temperature between 0 °C and 5 °C. The mixture was stirred 30 min at ambient temperature for an additional 60 min at 50 °C.
  • the isolated free amine (811 mg, 3.58 mmol) was dissolved in H 2 0 (10 mL) and 0.5 M HCI solution in H 2 0 (7.2 mL) was added.
  • the resultant solution was lyophilized to yield the desired product, N-(4,6-bis-ethylamino- [l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine hydrochloride (XXII) as a white solid (938 mg).
  • LCMS (ESI) m/z 227 (M+H) + .
  • 2,4,6-Trichloro-l,3,5-triazine (XVIII) (20 g, 109 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (100 mL) and poured into ice-water (50 mL) to form a very fine suspension.
  • a solution of propan-1 -amine (7.1 g, 120 mmol) in water (20 mL) was added and the temperature maintained at approximately 0 °C.
  • 2N NaOH 60 mL, 120 mmol was added in a dropwise manner to keep the temperature between -5 °C and 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 60 min. The precipitate was filtered off and washed with water (3 x 25 mL).
  • 2,4,6-Trichloro-l,3,5-triazine (XVIII) (20 g, 109 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (100 mL) and poured into ice-water (50 mL) to form a very fine suspension.
  • a solution of propan- 1 -amine (7.1 g, 120 mmol) in water (20 mL) was added and the temperature maintained at approximately 0 °C.
  • 2 N NaOH 60 mL, 120 mmol
  • the mixture was then stirred at 0 °C for 60 min.
  • the precipitate was filtered off, washed with water (3 x 25 mL).
  • 2,4,6-Trichloro-l,3,5-triazine (XVIII) (5.0 g, 27 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (35 mL) and poured into ice-water (50 mL) to form a very fine suspension.
  • a solution of 2-methylpropan-l -amine (4.0 g, 54 mmol) in acetone (20 mL) was added and the temperature was maintained at approximately 0°C.
  • 2 N NaOH 27 mL, 54 mmol was added in a dropwise manner to keep the temperature between 0°C and 5°C. The mixture was stirred for 30 min at ambient temperature and for an additional 60 min at 50°C.
  • the isolated free amine (1.4 g, 4.52 mmol) was dissolved in H 2 0 (10 mL) and 0.5 M HCI solution in H 2 0 (14.5 mL) was added, and the resultant solution was subjected to lyophilization to yield the desired product, N-(bis-4,6-(2,2-dimethylpropylamino))[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl- hydroxylamine hydrochloride, as a white solid (1.67 g).
  • 2,4,6-Trichloro-l,3,5-triazine (XVIII) (40 g, 217 mmol) was dissolved in 200 mL of acetone and poured into ice-water (250 mL) to form a very fine suspension.
  • a solution of cyclopropanamine (24.8 g, 435 mmol) was added with stirring at 0°C.
  • 2N NaOH (218 mL, 435 mmol) was added dropwise at a rate to keep the temperature between 0°C and 5°C.
  • the resultant mixture was stirred for 30 min at ambient temperature and then for an additional 60 min at 50°C.
  • the precipitate was filtered off, washed with water (3 x 100 mL).
  • a suitable glass reactor vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermocouple, condenser, addition funnel and a temperature control mantle was charged with 8 L of acetone followed by 1 kg (5.42 moles) of cyanuric chloride.
  • the stirring mixture was pre-cooled to 15 °C and ⁇ -propylamine (at ambient temperature) was added slowly via addition funnel, to maintain the temperature below 45°C.
  • a 2M NaOH solution was prepared and was added to the mixture at a rate to maintain the temperature below 45°C.
  • the mixture was stirred at 40-50°C for 0.5 h and the reaction was monitored for completion by IPC HPLC analysis. The reaction was deemed complete when ⁇ 2% of cyanuric chloride was detected.
  • a suitable round-bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermocouple, condenser and a heating mantle was charged with 6 L of N,N- dimethylacetamide (DMA) followed by 1 kg (4.35 moles) of 6-chloro-N,N-dipropyl- [l,3,5]-triazine-2,4-diamine (Stage 1 Product).
  • DMA N,N- dimethylacetamide
  • K2CO 3 1.2 kg, 6.53 moles, 2 eq.
  • IPC Test 1 Temperature Chart Recording during additions - Maintain temperature control specified in process steps
  • IPC Test 3 Residual amine analysis (by GC) - ⁇ -Propylamine and ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylhydoxylamine levels NMT 0.1%
  • IPC Test 1 Temperature Chart Recording during concentrated sulfuric acid addition - Maintain temperature control specified in process step
  • IPC Test 2 OVI of MEK and DMAc by GC -
  • the HPLC chromatographic purity of the RS was determined to be 100.0% by area, with no related substances detected.
  • the water content was determined to be 0.04% by Karl Fischer titration.
  • N-(4,6-bis- «-propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl- hydroxylamine hydrogen sulfate (XXXVI) was determined to be a white crystalline solid.
  • 6-Amino-2,4-dichloro-[l,3,5]triazine (XXXVII) (30.0 g, 187 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (100 mL) and poured into ice-water (100 mL) to form a very fine suspension.
  • acetone 100 mL
  • ice-water 100 mL
  • a solution of propan-1 -amine (11.0 g, 187 mmol) in acetone (20 mL) was added at 0°C.
  • 2 N NaOH (94 mL, 187 mmol) was added dropwise at a rate to keep the temperature between 0°C and 5°C. The mixture was stirred for 30 min at ambient temperature and for an additional 60 min at 50°C.
  • N-(4,6-bis- «-propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-0-methyl-hydroxylamine (XLI) (2.17 g, 9.03 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) at 0°C. The mixture was stirred for 0.5 h at 0°C, volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to yield N-(4,6-bis- «-propylamino- [l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-0-methyl-hydroxylamine hydrochloride (XLII) in quantitative yield.
  • N-(4,6-Bis- «-propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N',N'- dimethylhydrazine may be prepared from 2-chloro-N-(4, 6-bis-(w- propylamino)-[l,3,5]triazine (XXXIV) and N,N-dimethylhydrazine as described in Example 19.
  • 6-(Methoxy(methyl)amino)-N2-propyl-l,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (XL VII) may be prepared from 6-amino-2-chloro-4- «-propylamino-[l,3,5]triazine (XXXVIII) and ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylhydroxylamine as described in Example 10.
  • N-(4,6-Bis-n-propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,N'-dimethyl-hydrazine hydrogen sulfate _(L) 95% H2SO4 (0.26 mL, 4.62 mmol) was added dropwise to the solution of 6-(N,N'-dimethyl-hydrazino)-N,N'-dipropyl-[l,3,5]triazine-2,4-diamine (XLIX) (1.17 g, 4.62 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) at 0°C. The mixture was stirred for 0.5 h at room temperature; volatiles were removed under reduced pressure.
  • XLIX 6-(N,N'-dimethyl-hydrazino)-N,N'-dipropyl-[l,3,5]triazine-2,4-diamine
  • N-(4 ,6-B is- n -propylamino- ⁇ L 3 , 51triazin-2 -yl)-N-is opropyl-hydroxylamine hydro gen sulfate (LVD
  • N-(4,6-Bis- «-propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N-isopropyl- hydroxylamine hydrogen sulfate (LVI) was prepared from N-(4,6-bis-w-propylamino- [l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N-isopropyl-hydroxylamine (LV) and 95% H2SO4 as described in Example 20 (95% yield).
  • 6-[l,2]Oxazinan-2-yl-N,N'-di- «-propyl-[l,3,5]triazine-2,4-diamine hydrogen sulfate (LVIII) was prepared from 6-[l,2]oxazinan-2-yl-N,N'-di- «-propyl- [l,3,5]triazine-2,4-diamine (LVII) and 95% H 2 S0 4 as described in Example 20.
  • O-Isopropyl-N-methyl-hydroxylamine hydrochloride (LXIII) O-Benzyl-N-methyl-Nisopropoxy carbamate (4.96 g, 22.22 mmol) and 33% HBr/AcOH (45 mL) were stirred at room temperature for 20 min. Saturated solution of NaHCC (400 mL) was added, the suspension was extracted with (3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 (3 x 150 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over a 2 S0 4 .
  • N-(4,6-bis- «-propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-0- isopropyl-N-methyl-hydroxylamine (LXIV, 1.93 g, 6.83 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (6 mL) at 0°C was added 95% H 2 S0 4 (0.36 mL, 6.83 mmol) in a drop-wise manner.
  • the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h at room temperature and then the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure.
  • An ACE ® pressure tube was charged with benzyl isopropoxycarbamate (4.08 g, 19.50 mmol), anhydrous K 2 C0 3 (4.04 g, 29.25 mmol), ethyl iodide (7.0 mL, 87.75 mmol), and anhydrous acetone (30 mL).
  • the reaction mixture was heated at 70 °C for 24 h.
  • Ethyl iodide (7.0 mL, 87.75 mmol) and K 2 C0 3 (4.04 g, 29.25 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture was heated for 24 h.
  • the reaction mixture was filtered, and the acetone was evaporated.
  • 6-(Methyl(thiophen-2-ylmethoxy)amino)-N 2 ,N 4 -di- «-propyl-l,3,5- triazine-2,4-diamine may be prepared by reacting 2-chloro-N-(4,6-bis-( «- propylamino)-[l,3,5]triazine (XXXIV) and 0-(thiophen-2-yl-methyl)-N-methyl- hydroxylamine as exemplified in Example 13.
  • N-(4,6-bis- «-propylamino-[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-0-(2,2-difluoro-ethyl)- hydroxylamine (C, 1.02 g, 3.51 mmol) was reacted with 95% H 2 S0 4 (0.19 mL, 3.51 mmol) in diethyl ether (3 mL) at 0°C.
  • Example 51 4-N-Q -N-Methylimidazol-2-yl -methylamino-6-N-fa-propyl amino-r 1 ,3 ,51triazin-2- yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine (CVII)
  • N-(4,6-Dichloro[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-N,0-dimethyl-hydroxylamine (XXX) (7 g, 33.5 mmol)
  • K 2 C0 3 (10.2 g, 73.7 mmol) in THF (250 mL) were heated at 70 °C for 5 h, after which time the solvent was removed under reduced pressure.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des compositions qui sont utiles pour le traitement de maladies ou de troubles du contrôle de la respiration chez un sujet en ayant besoin. La présente invention comprend également un procédé de traitement d'une maladie ou d'un trouble respiratoire chez un sujet en ayant besoin, comprenant l'administration au sujet d'une quantité thérapeutiquement efficace d'une formulation pharmaceutique de l'invention. La présente invention comprend également un procédé de prévention de la déstabilisation ou de stabilisation du rythme respiratoire chez un sujet en ayant besoin, comprenant l'administration au sujet d'une quantité thérapeutiquement efficace d'une formulation pharmaceutique de l'invention.
EP13798039.7A 2012-05-29 2013-05-29 Nouveaux composés et nouvelles compositions pour le traitement de troubles ou de maladies du contrôle de la respiration Withdrawn EP2855438A4 (fr)

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US13/482,837 US20120295911A1 (en) 2010-11-29 2012-05-29 Novel Compounds and Compositions for Treatment of Breathing Control Disorders or Diseases
PCT/US2013/043052 WO2013181217A2 (fr) 2012-05-29 2013-05-29 Nouveaux composés et nouvelles compositions pour le traitement de troubles ou de maladies du contrôle de la respiration

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FR3076751A1 (fr) * 2018-01-18 2019-07-19 Lebronze Alloys Electrode de soudage pour toles en aluminium ou acier et procede d'obtention de l'electrode

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WO2019141916A1 (fr) * 2018-01-18 2019-07-25 Lebronze Alloys Electrode de soudage pour tôles en aluminium ou acier et procede d'obtention de l'electrode

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KR20150020616A (ko) 2015-02-26
JP2015521201A (ja) 2015-07-27
WO2013181217A3 (fr) 2014-02-06
SG11201407964YA (en) 2014-12-30
WO2013181217A2 (fr) 2013-12-05
CN104602694A (zh) 2015-05-06
AU2013267570A1 (en) 2014-12-18
CA2875012A1 (fr) 2013-12-05
BR112014029703A2 (pt) 2017-06-27
EP2855438A4 (fr) 2016-02-24
HK1209118A1 (en) 2016-03-24

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