Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
  • E04H9/00—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate
  • E04H9/02—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate withstanding earthquake or sinking of ground
  • E04H9/021—Bearing, supporting or connecting constructions specially adapted for such buildings
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D27/00—Foundations as substructures
  • E02D27/32—Foundations for special purposes
  • E02D27/34—Foundations for sinking or earthquake territories
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
  • E04B1/0007—Base structures; Cellars
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
  • E04B1/36—Bearings or like supports allowing movement

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of constructions, including seismic and concerns any type of building or work.
• the present invention more particularly relates to a high-strength construction, including seismic.
• construction means any type of building, bridge or erected building, but this definition may also extend simply to "foundations” because the invention can be implemented under the shape of a foundation and thus form for example a base on which it is possible to erect any type of work.
• a first problem in the field of constructions concerns resistance, particularly in terms of stability and flexibility (resistance to deformation). Indeed, the conventional constructions and foundations known from the prior art often have a lack of resistance to harsh conditions, especially at the climatic level (violent winds and storms for example) and / or geological (earthquakes and landslides, for example). In general, conventional constructions have an insufficient absorption of vibratory phenomena. It is known in the prior art of earthquake resistant foundations and constructions which have the advantage of being more resistant than conventional foundations and constructions. A second problem in the field therefore concerns the complexity of the arrangement and implementation of the constructions and their foundations to meet the first problem of resistance. Indeed, foundations and constructions capable of withstanding high stresses are generally complex and expensive.
• a third problem concerns the efforts being exerted on constructions, and especially foundations, by erected structures which weigh all their weight and exert mainly vertical forces. This problem generates significant complexity and construction costs because it is necessary that the buildings are able to withstand these direct vertical forces. This last problem is aggravated during difficult conditions.
• braces that is to say, bars or axes arranged obliquely to the elements they stabilize, for example through a triangulation or a cross (for example a cross of St. Andrew, especially in the case of carpentry).
• this type of bracing generally uses, as for example in US Pat. No. 5,359,821, axes or supports (for example "brace” in English) which are arranged in a vertical plane (in an oblique orientation between the horizontal plane and the plane vertical construction). This type of arrangement has the advantage of stabilizing the construction by providing resistance to lateral forces.
• the axes are generally arranged in pairs and each pair is arranged in a plane parallel or perpendicular to the other pairs. This type of arrangement has the drawbacks of requiring many axes or supports and not optimizing the stabilization in the various directions of space and not responding satisfactorily to the problems mentioned above.
• the axes are generally fixed by rigid fasteners, at least on one of the erected or carrier structures, such as in US Pat. No. 5,359,821 where the lower fastener is articulated while the upper fastener is rigid.
• This type of fastening has the disadvantage of risks of rupture under the stresses exerted.
• the present invention therefore aims to overcome at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art by providing a high strength construction.
• a resistant construction comprising at least one rigid structure erected on at least one carrier element, characterized in that the carrier element comprises at least one support point, called pivot, said rigid structure comprising at least one frame lower member pivotally hinged to said pivot by suspension means, said rigid structure also being connected to said carrier member by stabilizing means comprising a plurality of pairs of axles hingedly mounted between said rigid structure and said carrier member.
• the stabilizing means also form support means for the rigid structure.
• the axes are preferably sufficiently rigid to support part of the load of the rigid structure, unlike elastic means.
• rigidity and elasticity which are generally relative, are here defined in the capacity of rigid means to support a load, unlike dampers that offer only elasticity unable to carry a load and only able to dampen the movement of the latter.
• the rigid means defined here may naturally have a certain elasticity (depending on the type of material used), in particular (and not only) in the case where the stabilization means are associated with holding means providing a pre-stress, but they offer sufficient strength to withstand at least a portion of the load on the suspension means.
• Another object of the present invention is to overcome at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art by proposing a method of implementing a construction or a high-strength foundation.
• This object is achieved by a method of implementing a resistant construction according to the invention, characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
• FIG. 1 represents a perspective view of a construction according to some embodiments
• FIG. 2a shows a perspective view of a carrier element on which the construction is erected according to some embodiments with the sectional plane 3-3 of FIGS. 3 and 4, and FIGS. 2b and 2c represent perspective views. of constructions according to various embodiments, - Figures 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d show sectional views along the plane 3-3 of Figure 2a, the construction of suspension means according to some embodiments,
• FIGS. 4a and 4b show sectional views along the plane 3-3 of FIG. 2a, suspension means of constructions according to certain embodiments, and FIGS. 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f and 4g represent sectional views.
• FIGS. 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f and 4g represent sectional views.
• various embodiments of anchoring means for suspending constructions according to the plane 3-3 of FIG. 2a, various embodiments of anchoring means for suspending constructions,
• FIG. 5a shows a perspective view of part of the interior of a construction according to some embodiments, with a sectional plane 5-5 of FIGS. 5d, 5e and 5f which show sectional views, according to 5-5, of the lower part of the stabilization means according to different embodiments
• FIG. 5b represents a simplified schematic view, in perspective, of stabilization means of a construction according to some embodiments and FIG. a perspective view of the upper part of stabilization means according to some embodiments,
• FIGS. 6a, 6b, 6c and 6d show bottom views of constructions according to various embodiments
• FIG. 7a shows a perspective view of a construction according to certain embodiments
• FIG. 7b represents a partial perspective view of the anchoring of suspension means and of stabilization means according to certain embodiments
• FIGS. 7c. and 7d represent, respectively, a top view and a sectional view along the plane 7-7 of FIG. 7C, of a construction according to the embodiments of FIG. 7a,
• FIGS. 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d and 8e show sectional views along a vertical plane identical to plane 7-7, of different constructions according to various embodiments,
• FIGS. 9a and 9b show, respectively, a view from above and a sectional view along the plane 9B-9B of FIG. 9A, of a construction incorporating various arrangements of suspension means and of stabilization means according to various modes of production,
• FIGS. 10a and 10b show, respectively, a top view and a sectional view along the plane 10B-10B of FIG. 10a, of a construction according to some embodiments
• FIG. 10c represents a sectional view, according to a vertical section plane identical to the plane 10B-10B, of another construction according to some embodiments.
• the present invention relates to a construction, generally high strength, and its method of implementation (eg, method of construction).
• the construction is here designated as being of high strength because it is capable in particular of withstanding difficult atmospheric and / or geological conditions, such as, for example, earthquakes and / or high winds.
• the present invention teaches in particular suspension means and stabilizing means (and support means) for construction, giving a relative flexibility to the construction and allowing it to be resistant.
• the invention can therefore also relate to each of these elements separately, which can therefore be claimed as such.
• the term "construction” means any type of building, bridge or erected building, but this definition may also extend simply to "foundations" because the invention can be implemented under the form of a foundation on which it is possible to erect any type of work.
• constructions generally comprise at least one structure erected on basements (ie, the emergent part of the foundations).
• the definition of the invention also extends to foundations, including seismic, on which it is possible to erect any type of structure and the term "construction” is used here to designate either the foundations or the erected structure on the foundations.
• Most of the figures do not show details of the erected structure but simply edges because it is possible to consider any shape, both for the inside and the outside.
• the constructions and the foundations can have various forms, with for the constructions, a vertex in point or edge, even in plateau, and the periphery of the construction can be polygonal or curved (for example circular), by defining least one part of structure.
• the shape can be square, rectangular, round, polygonal, regular or irregular, etc.
• the present invention is also adapted to these various forms of constructions, as particularly visible in the illustrative and non-limiting examples of FIGS. 6a, 6b, 6c and 6d.
• the constructions according to the invention can be made of any material, although wood and / or steel and / or masonry are generally preferred.
• the constructions generally comprise at least one rigid structure (1) erected on at least one carrier element (10), for example as represented in FIGS. 1, 2b and 2c.
• said carrier element (10) comprises at least one support point, called pivot (1 1) and said rigid structure (1) comprises at least one lower frame (12) hingedly hinged on said pivot (1 1) by suspension means (2).
• said rigid structure (1) is also connected to the carrier element (10) by means (3) of stabilization comprising a plurality of pairs of axes (30) mounted in an articulated manner between said rigid structure (1) and said carrier member (10). Note that we refer to pairs of axes because it is better to have at least 2 axes per part or part of the construction, but we can nevertheless put one or more than two per part or portion.
• the word pair should not be interpreted as being limiting, unless it is mentioned several axes and it must then be understood as meaning at least two (and not strictly two).
• the suspension means (2) generally allow a slight movement of the rigid structure (1) relative to the carrier element (10) and the axes (30) of the stabilization means connect the rigid structure to the carrier element. to limit these movements.
• the stabilizing means therefore form a kind of bracing stabilizing the rigid structure (1) on the carrier element (10).
• These axes (30) are sometimes referred to in the present application as "scarf" with reference to the terminology of the frame bracing.
• these axes (30) or scarves can be purlins, poles or rods (for example solid or hollow tubes of any shape of section) in any rigid material (wood, metal, etc.). ), but they can also be flexible, such as chains, cables or any type of flexible link resistant to any material (as long as the axis is provided according to the forces exerted).
• carrier element (10) can designate both a monobloc and continuous element around the perimeter or inside the perimeter of the building, but also a row of columns (or columns, pilasters, pillars, piles, pylons), piles or portions of discontinuous walls arranged around the perimeter or inside the perimeter of the building.
• This carrier element (10) is arranged to support the structure (1) and distributes the loads in the soil (or water in the case of a floating structure).
• a bracing is carried out to solidify the building.
• Corners (102) can also be arranged at the corners of the building, as for example shown in Figure 2a where the posts (101) are arranged between an upper beam (103) and a beam (104) each forming a chaining and posts (102) corners provide the connection between the sections of the structure of the carrier element (10).
• the bracing is generally performed in all the vertical and horizontal planes of the carrier element.
• the carrier element (10) can be limited in height to at least a simple wall forming a chaining at the base of the construction, on which can be mounted said structure (1), in particular thanks to the fact that this construction offers a usable volume important under the structure by limiting the size and allowing to recover the internal volume of the structure.
• the concept of the carrier element is therefore essentially functional since it designates here an arrangement capable of supporting a structure (a building). It will also be noted that in the present description, in order to define elements of the present invention, terms whose meaning is generally accepted in the field of constructions are used, but which must not be interpreted in a limiting manner and that they are in fact used to designate a function and that the present application uses this meaning considered in its functional definition, independently of the structural elements concerned and independently of other elements which may be associated with them.
• the carrier element (10) is preferably stabilized by a natural or artificial sole.
• the construction in the case where there is a central support element supporting the construction, it can be anchored in the natural ground or stabilized by means of an artificial sole, for example formed by a slab or aggregates, according to the type of soil on which construction is erected.
• the construction comprises a plurality of distinct carrier members (10) stabilized by a natural or artificial sole, for example as shown in Figs. 7a, 8e, 9a and 10a.
• a bridge has several stacks (for example as shown in Figures 10a and 10b) which each form a carrier element, these stacks can be anchored in the natural ground or stabilized using an artificial sole, for example formed by a slab or aggregates, depending on the type of soil on which the construction is erected.
• the carrier member (10) (whether there are one or more in fact) has a plurality of bearing walls whose relative spacing is stabilized.
• these walls can be anchored in the natural ground or stabilized with the aid of an artificial sole, for example formed by a slab (as represented for example in FIG. 10c where the carrier element comprises posts interconnected by a slab), or else stabilized by other means such as a diaphragm under entered at ground level and / or floors, braces, chaining or corner posts (as shown for example in Figure 2a).
• the stabilization of the carrier element will be adapted.
• the term "rigid structure (1)” denotes here any type of building which, by its nature and / or its arrangement, has a rigidity and a stability sufficient to be erected on a bearing element.
• the rigid structure (1) generally comprises a chaining, bracing or any mechanism to ensure its structural rigidity, at least at the lower frame (12) on which the loads of the structure (1).
• at least one lower frame (12) is suspended on at least one carrier element (10) and the lower frame (12) must therefore be able to support the rest of the rigid structure (1) while ensuring its integrity (c). that is, it must be stable in the various directions of the plane (s) in which it is located).
• This structure (1) can have various shapes depending on the construction or the foundation (as illustrated in the non-limiting examples of FIGS. 6a, 6b, 6c and 6d) and, depending on the shape and the arrangement of the structure, various mechanisms known deferral charges can therefore be implemented.
• the rigid structure (1) generally comprises lateral walls (13), vertical (for example as shown in Figures 1 and 2c) or oblique (for example as shown in Figures 2b and 10b), which are at least integral with the frame lower (12).
• the rigid structure (1) generally comprises (at least) a ridge (14) which is the upper part of the construction (or foundation). This term of factage is not limiting and used here to designate the upper part, but it is understood from the present application that it may actually be the top of a foundation and that a building can be built on it. ridge.
• a pivot (1 1) and a lower frame (12) may also be called pendulum (12), but it is actually at least one pivot and at least a pendulum and the designation is more functional than structural, which is valid for all the elements described and for most terms used in this application.
• the pivot generally placed on each side of the building may structurally have as many sides as the structure has sides, or in some cases as many sides as the building, but the pivot is not necessarily a structure continue he can in fact be divided into several points of support on the element or the carrier (s).
• the term "pivot" is used here to illustrate the fact that it provides a fulcrum for the suspension means carrying the load of the structure on the walls and / or the foundations of the building.
• suspension means (2) it is understood that one can provide a continuous pivot, or provide a pivot composed of a plurality of support points on each of which rests a suspension means (2).
• suspension means (2) provided in the present application that the anchoring of the suspension means (2) can form a pivot and that it is not necessary to provide a particular structure for perform this function, although it is generally preferred to provide a support structure which distributes the loads exerted by the suspension means on the carrier element.
• the lower frame forming a suspension beam, which is generally a continuous frame at the base of the structure, can structurally have as many sides as the building.
• the term "pendulum” is used here to illustrate the equilibrium principle that is created by closing the frame that forms this beam, to then distribute the loads in the carrier element of the building through the suspension means (2) .
• the balance (12) has failures or beams or reinforcement, preferably parallel to the walls of the supporting element (for example the load-bearing walls of the building), but it is possible to orient them differently.
• the beam is either in one piece or composed of elements assembled together by fixing means, preferably rigid, so as to form a frame.
• the angles between the purlins, or the sections or portions of the building are for example reinforced by means of bonding ensuring the rigidity of the angle and the continuity of the frame all around the building (round, square, curve , polygonal or irregular).
• Means of suspension means of suspension:
• the structure (1) suspended from the carrier element (10) by the suspension means (2), and through the lower frame (12), is offset outside the planes of the periphery of the carrier element ( 10) and at a level lower than that of the pivots (1 1).
• the rigidity of the structure and the arrangement of the suspension means (2) allow the structure to be around the perimeter of the carrier element (10) or within the perimeter of the carrier element (10).
• the structure comprises at least one pan (several panels if one has several walls and several portions of panels if one has a continuous wall).
• the frame of the beam (12) is offset outside the (or) plane (s) around the bearing walls (10) of the building.
• the structure (1) can thus cap the carrier element by surrounding and covering its upper portion (whether gutter walls or foundations or other).
• the structure may have various shapes and may in particular have a circular periphery and it will be understood that the notion of parallelism is then overused and that the balance (12) will in fact be concentric with the structure (1).
• the rocker arm (12) is offset outside the periphery of the bearing element (the rocker surrounds the bearing element), but in other embodiments, of which an illustrative example and not limiting is shown in Figure 2C, the balance is offset within the periphery of the carrier member.
• the rigid frame suspended from the pivot by the suspension means (2) may in fact forming one or more structures located between a plurality of carrier members (10), for example in a manner similar to the arrangement shown in Figure 8e.
• part of the frame may overhang at least the carrier element, but in general, the frame is in fact deported out the plane of the periphery of at least one carrier element to which it is suspended (via the suspension means, and usually the pivot).
• the suspension means (2) are generally arranged at regular intervals to distribute the loads in the walls and in the ground.
• the suspension means (2) are arranged to suspend the rocker (12) relative to the pivot (1 1) (or at least one point or a bearing surface on the carrier element) and to deport it in outside the vertical plane of the carrier element (ie, the wall) while allowing the distribution of the loads of the structure in the height of the carrier element (ie, load-bearing walls), as for example in the diaphragms (beams- wind, slabs, or any indeformable structures) and in the foundations.
• the offset of the balance can be obtained by the arrangement of the rigid structure and / or by the suspension means.
• the suspension means (2) comprise a lever (L) rigid, to help offset the balance outside the building.
• This lever (L) rigid is then associated with a tie rod (121) articulated between the lever (L) and the rocker (12).
• inter-support lever whose point of support is located between the force exerted by the structure (own weight, snow, wind, earthquakes, etc.) and the resistance exerted in the walls, the diaphragms (beams- wind, slabs, or any indeformable structure) and foundations.
• the lever (L) generally comprises a leg (L1), preferably with an anchor (L10) in the walls of the building and / or an anchorage (L100) in the foundations (100) on which the building rests, a bend (L2) matching the pivot (1 1) and an arm (L3) deporting the suspension of the beam (12) away from the carrier member (10).
• the tie rods (121) connected to the beam (12) are suspended from the arm (L3) of the levers.
• the pendants of the pendulum may be rigid or flexible and there are as many tie rods as levers.
• the tie rods may be steel, textile fibers, metal, carbon fibers, synthetic fibers or any other suitable material, and elasticity may be allowed in the tie rods (121) according to the need flexibility of the entire system.
• the tie rods (121) are articulated at both ends (at the levels of the balance and the lever). In the case where the tie rods are rigid, it is therefore preferably provided with an articulated attachment and in the case where they are flexible, the joint is provided by their flexibility.
• the levers are preferably anchored in the walls, in a slab (diaphragm, beam-to-wind) or in the foundations (sole or sill) on which the walls rest.
• the levers preferably comprise a bar forming the leg (L1), the elbow (L2) and the arm (L3) and are rigid, generally thanks to a composition made of steel, alloy of metals or carbon-type composite materials, resins, etc.
• the lowest end of the leg (L1) is anchored in the floor slab (on the ground floor or floor in the case of buildings) or in a diaphragm (in the case of structures).
• This foundation anchor (L100) is arranged in such a way that the thrust exerted in the slab vanishes with the resistance of the slab. If there is no floor slab (agricultural buildings, shelters ...), a ground locking device is preferably provided to ensure the resistance.
• the anchoring (L10) of the levers in the walls of the building allows to press the lever against these walls and thus to distribute the loads.
• a series of anchors (L10) are chosen whose number is determined according to the roof loads and the nature of the materials that make up the wall.
• These anchors (L10) vertical can be wood, steel, wrought iron, stainless steel, textile webbing, vegetable fiber, or any other material, including composite.
• the anchoring (L10) of the suspension means (2) will be adapted to avoid damaging them and / or risking tearing.
• a T-shaped anchorage is generally chosen, the large branch of which is arranged perpendicularly to the leg of the lever and whose small branch is embedded in the masonry, for example as shown in FIG. in Figure 4e. It may nevertheless be chosen that the small branch of the T is outside the wall, the side opposite that of the lever, both for masonry walls than wood, for example as shown in Figure 4f.
• a composite bearing wall multi-layered, for example composite materials
• the suspension means (L, P) are flexible.
• a pulley device P
• Such a pulley device (P) comprises a sheave (P2) (wheel provided with a groove, according to the terminology used in the maritime field) and a flexible link (P1) such as a rope, chain or other element. link.
• This sheave generally includes a clevis, often formed by a flat portion on which the tie passes and cheeks on the sides of the clevis to prevent the tie from coming out.
• a ringot may also be provided.
• the sheave acts as a pivot (1 1) and the link (P1) is anchored in the ground, thanks to a lower anchoring means (P100) at one end and connected to the beam (12) at the other end (of preferably directly because the flexible link makes it possible to do without pulling since it already forms an articulation by its flexibility).
• the link is anchored in the bottom of the bearing wall then bypasses the top of the wall by resting on the pulley which is fixed at the top of the wall to take over the loads of the lower frame.
• the link is flexible to dampen vibrations between the rigid structure and the carrier element (s). The rolling of the pulley makes it possible to eliminate the friction forces between the link and the load-bearing wall.
• pulley because the only function of a fixed pulley is to modify the orientation of the forces without modifying the value of the effort, identical to the value of the load which it supports.
• pulley system when the fixed pulley is associated with one or more mobile pulleys in order to increase the effort necessary to support the load of the roof (own weight, snow, wind, earthquakes), for example as shown in Figure 8c.
• the orientation of the anchor differs from that of the rigid lever embodiments.
• the anchoring is inclined in the direction of the resistance to exert in the lever arm (called leg here), while the resistance to exercise is vertical with the pulley.
• the spacing between the fulcrum (pivot) and the wall is provided in both cases by the rigid frame of the balance.
• this spacing is kept at a distance by the relative rigidity of the tie rods articulated at each end between the rocker arm and the cantilever arms on the walls, which alleviates the forces exerted on the rest of the structure (bracing and chevrons), whereas with the pulley, this spacing is only ensured by the rigid frame that forms the balance (12) dimensioned according to the circumference of the carrier element (10) and by the stabilizing means (3) which help keep the structure in place.
• the system of levers (L) or the system of pulleys (P) will be preferred depending on the type of admissible forces in the pendulum, the walls, the diaphragms and the foundations.
• the suspension means (2) therefore rest on the pivot (1 1) and advantageously deport the loads of the rigid structure (1) on the carrier element.
• Each pivot (1 1), or fulcrum, is anchored on the support member (10) of the building to provide support to the structure.
• anchoring the pivot (1 1) on the carrier member (10) of the construction (1) is arranged to allow a slight tilting of the pivot perpendicular to the plane of the wall, preferably damped by a seal a damping material separating the anchor point of the pivot disposed between the anchor (or rather the bearing wall) and the pivot.
• the pivot (1 1) can thus remain flexible around the anchor at the top of the wall and offer a (slight) freedom of movement facilitating its function as a fulcrum for the offset of loads.
• An anchor is thus preferably chosen which provides damping of the vibrations in the pivot.
• a recess which can be provided by sealing in the masonry, by rigid bolting not articulated in the wood, or by a system of rigid moise, especially in the case of a pivot in sheave.
• the pivot will then be planned to be loose around the flush mount.
• a hole in the pivot with a diameter slightly larger than that of the flush mount will provide good anchoring while maintaining a slight clearance, for example as shown in Figure 4c (the clearance between the anchor and the pivot is cushioned by a flexible joint to prevent the anchor from breaking under the efforts of the pivot).
• the underside of the pivots may be slightly curved and maintained by flexible seals placed on either side of the fulcrum or the loose anchor point, to ensure the sustainability of the system in case of swaying of the roof (for example in the case of strong winds or recurrent earthquakes), for example as shown in Figure 4c.
• the suspension means (2) comprise at least one link articulated between the lower frame (12) and the pivot (1 1).
• at least one tie rod (121) can be hooked on anchoring means (L4) forming the pivot (1 1) in the carrier element (10) and be connected to the lower frame (12), for example as shown in Figure 3d, where the loop (L4) anchored in the carrier member to which is attached the tie (121).
• anchor pivots because the scrap that is in the concrete will be designed to distribute the loads in the armature at an opposite angle to the load.
• the anchoring (L4) can therefore pivot, to change the angle of the load, as for example shown in Figure 7b where anchor loops of the suspension means (and stabilization means) in scrap are sealed in the concrete stack and form pivot by the possible pivoting of the links hung on it, while allowing to change the orientation of the loads.
• the lever (L) forming at least a portion of the suspension means (2) can be simplified, particularly at its anchoring, as for example shown in Figure 3c.
• a lever (L) to which is attached a tie rod (121) articulating the lever (L) and the lower frame (12), comprises a leg (L1) anchored directly in the carrier element (10) of the construction, thanks to anchors (L10).
• the elbow (L2) of this lever forms the pivot (1 1) and the arm (L3) moves the suspension of the lower frame (12) out of the plane of the carrier element (10) and below the point of support on the pivot.
• the suspension means (2) simply comprise a continuous link fitting the pivot and connecting the carrier member (10) to the lower frame (12).
• the link is anchored to the foot (at least in the lower part) of the carrier element, bypasses the top bearing on the pivot to take the loads of the lower frame.
• Such a link is flexible to dampen the vibrations between the rigid structure and the element (s) carrier (s).
• the suspension means (2) comprise elastic means. Such elastic means form dampers to absorb the stresses exerted by the balance, especially when moving.
• a first illustrative and non-limiting example of such damping suspension means (2) is shown in Figure 4a.
• the lever (L) comprises, instead of an elbow (L2), at least one loop (L2) which, by the rigidity of the lever and its winding on itself, allows a slight deformation providing a function amortization.
• Another illustrative and non-limiting example of such damping suspension means (2) is shown in Figure 4a.
• the lever (L) has a spring (or other resilient means) between the arm (L2) of the lever and the carrier member, to damp the flexion of the arm (L3) around the elbow (L2).
• damping suspension means is preferably provided a reinforced anchoring in the carrier member, for the support of the elastic means, as for example shown in Figure 4d.
• the stabilizing means are often mounted between the chaining of the carrier element (10) and the chaining of the rigid structure (1) which is carried, that this chaining is located at the top, bottom or in the middle of the rigid structure (1) carried (and the carrier element).
• the axes (30) of the stabilizing means (3) can be mounted between the carrier element (10) and the side walls (13) and / or the factoring (14) of the rigid structure, or even on the lower part ( sand pit for example) of this rigid structure but it is generally preferred that the link of the stabilization means is offset relative to the link of the suspension means.
• the ridge (14) is generally integral with at least the lower frame (12).
• the stabilizing means are fixed on the rigid structure at the junction between the side walls (13) and the scaffold (14), for example as illustrated in Figures 1, 2b, 2c, 5a, 5b, 7a, 7c and 7d.
• it is possible and advantageous to set stabilizing means on both the sidewalls and the scaffold for example as shown in the various arrangement examples of FIGS. 9a and 9b, which non-exhaustively illustrate the diversity. possible arrangements.
• the two axes (30) of each pair of axes of the stabilizing means (3) have a non-parallel orientation between them and the pairs of axes (30) are each distributed over a different portion of said structure rigid (1).
• the means (3) of stabilization preferably comprise, for a portion (or pan) of the rigid structure (1), at least two axes (30), called scarves, which are crossed but free with respect to the other and articulated with respect to the rigid structure (1) and the carrier element (10).
• each of the carrier elements (10) is surrounded by a frame (12) and, in most examples of these frames, the axes connected to one side of the frame are crossed.
• the long sides are provided with several axes which intersect each other from one carrying element to another, while on the short sides, the axes of each pair are not parallel but do not intersect (as particularly visible in Figure 9b, on the left: the axes connected to the short side cross the axes connected to the long side, but each axis of the short side does not cross its counterpart) .
• the axes form triangles (at least virtual) which are arranged in inclined planes with respect to the vertical and the horizontal and whose vertices are distant from one pair to another.
• This arrangement provides the advantage of offering optimal stabilization by limiting the number of axes required in these stabilizing means.
• the stabilizing means (3) comprise holding means (32) connecting each of the axes (30) to the carrier element (10).
• these holding means (32) comprise elastic means exerting a prestress on said axes (30).
• the axes (30) or slings may or may not be prestressed and exert on the structure forces that make it possible to stabilize it.
• the damping retaining means (32) can exert at least one thrust force, but are preferably also capable of exerting a restoring force, so that the scarves can exert their stabilizing action irrespective of the direction of movement. strain on the structure.
• the stabilizing means (3) are preferably rigid, to better transmit the restoring forces and / or thrusts exerted by the elastic holding means (32).
• the stabilizing means preferably also form means for supporting the rigid structure.
• the axes are preferably sufficiently rigid to support part of the load of the rigid structure, unlike elastic means.
• rigidity and elasticity which are generally relative, are here defined in the capacity of rigid means to support a load, unlike dampers which offer only an elasticity incapable of carrying a load and only able to dampen the movement of the latter.
• the rigid means defined here may naturally have a certain elasticity (depending on the type of material used), in particular (and not only) in the case where the stabilization means are associated with holding means providing a pre-stress, but they offer sufficient strength to withstand at least a portion of the load on the suspension means.
• rigid axes (30) are generally used as stabilizing means, so that they support the rigid structure in addition to retaining any movements.
• Such articulated axes provide flexibility to the building and retain its movements by fighting against lateral forces (at least non-vertical) but also fight against the load of the rigid structure (whose force is at least approximately vertical).
• stabilization means (3) are obtained which form support means reinforcing the stability and support provided by the suspension means.
• the rigid stabilizing means (3) can support a portion of the weight of the rigid structure (1), while allowing slight movements through their articulated mounting.
• the holding means (32) comprise rigid elements supporting said axes (30). These elements make it possible to relieve the stabilization means in their support function of the rigid structure.
• FIG. 5a illustrates in particular the fact that damping retaining means (32) can be provided for some of the stabilizing means (3) and rigid holding means (32) for other stabilizing means (3).
• the support function stabilization means (3) can be provided by separate support means because in some embodiments, the construction comprises support means which supports a portion of the weight of the rigid structure. Such means are preferably hingedly mounted on the rigid structure to preserve the mobility of the assembly.
• These support means are not shown but it will be understood the various possible arrangements from including examples of arrangements of the stabilizing means. These support means may be arranged between any part of the carrier element (10) and any part of the rigid structure (1) (side walls and / or ridge and / or pendulum or any combination). In addition, these support means may be arranged between the rigid structure (1) and the carrier element (10) on which is suspended the rigid structure but also or alternatively between the rigid structure and another carrier element or another structure . It will be noted that the holding means may be elastic or not and that in both cases they may exert prestressing on the stabilizing means, even if it is generally preferred that this prestressing be exerted by holding means (32). elastic.
• the axes (30) of two contiguous portions or faces of the construction are fixed on the same articulation support (33) on which the articulation (31) of the axis ( 30), as for example shown in Figure 5a.
• the shafts (30) are anchored to the carrier element (10) by means of insoles (33) which are themselves anchored in the carrier element (10) by an anchorage (330) whose orientation is opposed to tearing of the sole (33) (an orientation in general not parallel and preferably perpendicular to the orientation of the axis).
• the stabilizing means (3) stabilize the structure which is suspended by means of the balance and suspension means (2).
• the suspension means (L, P) generally offer a flexibility to the structure that is better to stabilize horizontally and vertically.
• the stabilizing means preferably participate in the elasticity (or flexibility) of the construction (thanks to their articulated assembly detailed below) and thus complement the suspension means.
• the terms elasticity or flexibility of the construction are used here to refer to the fact that it is particularly adapted (thanks to the suspension and stabilization means) to tolerate a deformation, in particular under the effect of important constraints such as winds or earthquakes, but tends to return naturally to its original configuration.
• the stabilization means are a kind of bracing, generally intended to ensure overall stability vis-à-vis the horizontal, vertical and transverse effects resulting from stresses on a construction (eg by winds, earthquakes, landslides , etc.).
• bracing is used here to refer to the stabilization function (the elements fight against exerted forces), although in the field of the frame, various types of bracing are generally provided and vertical bracing is generally distinguished. (intended to transmit horizontal, vertical and transverse forces in the trusses and load-bearing walls) horizontal braces (beams-to-wind intended to oppose the effects of bending or torsion due to these efforts).
• the stabilizing means intersect preferably in a sling on a portion of each pan (pale), but they are generally free relative to each other and the assembly between two windings braces is at the junction between two portions of the roof pan (especially in the case of roofs whose circumference is circular) or at the angle between two faces (the two assembled scarves forming the tip of an articulated triangle).
• this assembly between two scarves is articulated (by a hinge (34), so-called high) on the structure (1) and each scarf is also articulated on the carrier element (10) (by a hinge (31), so-called low), to provide flexibility to the entire structure, to avoid the constraints of rupture.
• the hinge (34) of a scarf on the ridge (14) and / or a side wall (13) also serves as an assembly with a neighboring scarf (ie, extending over another portion of a pan, or on another pan), as shown in most figures except the examples of Figures 9a and 9b).
• each scarf is preferably prestressed by elastic means (32), spaced apart from the joint and connecting the scarf to the sole attached to the wall.
• Figures 5d and 5e illustrate that the distance of the fixation of the elastic means and therefore the axis of the force exerted may vary according to the choice (according to the constraints to be supported).
• the scarf, the sole (33) and the elastic means (32) form a triangle of which one side is elastic and puts the scarf in flexion.
• the pushing force (or booster) exerted by the resilient means (32) allows to subtend the structure that can be referred to as the subtended structure. Bending in the slings helps dampen shocks that could occur in the system in case of strong winds or earthquakes for example. This bending also prevents the lifting of the structure, because of the pressure exerted in the scarves. Bending also enhances stability by exerting a building-oriented force. It is the degree of force exerted in the slings which makes it possible to vary the inclination of each bracing and the shape of two opposite sides which would have neither the same slope, nor the same length, nor the same level of transfer of charges on the structure.
• the number of scarves, as well as their arrangement on the sides of the structure (or portions of structural sections), are variable according to the shape of the roof, as particularly visible in the illustrative and non-limiting examples of Figures 6a, 6b, 6c and 6d.
• the stabilizing means (3) forming a support comprise slings (30) mounted ("in a sling") between the walls (10) of the building (1) and the ridge (14) or side walls (13) of the structure or even the lower part of the structure.
• the support means (3) support only part of the load, and the scarves (30) can be arranged independently of each other.
• the support means (3) preferably comprise scarves (30) which cross each other in pairs in at least a portion of each pan, while remaining free relative to each other. to the other (they cross but are not linked at the level of their crossing).
• the scarves (30) are movable on the load-bearing walls (10) of the building (1) by intermediate joints (31) and are retained by resilient means (32).
• resilient means may comprise a spring, a tie rod, a damper or any type of element sufficiently strong and resilient to withstand the forces exerted on the scarves (30) and provide sufficient force for the bracing of the frame.
• These joints (31, 34) are preferably arranged to allow a movement of the sling (30) in rotation about a ball joint articulated in the three degrees of freedom of space.
• the scarves (30) of two contiguous sides of the roof (or two contiguous portions of a pan) can be fixed at the ridge on the same joint (34).
• Such articulation (34) preferably allows the movements of the scarves (30) in rotation about a hinged joint in the three degrees of freedom of space.
• the articulations (31, 34) of the scarves (30) in fact preferably allow the rotational movements of the scarves (30) according to the three degrees of freedom of the space, and three degrees of connection in the three translations of the space. .
• Such joints (34) may for example be formed by a ball joint whose male part is integral with the socket in which one end of the scarf (30) is embedded and whose female part is bonded by fitting to the plate fixed under the ridge or on the wall.
• the female parts of the patella can be individually fixed under the same plate and be connected to the male parts of the scarves so that each scarf can be articulated independently of others. This is particularly the case for peak structures, regardless of the number of sections.
• a rod articulated horizontally under the plate serves as fixing for the finger joint (three translations and a rotation are linked, leaving free two degrees of freedom) on which are fixed two slings movable between them. This is particularly the case for joints whose scarves go two by two on the same roof section, or on the stop between two adjacent sections, or on two opposite sides.
• the sole (33) of the links of the scarves on the carrier element comprises a plate fixed by embedding (330) on the sand pit or the chaining of the wall (10) by any embedding means, such as that chemical or mechanical seals (fishplates, bolts, frame keys, etc. ..) whose orientation opposes the tearing of the sole (33).
• an anchorage (330) may comprise rods integral with the soleplate and arranged in the wall (10) along an axis symmetrical at the angle of the sling and the horizontal plane at the top of the wall (30), as for example represented in Figures 5d, 5e and 5f.
• the articulation (31) on the walls (10) is composed of a ball joint which preferably allows the rotational movements of the scarves (30) according to the three degrees of freedom of space.
• the joints (31, 34) may for example be formed by a ball joint, the male part of which is integral with the socket in which one end of the scarf (30) is embedded and whose female part is bonded by fitting to the plate of the sole attached to the wall.
• the plate of the soleplate on which the female part of the ball is fixed is distinct from the plate bound by embedding in the wall so that the two plates are connected together by a damper system to reduce the horizontal forces of scarves in the load-bearing walls of the building.
• the sole function (33) and pivot (1 1) can be provided by the same structural means, for example when the sole (33) and the pivot (1 1) are continuous along the entire length of the wall . Nevertheless, a pivot (1 1) composed of a plurality of support points for the suspension means (L, P), distinct from one or more sole (s) (33) each supporting a scarf (30), is preferred. ). Indeed, even if a continuous beam (which is not necessarily monoblock) anchored on the top of a wall can form both the pivot (1 1) and the sole (33), the anchoring for these two means is not necessarily the same because the translation and rotation constraints they undergo are different.
• the two ends of the scarves (30) are mounted in housings (35) arranged to protect them, as for example visible in Figures 5d, 5e and 5f.
• the elastic means (32) and the articulation (31) of the scarves (30) on the walls (10) and / or the articulation (34) of the scarves (30) on the ridge (4) and / or the articulation of the holding means (32) are fixed on the housings (35) so that the forces are not exerted directly on the scarves (30) and the integrity of the scarves (30) is preserved .
• the invention comprises suspension means and stabilizing means.
• these stabilization means advantageously comprise at least one of the following aspects:
• the invention can also take advantage of the combination of these various aspects because the use of stabilizing means forming support means allows a distribution of forces on rigid oblique elements providing support and limiting even more the oscillations that a shock absorber.
• the use of the holding means on the stabilization means oriented in oblique planes reinforce the stability of these planes stabilizing means.
• the use of holding means in combination with the support stabilizing means allows the holding means to stabilize and support the stabilizing means.
• the combined use of these 3 aspects provides optimum strength and stability, while providing flexibility to withstand extreme conditions (such as winds or earthquakes).
• the method of implementing a resistant construction according to the invention comprises the following steps:
• the method includes a step of installing soles (33) for anchoring the stabilizing means on the carrier member (10).
• the method comprises a step of fixing holding means (32) stabilizing means on the flanges (33).
• the step of fixing the holding means is followed by a step of compressing or energizing the elastic means (32) between the axes (30) and the soles (33) (compression). in the case of holding means exerting a pushing or energizing force in the case of holding means exerting a restoring force).
• the method includes a step of installing support means between said carrier member and the rigid structure.
• these support means may be arranged between any part of the carrier element (10) and any part of the rigid structure (1).

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• 2012
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