EP2880294A2 - Moteur thermique et cycle thermodynamique destinés à convertir de la chaleur en travail utile - Google Patents

Moteur thermique et cycle thermodynamique destinés à convertir de la chaleur en travail utile

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Publication number
EP2880294A2
EP2880294A2 EP13745126.6A EP13745126A EP2880294A2 EP 2880294 A2 EP2880294 A2 EP 2880294A2 EP 13745126 A EP13745126 A EP 13745126A EP 2880294 A2 EP2880294 A2 EP 2880294A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
working gas
heat
heat engine
storage
storage arrangement
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP13745126.6A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2880294B1 (fr
Inventor
István MAJOROS
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Individual
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Individual
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Publication date
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Publication of EP2880294A2 publication Critical patent/EP2880294A2/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2880294B1 publication Critical patent/EP2880294B1/fr
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
    • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
    • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
    • F02G1/044—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines having at least two working members, e.g. pistons, delivering power output
    • F02G1/0445—Engine plants with combined cycles, e.g. Vuilleumier
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
    • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
    • F02G1/053—Component parts or details
    • F02G1/055—Heaters or coolers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a heat engine for converting heat into useful work according to the features of the preamble of claim 1 and a thermodynamic cyclic process.
  • heat engines are used to convert heat into useful work, which can be used for example for driving a generator or a vehicle.
  • a fuel is burned and the heat energy released thereby is converted into mechanical work.
  • a group of heat engines form the internal combustion engines.
  • a mixture of air and fuel is compressed so much by a piston that it ignites spontaneously.
  • the energy thus released leads to an expansion of the gas and thus to a force on the piston, which can then perform a mechanical work. After complete expansion of the gas, this is released as exhaust gas to the environment and the residual heat contained therein can no longer be used.
  • heat engines are hot air engines, such as a Stirling engine.
  • heat is supplied to the engine from the outside, for example by an external combustion or a solar system.
  • a closed working gas Inside the engine there is a closed working gas, to which the heat is supplied and which undergoes a thermodynamic cyclic process to convert the heat into useful work.
  • such heat engines have a storage arrangement for a working gas, which is divided into a cold and a warm chamber.
  • a working piston arrangement By means of a movable piston arrangement, the working gas is pressed back and forth between the two chambers and at the same time the total volume of the storage arrangement is changed.
  • the total volume is variable, for example, by the movement of a working piston, which dissipates the work done by the working gas as useful work.
  • Such devices have the disadvantage that the efficiency in the internal combustion engines is reduced by the fact that the waste heat of the exhaust gas can not be converted into mechanical work.
  • the hot-air engines have a relatively complex mechanism that can not simulate the ideal cycle and thereby also the efficiency is reduced.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a heat engine and a thermodynamic cycle for converting heat into useful work, which allow a low complexity of the mechanically moving elements and allow high efficiency.
  • the invention provides a heat engine for conversion of heat into useful work having the features of the preamble of claim 1 with the features of the characterizing part, according to which the heat engine comprises a second storage arrangement for the working gas, which in a second cold and a second warm chamber is divided and a second movable piston assembly is designed such that it changes the total volume of the second storage arrangement and the working gas between the two second chambers back and forth, and that a connection between the first and the second storage arrangement is provided that at least during a subset of the working gas is exchanged between the two storage arrangements of a predefined constellation of the two piston assemblies.
  • the heat engine according to the invention provides a first storage arrangement with a first movable piston assembly which reciprocates the working gas contained therein between the two first chambers and additionally comprises a second storage arrangement, in which a second movable storage arrangement, the working gas between the two second chambers back and forth and in addition a connection between the first and the second memory arrangement is provided to exchange a partial amount of the working gas between the two storage arrangements during a predefined constellation of the two piston assemblies, a pressure equalization between the two memory arrangements is achieved.
  • a mass Am of the working gas is discharged from the one higher pressure accumulator assembly to the other lower pressure accumulator assembly.
  • the heat engine may be an internal combustion engine or a hot air engine.
  • the warm chambers may be designed to be heated by an external heat source.
  • the cold chambers may be designed so that heat can be dissipated to an external storage or to the environment.
  • the two storage arrangements can be designed as cylinders, in each of which the movable piston arrangements run.
  • the storage arrangements can be tubular, in which in particular the piston arrangements run with a linear movement.
  • the first and second memory arrangements may be the same.
  • the first and second movable piston assemblies may be mechanically coupled together.
  • the working gas may comprise a monatomic or biphasic gas, and in particular may be a gas mixture.
  • the static pressure of the gas may be variable in a range of 2 to 150 bar.
  • the working gas may be in particular air.
  • the temperature difference between the hot and the cold chamber of a respective storage arrangement may preferably be in a range from 1 K to 1000 K, in particular in a range from 10 K to 300 K, in particular in a range from 50 K to 150 K.
  • the heat engine may be configured so that the working gas is hermetically sealed in the two storage arrangements.
  • connection of the two storage arrangements can be designed such that an exchange of a partial quantity of the working gas from the warm chamber of the one storage arrangement flows to the cold chamber of the second storage arrangement. This ensures that part of the heat already present in the one memory arrangement is transferred to the other memory arrangement.
  • connection of the two storage arrangements be designed so that when exchanging a partial amount of the working gas, the volume of the warm chamber of the one storage arrangement and the cold chamber of the other storage arrangement is maximum.
  • the first and the second memory arrangement can be designed as first and second displacement cylinders.
  • At least one storage arrangement may comprise a piston arrangement with a displacement piston and be designed so that the total volume of the storage arrangement does not change during a movement of the displacement piston.
  • the piston assembly may be configured to divide the accumulator assembly into the cold and warm chambers.
  • connection between the two storage arrangements may comprise a working cylinder which is particularly suitable for changing the total volume of the two storage arrangements.
  • the power cylinder may be configured to simultaneously change the total volume of both memory arrays.
  • the change of the total volume of the two storage arrangements is effected by the working cylinder and the back and forth of the working gas between the two chambers by the displacement piston. This allows a correspondingly simple implementation of the mechanics of the heat engine.
  • the displacement cylinder and the working cylinder can be arranged on a common axis.
  • the two piston arrangements may comprise a piston rod, on which a working piston and two displacement pistons are arranged.
  • the working piston can run within the working cylinder and the two displacement pistons within the respective displacement cylinder.
  • the two storage arrangements can each comprise a heater and a cooler which are suitable for supplying or removing heat energy to the working gas.
  • the heater and the radiator of a storage arrangement can be arranged in a region of the hot or cold chamber. The fact that the two storage arrangements each comprise a heater and a cooler, a more efficient exchange is achieved with the working gas, since the heat does not have to be added or removed from the working gas via housing parts.
  • the radiator and / or the heater may be arranged so that the working gas passes through them when switching between the cold and the warm chamber.
  • the heater and / or the radiator may comprise a lamellar structure which permits efficient heat exchange with the working gas.
  • a regenerator which is suitable for storing heat from the working gas can be arranged in each case between the heater and the cooler. As a result of this arrangement, part of the heat can be extracted from the warm working gas by the regenerator and later returned to the cold working gas. Thus, the efficiency of the heat engine can be further increased.
  • the regenerator may be configured to add or remove heat to the working gas as the working gas is reciprocated between the warm and cold chambers.
  • the regenerator may have a lamellar structure.
  • the warm chamber may be divided into two sub-chambers, which are interconnected via a connecting channel.
  • At least one storage arrangement can be designed such that a displacement piston, a cold chamber, a heater, a regenerator and / or a cooler is arranged in a cylinder between the first and the second partial chamber.
  • the second sub-chamber may be connected to the working cylinder.
  • the heat engine may include a flywheel and / or a spring, which is in particular connected to the first and / or the second piston assembly.
  • the flywheel and / or the spring may be adapted to temporarily store a portion of the performed work of the first and / or the second memory array and later return it to the memory array.
  • the flywheel and / or the Spring can be connected to the piston rod.
  • the invention further provides a thermodynamic cycle for a heat engine, according to which in a work cycle during a first process step in a first memory arrangement, a volume V ! of a working gas having the mass rrii + Am is expanded and heated from a temperature Tu and a compensation pressure p m to a volume Vi + AVi so that thereafter the temperature Ti 2 is greater than Tu and the pressure p 2 is greater than the compensation pressure p m , and during a second process step in a second storage arrangement, a volume V 2 + AV 2 of a working gas having the mass m 2 is compressed and cooled from a temperature T 22 and the compensation pressure p m to a volume V 2 such that thereafter the temperature T 2 i is less than T 22 and the pressure pi is smaller than the compensation pressure p m , and during a third process step a compression in the first memory arrangement and an expansion in the second memory arrangement takes place such that in both memory arrangements the same compensation pressure p m of the working gas is present, wherein preferably the two storage arrangements
  • the first and the second process step can take place simultaneously.
  • a volume V ! + AV ! of a working gas with the mass m-, starting from a temperature T 12 and the compensation pressure p m are compressed and cooled to a volume Vi so that thereafter the temperature Tu is less than Ti 2 and the pressure pn is smaller than the compensation pressure p m
  • a volume V 2 of a working gas having the mass m 2 + Am can be expanded and heated from a temperature T 21 and a compensation pressure p m to a volume V 2 + AV 2 Thereafter, the temperature T 22 is greater than T 21 and the pressure p 22 is greater than the compensation pressure p m .
  • an expansion in the first storage arrangement and a compression in the second storage arrangement can take place such that the same equilibrium pressure p m of the working gas then exists in both storage arrangements, wherein preferably the two memory arrangements are connected to one another such that a mass Am of the working gas is exchanged between the two memory arrangements.
  • the fourth and the fifth process step can take place simultaneously.
  • the heat engine may be connected to a solar system, which in particular has solar panels for converting solar energy into heat.
  • the heat engine can be provided to generate useful work from the waste heat of a second heat engine.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a heat engine according to the invention in a side view
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of the heat engine according to FIG. 1 during the process steps 1 and 2 of the thermodynamic cycle
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of the heat engine according to FIG. 1 during the process step 3 of the thermodynamic cycle
  • FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of the heat engine according to FIG. 1 during the process steps 4 and 5 of a further cycle of the thermodynamic cycle;
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of the heat engine according to FIG. 1 during the process step 6 of a further cycle of the thermodynamic cycle; and FIG. 6 shows in a pV diagram a cycle of the thermodynamic cycle.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a heat engine 1 according to the invention in a side view.
  • a first storage arrangement 2A for a working gas which is subdivided into a first cold chamber 3A and a first warm chamber 4A. The subdivision is carried out here via the first movable piston assembly 5A.
  • a second storage arrangement 2B which is divided into the second cold chamber 3B and the second hot chamber 4B by a second movable piston arrangement 5B.
  • the two storage arrangements 2A, 2B are connected to one another via a connection 6, so that during two constellations of the piston arrangements 5A, 5B a partial amount of the working gas can be exchanged between the two storage arrangements 2A, 2B.
  • the two storage arrangements 2A, 2B are designed as displacement cylinders 7A, 7B, which have a circular cross-section and are each subdivided into a warm chamber 4A, 4B and a cold chamber 3A, 3B.
  • the subdivision is realized by the piston assembly 5A, 5B, wherein the two displacement pistons 1 1 A and 1 1 B are located on a common piston rod 9.
  • the piston rod 9 moves back and forth on the axis C-C.
  • the storage devices 2A, 2B each have a heater 12A, 12B, a regenerator 14A, 14B, and a radiator 13A, 13B. With the heaters 12A, 12B, heat can be supplied to the working gas derived from an external heat source.
  • the coolers 13A, 13B are designed so that the working gas can be extracted from heat and discharged to the outside. For example, this is done by a cooling water circuit that flows through the radiator 13A, 13B.
  • a regenerator 14A, 14B is arranged, which is designed here as a copper wire mesh and thus can temporarily store heat from the working gas as it flows through.
  • the warm chambers 4A, 4B are subdivided into respectively two sub-chambers 4Aa, 4Ab, 4Ba, 4Bb, which are connected to one another via the connecting channels 15A, 15B.
  • the displacement piston 1 1 A, 1 1 B the working gas from the cold chamber 3A, 3B through the radiator 13A, 13B, the regenerator 14A, 14B, the heater 12A, 12B in which a warm compartment chamber 4Ab, 4Bb GE. long and from there via the connecting channel 15A, 15B in the other sub-chamber 4Aa, 4Ba.
  • this process can be reversed.
  • connection 6 which is designed as a working cylinder 8.
  • a working piston 10 which is also firmly connected to the piston rod 9 runs.
  • the total volume of the storage arrangement 2A, 2B is thus changed.
  • the working piston 10 is moved to the left in FIG. 1, the volume of the first storage arrangement 2A is increased or that of the second storage arrangement 2B is reduced.
  • the volume of the first storage arrangement 2A is reduced or the storage arrangement 2B is enlarged.
  • the piston rod is connected to a crankshaft, on which a flywheel is mounted (not shown here), which can buffer a part of the work done by the working gas.
  • a flywheel is mounted (not shown here)
  • the exact function of the heat engine and the movement of the working gas within the displacement piston 7A, 7B and the working piston will be explained in more detail with reference to the following four figures.
  • FIG. 2 the heat engine according to FIG. 1 is shown schematically during process steps 1 and 2 of the thermodynamic cycle, the piston rod 9 moving to the left in FIG. It can be seen that the displacement piston 1 1 A within the displacement cylinder 7A also moves to the left, the volume of the cool chamber 3A decreases. As a result, the working gas is forced through the radiator 13A, the regenerator 14A and the heater 12A, and as a result, the working gas is heated and passes from there to the sub-chamber 4Ab subsequent to the heater. A part of the working gas flows from there through the connection channel 15A back into the second partial chamber 4Aa. Thus, there is also heated working gas in the second sub-chamber 4Aa.
  • the working piston 10 moves with the piston rod 9 to the left and the total volume of the first storage device 2A is increased accordingly.
  • the volume V of the working gas with the mass m + Am is thus increased in the first storage arrangement 2A and, at the same time, the temperature is increased from to T 2 .
  • the temperature increase is chosen so that the pressure of the working gas from p m to p 2 increases. This causes a force on the working piston 1 0, whereby the actual useful work is performed by the working gas and can be derived via the working piston 1 0.
  • the volume of the warm sub-chamber 4Ba decreases and the working gas is forced through the connecting channel 15B into the second warm sub-chamber 4Bb. Subsequently, the working gas is forced by the heater 12B, the regenerator 14B and the radiator 13B and thus cooled, and then enters the cold chamber 3B. At the same time, the total volume of the storage arrangement 2B is reduced by the movement of the working piston 1 0 in Figure 2 to the left.
  • the working gas having the mass m in the second storage device 2B is cooled from the temperature T 2 to the lower temperature Ti and at the same time the volume is compressed from V + AV to V. At the same time, the working gas is cooled down so much that the pressure also drops to a low pressure p 2 .
  • the first memory device 2A Just before the pistons 1 1 A, 1 0, 1 1 B have reached their extreme position in Figure 2 left, so is in the first memory device 2A a partial mass m + Am with the high temperature T 2 , the high pressure p 2 and the larger volume V + AV.
  • the second storage device 2B is a subset of the working gas with the mass m, the low temperature T ; the low pressure and the smaller volume V.
  • this subset Am of the working gas is cooled to the temperature Ti.
  • the corresponding gas compression work q1 is transferred from the first memory array 2A to the second memory array 2B.
  • FIG. 4 diagrammatically shows the heat engine according to FIG. 1 during process steps 4 and 5 of a further cycle of the thermodynamic cyclic process, the reverse change of state taking place here as in FIG. 2. It can be seen here that the piston rod 9 moves to the right and thus also the two displacement pistons 1 1 A, 1 1 B, and the working piston 10th
  • the working gas having the mass m is cooled to the lower temperature after the state change, and thereby the volume V + AV is compressed to V.
  • the pressure is lowered in this state change from the mean pressure p m to the lower pressure.
  • the working gas is forced from the cool chamber 3B through the radiator 13B, the regenerator 14B and the heater 12B into the sub-chamber 4Bb and heated. Subsequently, it passes through the connecting channel 15B into the second warm partial chamber 4Ba. At the same time, the total Lumen of the second memory assembly 2B by the movement of the working piston 10 in the working cylinder 8 increases.
  • the working gas with the mass m + Am in the second memory arrangement 2B after this change of state has the higher temperature T 2 , the greater volume V + AV and the higher pressure p 2 .
  • FIG. 5 shows the heat engine according to FIG. 1 during the process step 6 of a further cycle of the thermodynamic cycle.
  • the pistons 1 1 A, 10, 1 1 B are in the outermost rightmost position.
  • the volume of the cold chamber 3A and in the second storage arrangement 2B the volume of the hot chamber 4B is maximum.
  • the working piston moves so far out of the working cylinder that an open connection between the two storage arrangements 2A, 2B is formed.
  • a pressure equalization between the two storage devices 2A, 2B is achieved and a subset of the working gas with the mass Am flows from the second memory arrangement with the higher pressure p 2 in the first memory device 2A with the lower pressure pi.
  • the working gas passes past the working piston through the heater 12A and the regenerator 14A and the radiator 1 3A in the cooler chamber 3A and is thereby cooled.
  • the mean pressure q m prevails in both storage arrangements 2A, 2B.
  • FIG. 6 shows a p-V diagram of a cycle of the thermodynamic cycle in which the state changes of FIGS. 2 and 3 are summarized. You can see a diagram in which the abscissa shows the volume and the ordinate the pressure.
  • the working gas has the mean pressure p m , the volume V and the temperature T ⁇
  • the working gas now reaches the volume V + AV and is simultaneously at the temperature T 2 heated.
  • the pressure equalization between the two memory arrangements 2A, 2B takes place on the mean pressure p m , wherein now the working gas in the first memory device 2A in state Z 3 and in the second memory device 2B in state ⁇ .
  • the mass Am of the working gas is discharged from the first storage arrangement 2A to the second storage arrangement 2B.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un moteur thermique (1) destiné à convertir de la chaleur en travail utile. Il comprend un premier ensemble d'accumulateur (2A) pour un gaz de travail, lequel est divisé en une première chambre froide (3A) et en une première chambre chaude (4A). Un premier ensemble de piston mobile (5A) est réalisé de telle manière qu'il modifie le volume total du premier ensemble d'accumulateur (2A) et presse le gaz de travail en va-et-vient entre les deux premières chambres (3A, 4A). L'invention est caractérisée en ce que le moteur thermique (1) comprend un second ensemble d'accumulateur (2B) pour le gaz de travail, ce dernier étant divisé en une seconde chambre froide (3B) et en une seconde chambre chaude (4B), et un second ensemble de piston mobile (5B) est réalisé de telle manière qu'il modifie le volume total du second ensemble d'accumulateur (2B) et presse le gaz de travail en va-et-vient entre les deux chambres (3B, 4B). L'invention est également caractérisée par le fait qu'une liaison (6) est établie entre le premier et le second ensemble d'accumulateur (2A, 2B), pour qu'une quantité partielle du gaz de travail entre les deux ensembles d'accumulateur (2A, 2B) soit remplacée au moins pendant une constellation prédéfinie des deux ensembles d'accumulateur (5A, 5B).
EP13745126.6A 2012-08-06 2013-08-06 Moteur thermique et cycle thermodynamique destinés à convertir de la chaleur en travail utile Active EP2880294B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102012213878.1A DE102012213878B4 (de) 2012-08-06 2012-08-06 Wärmekraftmaschine und thermodynamischer Kreisprozess zur Umwandlung von Wärme in Nutzarbeit
PCT/EP2013/066457 WO2014023722A2 (fr) 2012-08-06 2013-08-06 Moteur thermique et cycle thermodynamique destinés à convertir de la chaleur en travail utile

Publications (2)

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EP2880294A2 true EP2880294A2 (fr) 2015-06-10
EP2880294B1 EP2880294B1 (fr) 2016-10-19

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US (1) US20150211439A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2880294B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN104704228B (fr)
DE (1) DE102012213878B4 (fr)
WO (1) WO2014023722A2 (fr)

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Publication number Publication date
WO2014023722A3 (fr) 2014-05-01
CN104704228A (zh) 2015-06-10
EP2880294B1 (fr) 2016-10-19
CN104704228B (zh) 2016-08-17
DE102012213878A1 (de) 2014-02-06
DE102012213878B4 (de) 2017-10-19
WO2014023722A2 (fr) 2014-02-13
US20150211439A1 (en) 2015-07-30

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