EP2882688A2 - Procédé pour la préparation de matériaux actifs protégés partiellement en surface pour des batteries au lithium - Google Patents
Procédé pour la préparation de matériaux actifs protégés partiellement en surface pour des batteries au lithiumInfo
- Publication number
- EP2882688A2 EP2882688A2 EP13756641.0A EP13756641A EP2882688A2 EP 2882688 A2 EP2882688 A2 EP 2882688A2 EP 13756641 A EP13756641 A EP 13756641A EP 2882688 A2 EP2882688 A2 EP 2882688A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- particles
- anhydrous composition
- formula
- zone
- mixtures
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 127
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- -1 lithium hexafluorophosphate Chemical compound 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- YRKCREAYFQTBPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetylacetone Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(C)=O YRKCREAYFQTBPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 91
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 66
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000011572 manganese Chemical group 0.000 claims description 18
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical group [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910013292 LiNiO Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical group [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical group [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical group [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical group [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- QBQVCCUJHAORJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-prop-2-enylpentane-2,4-dione Chemical compound CC(=O)C(C(C)=O)CC=C QBQVCCUJHAORJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- AXLMPTNTPOWPLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enyl 3-oxobutanoate Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(=O)OCC=C AXLMPTNTPOWPLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XYIBRDXRRQCHLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl acetoacetate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC(C)=O XYIBRDXRRQCHLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229940093858 ethyl acetoacetate Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 11
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 11
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 60
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 50
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 42
- XPGAWFIWCWKDDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-olate;zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [Zr+4].CCC[O-].CCC[O-].CCC[O-].CCC[O-] XPGAWFIWCWKDDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 23
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 21
- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZrO2 Inorganic materials O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 9
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic anhydride Chemical compound CC(=O)OC(C)=O WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004320 controlled atmosphere Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000004621 scanning probe microscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910007926 ZrCl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003760 magnetic stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001512 metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UKLDJPRMSDWDSL-UHFFFAOYSA-L [dibutyl(dodecanoyloxy)stannyl] dodecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[Sn](CCCC)(CCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC UKLDJPRMSDWDSL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- DZUDZSQDKOESQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound [Co].OO DZUDZSQDKOESQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012975 dibutyltin dilaurate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M .beta-Phenylacrylic acid Natural products [O-]C(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SSDBLXDGTNSCBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methylprop-2-enoylamino)oxybenzoic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)NOC1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O SSDBLXDGTNSCBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IBDVWXAVKPRHCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl 3-oxobutanoate Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(=O)OCCOC(=O)C(C)=C IBDVWXAVKPRHCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000536 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XHZPRMZZQOIPDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CC(C)(C)NC(=O)C=C XHZPRMZZQOIPDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFNISBHGPNMTMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylideneoxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound C=C1CC(=O)OC1=O OFNISBHGPNMTMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K Aluminium flouride Chemical compound F[Al](F)F KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000004438 BET method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-SREVYHEPSA-N Cinnamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-SREVYHEPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003495 Li(Ni, Mn, Co, Al)O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012406 LiNi0.5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910005580 NiCd Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005813 NiMH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium phosphate Chemical compound O1[Al]2OP1(=O)O2 ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- YZYDPPZYDIRSJT-UHFFFAOYSA-K boron phosphate Chemical compound [B+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O YZYDPPZYDIRSJT-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910000149 boron phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cd] OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- BEFDCLMNVWHSGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenylcyclopentane Chemical compound C=CC1CCCC1 BEFDCLMNVWHSGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002573 ethenylidene group Chemical group [*]=C=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001033 granulometry Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl p-hydroxycinnamate Natural products OC(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004334 sorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010199 sorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940075582 sorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052566 spinel group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006557 surface reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- JFZKOODUSFUFIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluoro phosphate Chemical compound FOP(=O)(OF)OF JFZKOODUSFUFIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- C01G45/1221—Manganates or manganites with trivalent manganese, tetravalent manganese or mixtures thereof
- C01G45/1228—Manganates or manganites with trivalent manganese, tetravalent manganese or mixtures thereof of the type (MnO2)-, e.g. LiMnO2 or Li(MxMn1-x)O2
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- C01G45/1242—Manganates or manganites with trivalent manganese, tetravalent manganese or mixtures thereof of the type (Mn2O4)-, e.g. LiMn2O4 or Li(MxMn2-x)O4
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- C01G51/42—Complex oxides containing cobalt and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2
- C01G51/44—Complex oxides containing cobalt and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2 containing manganese
- C01G51/50—Complex oxides containing cobalt and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(CoxMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyCoxMn1-x-y)O2
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- C01G51/44—Complex oxides containing cobalt and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2 containing manganese
- C01G51/54—Complex oxides containing cobalt and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2 containing manganese of the type (Mn2O4)-, e.g. Li(CoxMn2-x)O4 or Li(MyCoxMn2-x-y)O4
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- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/54—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (Mn2O4)-, e.g. Li(NixMn2-x)O4 or Li(MyNixMn2-x-y)O4
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C01P2004/82—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases
- C01P2004/84—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases one phase coated with the other
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for preparing particles for use as active materials in a composite electrode for lithium batteries, which are coated with at least one layer of oxide, preferably a metal oxide layer, covering only the areas that are likely to be more reactive with a LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte.
- Lithium batteries, or lithium accumulators occupy an increasingly important place in the market for the storage of electrical energy. Indeed, their current performance, particularly in the storage of electrical energy, far exceeds older technologies based on nickel batteries such as NiMH nickel metal hydride batteries or nickel cadmium NiCd batteries.
- lithium-ion batteries are particularly interesting rechargeable batteries because they can be advantageously used as a source of energy in portable electronic devices such as mobile phones and laptops, especially because of their low cost of ownership. This has been reduced by three in ten years, or in the automotive field, particularly electric cars, which requires a longer service life, higher electrochemical performances and a higher level of safety.
- lithium - ion batteries include a positive electrode, originally formed with a lamellar type oxide such as lithiated cobalt dioxide L1COO 2 as an active material, a negative electrode, initially made of carbonaceous materials such as graphite and an electrolyte impregnated in a porous separator and generally consisting of a mixture of carbonates and a lithium salt, in particular lithium hexafluorophosphate LiPF 6 .
- a positive electrode originally formed with a lamellar type oxide such as lithiated cobalt dioxide L1COO 2 as an active material
- a negative electrode initially made of carbonaceous materials such as graphite and an electrolyte impregnated in a porous separator and generally consisting of a mixture of carbonates and a lithium salt, in particular lithium hexafluorophosphate LiPF 6 .
- the carbonaceous materials coke, natural and artificial graphite, mesoporous carbon microspheres (MCMB), ...), lithium titanates of type Li 4 Ti 5 0 i 2 or even materials capable of forming an alloy with lithium such as silicon, tin or aluminum. Since each type of material is limited by its intrinsic properties, lithium accumulators with different specificities are obtained. For example, electrochemical systems having high charge or discharge power can be obtained for low storage energies or vice versa. Similarly, some materials can make a gain on the cost or safety of accumulators, or on their longevity or ability to recharge quickly.
- spinel materials of LiNi x Mn 2 -x0 4 type has proved advantageous for the manufacture of positive electrodes because these materials have a low cost price, due to the abundance of manganese, and have a high high operating potential on the order of 4.7V vs. Li + / Li which saves about 1 volt compared to conventional electrochemical systems using materials such as lithiated cobalt dioxide LiCo0 2 .
- the storage specific energy increases from 540 Wh.kg " for a system comprising a positive electrode using LiCo0 2 lithium cobalt dioxide at 700 Wh.kg " 1 for a system whose positive electrode is made from materials spinels.
- Systems using spinel materials of LiNi x Mn 2 - x 0 4 type thus have a certain number of advantages and make it possible in parallel to reach high powers of charge and discharge.
- the electrodes made from spinel materials of LiNi x Mn 2 - x 0 4 type have the disadvantage of having a reduced lifetime during (s) galvanostatic cycling (s), that is to say during the cycles comprising charging and discharging the electrochemical cell, as the cycling temperature increased.
- s galvanostatic cycling
- Such a limitation of the life of this type of electrode is due in particular to the degradation of the electrolyte during the operation of the accumulator.
- the lithium hexafluorophosphate LiPF 6 is degraded giving rise to the appearance of lithium fluoride LiF and pentafluorophosphate PF 5 according to the following mechanism: LiPF 6 - ⁇ LiF + PF 5
- pentafluorophosphate in the electrolyte then contributes, in the presence of water molecules, to generate HF hydrofluoric acid and OPF 3 trifluorophosphate according to the following reaction:
- the presence of hydrofluoric acid in the electrolyte therefore tends to favor and increase the dissolution rate of the manganese within the electrolyte, thus causing degradation of the electrode during galvanostatic cycling.
- the reaction between the electrolyte and the LiNi x Mn 2 - x 04 spinel materials leads to the formation of a passivation layer at the level of the grain surface of active materials which causes a decrease in their electrochemical performance.
- the metal oxides that can be used as a coating include alumina A1 2 0 3 , zirconium dioxide Zr0 2 or tin dioxide Sn0 2 .
- Coatings based on aluminum trifluoride A1F 3 , or more generally based on metal halides, may also be grafted onto the surface of the active materials.
- Phosphates such as AlP0 4 aluminum orthophosphate and BPO 4 boron phosphate can also be used as a coating.
- Such coatings are described in particular in patent applications WO 201 1/03 1544, WO 2006/1 09930 and US 201 1/01 1298.
- Coatings based on oxides or metal fluorides can be made from a so-gel process, a co-precipitation process as well as by means of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or a physical vapor deposition (PVD).
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- PVD physical vapor deposition
- Coating of the active materials carried out by means of co-precipitation is generally carried out in an aqueous solvent, in which a metal salt has been dissolved.
- the particles to be coated are then dispersed in the medium and the pH of the solution is modified by addition of an acid or a base so that the salt precipitates in the form of a metal oxide on the surface of the particles to be coated.
- the solvent is then evaporated and the recovered coated particles are annealed at temperatures of several hundred degrees, ranging from 250 to 800 ° C, for several hours.
- the annealing may be carried out under air for particles coated with a metal oxide and under an inert atmosphere for particles coated with a metal fluoride.
- coatings made from metal halides can also be obtained by means of a co-precipitation method by dispersing in an aqueous solvent an NH 4 X ammonium halide salt, with X corresponding to a halogen atom.
- the coating of active materials from a sol-gel process is generally carried out using metal alkoxides as precursors.
- the metal alkoxides are thus dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent, preferably an alcohol, so as to obtain a solution and the particles to be coated are then dispersed in said solution.
- the solution is mixed for several hours at a temperature of 80 ° C while allowing the solvent to evaporate slowly.
- the particles are then recovered and annealed at temperatures which may be of the order of 400 ° C. for five hours in air.
- a zirconium precursor solution is prepared from isopropanol, zirconium tetrapropoxide (Zr (OC 3 H 7 ) 4 ), acetylacetone and water in molar ratios of 170/1 / 1.5 / 6.
- the particles to be coated (LiNii / 3Mni / 3 Co / 302) are then added and the resulting solution is stirred under ultrasound for 30 minutes at 40 ° C. The solvent is then evaporated under vacuum.
- the volume of the precursor solution, in which the particles of LiNiO.4Mn1.6O4 are dispersed, is calculated so as to obtain a final amount of ZrCl.sub.2 of between 0.35 and 3.5 mol% .
- the powders obtained are then heated to 750.degree. ° C for two hours under oxygen.
- the particles (Linii / 3 Mni / Coi 3/3 02) obtained as a result of this process comprise at their surface a deposit of particles of zirconium dioxide (Zr0 2 ) and not a layer consisting of zirconium dioxide.
- this process does not lead to the production of a layer of zirconium dioxide covering the particles and, therefore, does not effectively protect the active materials during galavanostatic cycling.
- a ZrO 2 type coating by using a ZrCl 4 metal salt precursor (HM Wu et al J. Power Sources 195, 2010, 2909).
- This salt is dissolved in ether and the particles to be coated are added.
- the ZrCl 4 particles gradually form inert ZrO 2 particles in the ether which cover the surface of the particles to be coated.
- the remaining solvent is then evaporated under vacuum and the powder is calcined at 400 ° C for six hours.
- particles are also obtained which comprise at their surface a deposit of zirconium dioxide particles (Zr0 2 ) and not a layer consisting of zirconium dioxide (Zr0 2 ).
- the methods used do not yet make it possible to lead to particles, intended to be used as active materials in a composite electrode of a lithium battery, which are suitably coated with oxides of metals, generally of oxides, and whose reactivity with a lithium hexafluorophosphate LiPF 6 electrolyte is satisfactorily lowered to a stable electrochemical system.
- the object of the invention is in particular to provide a method for driving particles coated with a layer consisting of oxide, in particular metal oxide, which are intended to be used as that active materials in a composite electrode of a lithium battery in order to decrease their reactivity during galvanostatic cycling, including at high temperature, and to obtain a better electrochemical stability.
- oxide in particular metal oxide
- the process according to the invention therefore consists in particular in partially coating the particles as defined above in order to cover the zones which are the most reactive with respect to a lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte. LiPF 6 while keeping free the least reactive areas vis-à-vis this electrolyte.
- the particles are covered locally on the most reactive zones with respect to the electrolyte by layers of oxide, in particular of metal oxide, which are uniform and dense.
- the particles obtained as a result of this process are therefore less subject to any chemical and / or electrochemical reactions.
- the process therefore leads to the preparation of particles of which only the most reactive parts are protected from the electrolyte, which makes it possible to greatly reduce the reactivity of said particles at a high operating potential.
- the fact of having particles having areas which are not covered by an oxide layer, that is to say of free parts makes it possible to promote the insertion and circulation of the particles. lithium ions more efficiently than if they had been covered.
- the partial coating of the particles serving as active materials within a composite electrode in a lithium battery promotes the circulation of lithium ions during the charging and discharging of the electrochemical cell.
- the particles obtained with the process according to the invention do not cause a loss of discharge capacity since they lead to an improvement the kinetics of insertion of lithium ions. Indeed, the uniform coverage of the particles over their entire surface tends to slow down the flow of lithium ions within the electrochemical cell.
- the process according to the present invention has the advantage of being more economical than a chemical or physical vapor deposition process.
- the method thus implemented thus makes it possible to prepare particles which are suitably coated with a layer of oxide, preferably of metal oxide, so as to effectively reduce their reactivity with respect to an electrolyte of a battery. lithium.
- the present invention therefore has especially obj and a method, especially an anhydrous process in which no addition of water is made, for the preparation of particles, intended to be used as active materials in a composite electrode of a lithium battery, comprising at least one zone (a) and at least one zone (b), said zone (a) being more likely to react with a lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte LiPF 6 than said zone (b), said method comprising:
- X is a halogen atom such as fluorine or chlorine
- A is selected from transition metals and elements of columns IIIA and IVA of the periodic table of elements,
- R 1 represents a linear or branched C 1 -C 5 alkyl radical
- R 2 represents a single bond or a C 1 -C 5 linear or branched alkyl radical
- R 3 represents a linear or branched C 1 -C 5 alkyl radical
- step (iii) a step of mixing the anhydrous dispersion obtained in step (i) and the anhydrous composition prepared in step (ii) so as to obtain particles of which said zone (a) is covered on the surface with at least a layer of oxide of the formula R 1 r (R 2 X) x a w 0 3 _ w r, w and x varying from 0 to 2, v varying from 1 to 2 and a, R 1 and R 2 having the same definitions as those indicated above, and said zone (b) is not covered on the surface by said oxide layer.
- the process thus makes it possible to obtain particles coated locally with an oxide layer, preferably a metal oxide layer.
- Steps (i) and (ii) of the process according to the invention advantageously employ anhydrous compositions.
- the presence of water in a conventional process for effecting a coating at the surface of the particles does not favor the formation of a coating but rather the formation of a deposit of particles adsorbed on the surface of said particles.
- the process according to the present invention is therefore an anhydrous process, in which no addition of water is carried out in any of steps i) to iii).
- the anhydrous nature of the process according to the invention allows the maintenance of the precursors during the recovery of the particle and, ultimately, a localized recovery on areas of high reactivity.
- zone (a) of the particles obtained according to the process of the invention is or are covered by a layer of oxide of the formula R 1 r (R 2 X) x A v 03- w uniform and dense and not by particles of oxide of the formula R 1 r (R 2 X) x A v 03- w.
- anhydrous composition in the sense of the present invention a composition having a water content of less than 2%, preferably less than 1% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition. It should be noted that the presence of water in the anhydrous composition can come from traces of water which are adsorbed by the raw materials used in the production of the anhydrous composition or the controlled addition of water in the composition.
- the anhydrous composition contains less than 100 ppm of water, preferably less than 30 ppm of water. More preferably, the particles to be coated are dispersed in a composition free of water.
- the process comprises a step (i) of dispersing the particles as defined above in an anhydrous composition.
- step (i) of the process according to the present invention consists in preparing an anhydrous dispersion of the particles as defined above.
- the dispersion prepared during step (i) may be in the form of a stable suspension of particles having a size ranging from 10 nm to 50 ⁇ m, preferably ranging from 100 to 5000 nanometers, and more preferably ranging from 200 nm. at 2000 nanometers in an anhydrous composition.
- the dispersion prepared during step (i) is a colloidal suspension of particles having a size ranging from 200 nm to 5000 nanometers in an anhydrous composition.
- the size of an individual particle corresponds to the maximum dimension that can be measured between two diametrically opposed points of an individual particle.
- the size can be determined by transmission electron microscopy or from the measurement of the specific surface area by the BET method or from a laser granulometry.
- the average number size of the particles present in the anhydrous composition can vary from 10 to 50000 nanometers, preferably from 200 to 5000 nanometers.
- the dispersion is preferably prepared at ambient temperature, ie at a temperature which may vary from 20 to 25 ° C., under a controlled atmosphere, in particular for a time ranging from 10 minutes to 7 days.
- the particles dispersed in the anhydrous composition during step (i) are particles of formula LiM 2 O 4 in which M '"is selected from nickel, manganese and mixtures thereof. in particular, M "'is chosen from mixtures of nickel and manganese.
- the particles dispersed in the anhydrous composition during step (i) are particles of the formula LiNi0.5 x Mni i 5 + x 04 in which x varies from 0 to 0.1.
- step (i) consists of preparing a suspension of particles of formula LiNiO 4 Mn Li 4 O 4 having a size ranging from 200 to 5000 nanometers.
- the particles are present in the anhydrous dispersion prepared during step (i) in a concentration ranging from 0.05 to 10% by weight, preferably ranging from 3 to 5% by weight.
- the anhydrous composition used in step (i) of the process according to the invention may comprise at least one organic solvent chosen from alkanes such as cyclohexane or (C 5 -C 8) alkanes, alcohols, methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, ethers, glycol, dimethylsilicone and mixtures thereof.
- alkanes such as cyclohexane or (C 5 -C 8) alkanes, alcohols, methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, ethers, glycol, dimethylsilicone and mixtures thereof.
- the organic solvent is chosen from alcohols, in particular C 2 -C 5 alcohols, in particular ethanol, isopropanol and 1-propanol.
- the organic solvent is isopropanol.
- the particles of formula LiNiO 4 Mn 14 O 4 are dispersed in an organic solvent chosen from alcohols, in particular isopropanol.
- the process comprises a step (ii) of preparing an anhydrous composition comprising at least one alkoxide compound of formula R 1 t (R 2 X) u A (OR 3 ) z - (t + u) such than previously defined.
- step (ii) of the process according to the invention consists in preparing an anhydrous solution comprising at least one alkoxide compound of formula R 1 t (R 2 X) u A (OR 3 ) z - (t + u ) as defined above.
- the alkoxide compounds can be completely dissolved in the anhydrous composition during step (ii) to obtain a clear solution.
- A is chosen from titanium, zirconium, iron, aluminum, zinc, indium, copper, silicon and tin, yttrium, boron, chromium, manganese, iron, vanadium, zirconium and mixtures thereof.
- A is chosen from transition metals, in particular zirconium, the elements of column IIIA, in particular aluminum, and the elements of column IVA, in particular silicon.
- A is chosen from zirconium, aluminum and silicon, in particular zirconium.
- R 1 t (R 2 X) u A (OR 3 ) z - (t + u) is equal to 0, u is equal to 0 and z is equal to 4.
- z- (t + u) is non-zero.
- R 3 represents a hydrocarbon radical C 2 -C 4 , preferably C 2 -C 3 , more particularly C 3.
- the alkoxide compounds are chosen from the compounds Si (OC 2 H 5 ) 4 , Zr (OC 3 H 7 ) 4 and Al (OC 3 H 7 ) 3 , in particular Zr (OC 3 H 7) ) 4 .
- the alkoxy compounds may be present in the anhydrous composition prepared in step (ii) in a concentration ranging from 1 to 10 ⁇ 5 mol.L 1 , preferably in a concentration ranging from 10 ⁇ 4 to 10 ⁇ 2 mol .L "1 .
- the anhydrous composition prepared in step (ii) may comprise at least one organic solvent chosen from alcohols, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, ethers, glycol, dimethylsilicone and mixtures thereof.
- the organic solvent is chosen from alcohols, in particular isopropanol.
- the anhydrous composition prepared in step (ii) may also comprise at least one chelating agent.
- the chelating agent makes it possible to control the rate of hydrolysis and condensation of the alkoxide precursor so as to prevent the formation of oxide particles.
- the chelating agent is chosen from saturated and unsaturated ⁇ -diketones (especially acetylacetone or 3-allylpentane-2,4-dione) and ⁇ -ketoesters (such as methacryloxyethylacetoacetate, allylacetoacetate or ethyelacetate acetate).
- saturated and unsaturated ⁇ -diketones especially acetylacetone or 3-allylpentane-2,4-dione
- ⁇ -ketoesters such as methacryloxyethylacetoacetate, allylacetoacetate or ethyelacetate acetate.
- the anhydrous composition comprises at least one chelating agent such as acetylacetate.
- the molar ratio between the chelating agent and the alkoxide compound may vary from 0.01 to 6, preferably from 0.1 to 4, more preferably from 0.5 to 2.
- the anhydrous composition prepared during step (ii) may comprise isopropanol and acetylacetate.
- the molar ratio of the alkoxide compound / specific surface of the particles to be coated may vary from 1 to 500 ⁇ ⁇ "2 , preferably from 5 to 250 ⁇ . ⁇ 2 .
- composition prepared in step (ii) may further comprise at least one catalyst.
- the catalyst may be chosen from organic acids, dibutyltindilaurate (DBTL) and ammonia.
- DBTL dibutyltindilaurate
- ammonia ammonia
- the catalyst is chosen from organic acids, especially formic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methacrylamidosalicylic acid, cinnamic acid, sorbic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, itaconic anhydride and mixtures thereof.
- step (i) consists in preparing a colloidal suspension of particles of the formula LiNi 4Mni i6 04 in an anhydrous composition and step (ii) comprises preparing an anhydrous composition comprising at least one compound alkoxide of formula R 1 t (R 2 X) u A (OR 3 ) z - (t + u), in which t is equal to 0, u is equal to 0, z is equal to 4, A is chosen from zirconium, silicon and aluminum and R 3 represents a C2-C4 alkyl radical.
- the process comprises a step of mixing the dispersion obtained in step (i) and the anhydrous composition prepared in step (ii) so as to obtain particles of which said zone (a) is covered. on the surface by at least an oxide layer of the formula R 1 r (R 2 X) x A v 03- w , in which r, w and x vary from 0 to 2, v varies from 1 to 2 and R 1 and R 2 have the meanings previously indicated and said zone (b) is not covered on the surface by an oxide layer of formula
- the reaction occurs especially at the surface of the particles between the precursor and the surface to be protected to lead to the formation of a covalent bond between the surface of the particle and the oxide.
- the presence of the hydroxy groups at the surface of the particles will orient the surface reaction between the precursor and the areas of the particles to be protected so as to form the oxide layer.
- the anhydrous composition prepared during step (ii) is added to the dispersion of particles prepared during step (i), more particularly the anhydrous composition prepared during step (ii) is added dropwise to the dispersion prepared during step (i) for a reaction time ranging from 30 minutes to 10 hours, preferably about 2 hours and preferably at room temperature (typically between 22 ° C and 5 ° C).
- the supernatant is removed and the particles obtained are rinsed with an organic solvent.
- step (iii) The particles obtained during step (iii) are then recovered and dried at a temperature ranging from 40 to 130 ° C. for a time ranging from 1 to 48 hours.
- the particles are annealed at a temperature ranging from 250 to 800 ° C for a time ranging from 1 to 48 hours.
- the particles obtained following the method according to the present invention therefore have a layer of oxide of the formula R 1 r (R 2 X) x A w 0 -w 3 at one or more areas (a) and are free from said layer at one or more zones (b), the or zones (a) being more likely to react with lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte LiPF 6 than said at least one zone (b).
- A is selected from titanium, zirconium, iron, aluminum, zinc, indium, copper, silicon and tin.
- A is chosen from transition metals, in particular zirconium, the elements of column IIIA, in particular aluminum, and the elements of column IVA, in particular silicon.
- A is chosen from zirconium, aluminum and silicon, in particular zirconium.
- the oxide layer is a layer of formula Si0 2 , Zr0 2 , Sn0 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Ti0 2 , Ce0 2 .
- the particle coverage rate may range from 5 to 95%, preferably ranges from 30 to 90% and even more preferably ranges from 50 to 80%.
- the area or areas (a) of the particles is or are covered by a layer of the formula R 1 r (R 2 X) x A w 0 3 _ w having a thickness ranging preferably from 0.25 to 10 nanometers, more preferred ranging from 0.5 to 4 nanometers.
- FIG. 1 represents an image obtained by scanning microscopy with a lateral resolution of 100 nanometers on the most reactive zones of the particles of which are covered by a layer of zirconium dioxide,
- FIG. 2 represents an image obtained by scanning microscopy with a lateral resolution of 50 nanometers on the zones the most reactive particles of LiNiO 4 Mni i6 0 4 which are covered by a zirconium dioxide layer,
- FIG. 3 shows an image obtained by scanning microscopy with a lateral resolution of 500 nanometers on the most reactive areas of the particles of LiNi 0 4 4 Mni i6 which are covered by a deposit of zirconium dioxide particles,
- FIG. 4 shows an image obtained by scanning microscopy with a lateral resolution of 50 nanometers on the most reactive areas of the particles of LiNi 0 4 4 Mni i6 which are covered by a deposit of zirconium dioxide particles,
- FIG. 5 represents an electrochemical cell of the "button cell” type mounted in a glove box
- FIG. 6 represents a graph illustrating the discharge capacity of an electrochemical cell as a function of the number of cycles for a spinel active material for which the reactive zones are covered by an oxide layer and for an uncoated active material
- FIG. 7 represents a graph illustrating the evolution of the irreversible capacity as a function of the number of cycles for a spinel active material for which the reactive zones are covered by an oxide layer and for an uncoated active material.
- a solution of zirconium propoxide (Zr (OPr) 4 ) at 10 -1 mol / L in a glove box is prepared from a commercial solution containing 70% by weight of zirconium propoxide. 2.34 grams of the commercial solution that is added to a 50 mL volumetric flask. It is made up with anhydrous isopropanol to the mark and the solution is stirred for 48 hours in order to obtain a transparent solution.
- a solution of zirconium propoxide (Zr (OPr) 4 ) at 10 -1 mol / L containing acetylacetone (AcAc) in an acetylacetone / zirconium propoxide molar ratio 0.25 from a commercial solution is prepared at 70% by weight of zirconium propoxide.
- a solution of zirconium propoxide (Zr (OPr) 4 ) at 10 -1 mol / L containing acetylacetone (AcAc) in an acetylacetone / zirconium propoxide molar ratio 0.5 from a commercial solution is prepared at 70% by weight of zirconium propoxide.
- a solution of zirconium propoxide (Zr (OPr) 4 ) at 10 -1 mol / L containing acetylacetone (AcAc) in an acetoacetone / zirconium propoxide molar ratio 0.75 from a commercial solution is prepared at 70% by weight of zirconium propoxide.
- a solution of zirconium propoxide (Zr (OPr) 4 ) at 10 -1 mol / L containing acetylacetone (AcAc) in an acetylacetone / zirconiumpropoxide molar ratio 1 from a commercial solution of 70 is prepared. % by weight of zirconium propoxide.
- a solution of zirconium propoxide (Zr (OPr) 4 ) at 10 -1 mol / L containing acetylacetone (AcAc) in an acetylacetone / zirconium propoxide molar ratio 1.5 from a commercial solution is prepared at 70% by weight of zirconium propoxide.
- Example 1 Preparation of particles LiNi Mni 4, 6 0 4 partially coated is prepared LiNi material Mni i6 4 0 4 according to the method described in patent application WO2007 / 023235.
- LiNi0 4 Mni i6 0 4 material 1 gram of LiNi0 4 Mni i6 0 4 material is dispersed in 32 ml of anhydrous isopropanol under a controlled atmosphere (Ar).
- the dispersion of the material is carried out by magnetic stirring for two hours, then using a vacuum disperser sold under the name dispermat ® for 10 minutes at 800 revolutions per minute. The agitation of the magnetized bar is then maintained to maintain good dispersion throughout the experiment.
- a solution is prepared from the solution described in Example 3. To do this, 1 ml of the stock solution illustrated in Example 3 (Part I) is taken and added to a 100 ml volumetric flask. and the flask is filled to the mark with anhydrous isopropanol in a glove box.
- This solution is added dropwise to the particle dispersion previously prepared.
- the addition of the 100 ml is carried out in 30 minutes with vigorous stirring with the magnetized bar. After 2 hours of reaction between the dispersion and the solution, the mixture is centrifuged at a speed of 4000 rpm for 3 minutes. The supernatant is removed and the powder is rinsed with a large excess of isopropanol. The powder is then recovered and dried in an oven at 100 ° C., under air, for 3 hours.
- the powder is annealed at 500 ° C., under air, for 5 hours.
- Particles is obtained, called Zr0 2 -LiNio, 4Mni i6 04 having a zirconium dioxide Zr0 2 layer located on the most reactive zone of the particles according to Figures 1 and 2.
- FIG. 1 represents an image obtained by scanning electron microscopy with a lateral resolution of 100 nanometers of the LiNi0 4Mni i6 04 particles obtained according to the preparation method of Example 1 of Part II.
- Figure 1 shows a localized area (a) of LiNi particles 4Mni i6 04 which is covered by the layer of zirconium dioxide Zr0 2 and a region (b) not covered by the zirconium dioxide layer. Therefore, Figure 1 shows that the process results in a localized coating on the more reactive areas of the particles.
- Figure 2 shows an image obtained by scanning electron microscopy with a lateral resolution of 50 nanometers particles obtained in accordance with the process for the preparation of Example 1 of Part II.
- the material LiNiO 4Mni i6 04 is prepared according to the process described in the patent application WO2007 / 023235
- Dispersing 1 gram of material LiNi 4 Mni i6 04 in 32 ml of anhydrous isopropanol under a controlled atmosphere (Ar). The dispersion of the material is carried out by magnetic stirring for two hours, then with the aid of a vacuum disperser sold under the name dispermat® for 10 minutes at 800 revolutions per minute. The agitation of the magnetized bar is then maintained to maintain good dispersion throughout the experiment. 1 ml of water is added to the resulting dispersion which is then stirred for two hours.
- a solution is prepared from the solution described in Example 3. To do this, 1 ml of the stock solution illustrated in Example 3 is taken and added to a 100 ml volumetric flask, and the mixture is added. vial to the mark with anhydrous isopropanol in a glove box.
- the addition of the 100 ml is carried out in 30 minutes with vigorous stirring with the magnetized bar. After 2 hours of reaction between the dispersion and the solution, the mixture is centrifuged at a speed of 4000 rpm for 3 minutes. The supernatant is removed and the powder is rinsed with a large excess of isopropanol. The powder is then recovered and dried in an oven at 100 ° C., under air, for 3 hours.
- the powder is annealed at 500 ° C., under air, for 5 hours.
- Particles LiNi0 4 Mni i6 04 are obtained, the surface of which is covered by a deposit of zirconium dioxide particles Zr0 2 and not a layer of zirconium dioxide Zr0 2 located on the most reactive zones of the particles as it was possible to find in Example 1 of Part II does not involve the addition of water during the process.
- Figure 3 shows an image obtained by scanning electron microscopy with a lateral resolution of 500 nanometers of LiNi particles 4Mni i6 04 obtained according to the method of preparation of Example 2 of Part II.
- FIG 3 shows the surface of a LiNi particle 4Mni i6 04 which is covered by a deposit of zirconium dioxide Zr0 2 particles.
- FIG. 3 shows that a process identical to that of the invention using a composition containing water leads to particles whose surface is covered by a deposition of particles Zr0 2 and non-Zr0 2 layer.
- FIG. 4 shows an image obtained by scanning electron microscopy with a lateral resolution of 50 nanometers of particles obtained in accordance with the preparation method of Example 2 of Part II.
- LiNi particle 4Mni i6 04 which is covered by a deposit of zirconium dioxide Zr0 2 particles.
- LiNi0 4 Mni i6 0 4 material 1 gram of LiNi0 4 Mni i6 0 4 material is dispersed in 32 ml of anhydrous isopropanol under a controlled atmosphere (Ar).
- the dispersion of the material is carried out by magnetic stirring for two hours, then with the aid of a vacuum disperser sold under the name dispermat® for 10 minutes at 800 revolutions per minute. The agitation of the Magnetic bar is then maintained to maintain good dispersion throughout the experiment.
- a solution is prepared from the solution described in Example 3. To do this, 1 ml of the stock solution illustrated in Example 3 (Part I) is taken and added to a 100 ml volumetric flask. and the flask is filled to the mark with anhydrous isopropanol in a glove box.
- the powder is annealed at 500 ° C., under air, for 5 hours.
- Particles called Zr0 2 -LiNi0, 4Mni i6 04, are obtained having a ZrO 2 zirconium dioxide layer located on the most reactive zones of the particles.
- Example 1 of Part II The material obtained in Example 1 of Part II, that is to say the particles called Zr0 2 -LiNi0, 4Mni i6 04, is used for the preparation of a composite electrode (cathode) for lithium-ion batteries. .
- the ink is then deposited on an aluminum substrate using a doctor blade.
- the deposited ink thickness is 100 ⁇ before drying.
- the ink thus deposited is then dried in an oven at 55 ° C. under air for 12 hours.
- Circular pellets are then cut, with a diameter of 14 mm, which are press to 6.5 tons per cm 2 to ensure good cohesion of the composite electrode.
- a positive electrode (cathode) is prepared according to Example III.
- Li 4 Ti 5 0 i 2 pellets are used to constitute the negative electrode (anode). These electrodes are prepared similarly to the positive electrode and containing 82% by weight of Li 4 Ti 5 0 i 2, 6% of carbon fibers sold under the name Super P® carbon, 6% by weight of carbon fibers sold under the name Tenax® and 6% by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride.
- the performance of the coated materials will be evaluated via cells of the "button cell” type, such as the batteries sold under the name CR2032.
- the electrochemical cell mounted in a "button cell" manner in an Ar atmosphere in a glove box is shown in FIG.
- FIG. 5 represents the electrochemical cell mounted in the glove box which comprises a cover (3) and a bottom (10).
- the electrochemical cell comprises the negative electrode (6) ie. the anode prepared in accordance with Example 4.1 and the positive electrode (8), ie the cathode prepared according to Example III.
- the two electrodes (6) and (8) are separated by a separator (7) made of Celgard 2600 polyethylene, impregnated with 150 of an electrolyte composed of a mixture of carbonates (ethylene carbonate (EC) / propylene carbonate (PC ) / dimethylcarbonate (DMC) 1/1/3 by volume) and a lithium salt (LiPF 6 ) at a concentration of 1 mo l. L "1 .
- the electrochemical cell is crimped after adding a stainless steel wedge (5) and a spring (4) in order to maintain a constant pressure on the electrodes during the charge-discharge cycles of the drums.
- a seal (9) is disposed between the positive electrode (8) and the bottom of the glove box (10).
- Load and discharge tests are carried out at different speeds between C / 5 and 5C.
- a regime of C / n corresponds to a total discharge of the accumulator in n hours.
- a regime of 2C, ie C / 0.5 corresponds to a total discharge (respectively charge) of the accumulator in 0.5 hour.
- FIG. 6 shows the discharge measurements at different regimes and at medium temperature (55 ° C.) as a function of the number of cycles for a coated material prepared in accordance with Example 3 (curve Di [Zr0 2 -LNM]) and a material uncoated (D 2 curve [LNM]) at an operating potential between 3 and 5 volts.
- the coating covers the most reactive areas of the particles, the reactivity with the electrolyte is limited and thus the electrode / electrolyte interface is less disturbed, which improves the stability of the system over time.
- the coated active material resists better than the uncoated material, thus clearly demonstrating the protective properties of the coating at the most reactive regions of the spinel particles.
- the discharge capacity of the accumulator observed for the first four cycles is quite similar whether the material is coated or not, there is an irreversible discharge part in the capacity which is more important for the non-material. coated (3%) than for the coated material (2%). This combined with the fact that the loss of capacity observed as a function of the number of cycles is greater for the uncoated material than for the coated material shows that the coated material has a better stability than the bare material.
- Figure 7 shows the evolution of the irreversible capacity of ZrO 2 -LiNiO materials. 4 Mn 1 .6 O4 and LiNi. 4 Mn 1 .6 O4 uncoated depending on the number of cycles at a temperature of 25 ° C and an operating potential of between 2 and 3, 45 volts.
- the curve (C i) represents the evolution of the irreversible capacity of the materials ZrO2-LiNiO.4Mn1.6 O4 as a function of the number of cycles and the curve (C2) represents the evolution of the irreversible capacity of LiNiO.4Mn1.6O4 materials as a function of the number of cycles.
- Figure 7 shows that the ZrO 2 -LiNio.4Mn1.6O4 material to which the reactive zones are coated with the Zr0 2 layer has an irreversible capacity smaller than that of the uncoated material, in particular after 4 cycles at a C regime / 5. This shows that the coulombic efficiency is improved.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1257730A FR2994510B1 (fr) | 2012-08-09 | 2012-08-09 | Procede pour la preparation de materiaux actifs proteges partiellement en surface pour des batteries au lithium |
| PCT/FR2013/051857 WO2014023896A2 (fr) | 2012-08-09 | 2013-07-31 | Procédé pour la préparation de matériaux actifs protégés partiellement en surface pour des batteries au lithium |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2882688A2 true EP2882688A2 (fr) | 2015-06-17 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP13756641.0A Withdrawn EP2882688A2 (fr) | 2012-08-09 | 2013-07-31 | Procédé pour la préparation de matériaux actifs protégés partiellement en surface pour des batteries au lithium |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20150295242A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2882688A2 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2015530703A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20150041091A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN104703919B (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2994510B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2014023896A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| KR102188380B1 (ko) * | 2013-05-17 | 2020-12-08 | 미쓰이금속광업주식회사 | 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질 |
| WO2016011412A1 (fr) | 2014-07-17 | 2016-01-21 | Ada Technologies, Inc. | Batteries à longévité extrême et haute densité d'énergie et leur procédé de fabrication et d'utilisation |
| JP6466145B2 (ja) * | 2014-11-14 | 2019-02-06 | マクセルホールディングス株式会社 | 非水二次電池用正極材料及びその製造方法、並びにその非水二次電池用正極材料を用いた非水二次電池用正極及びそれを用いた非水二次電池 |
| US11996564B2 (en) * | 2015-06-01 | 2024-05-28 | Forge Nano Inc. | Nano-engineered coatings for anode active materials, cathode active materials, and solid-state electrolytes and methods of making batteries containing nano-engineered coatings |
| CN106450270B (zh) * | 2015-08-13 | 2020-08-11 | 中国科学院物理研究所 | 锂离子二次电池的正极活性材料及其制备方法和应用 |
| JP6624631B2 (ja) * | 2015-08-24 | 2019-12-25 | 新日本電工株式会社 | リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物及びその製造方法 |
| US9964589B1 (en) * | 2016-11-08 | 2018-05-08 | Globalfoundries Singapore Pte. Ltd. | System for detection of a photon emission generated by a device and methods for detecting the same |
| CN108461716A (zh) * | 2017-02-17 | 2018-08-28 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | 钛酸锂复合材料及其制备方法和用途 |
| US11024846B2 (en) * | 2017-03-23 | 2021-06-01 | Ada Technologies, Inc. | High energy/power density, long cycle life, safe lithium-ion battery capable of long-term deep discharge/storage near zero volt and method of making and using the same |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4588576A (en) * | 1984-11-01 | 1986-05-13 | Celanese Corporation | Production of microcrystalline zirconia |
| DE19962130A1 (de) * | 1999-12-21 | 2001-07-05 | Basell Polypropylen Gmbh | Teilkristalline Propylenpolymerisat-Zusammensetzungen mit guter Eignung zur Herstellung von biaxial orientierten Folien |
| DE10014884A1 (de) * | 2000-03-24 | 2001-09-27 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Beschichtete Lithium-Mischoxid-Partikel und ein Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
| US7393648B2 (en) * | 2001-12-03 | 2008-07-01 | Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Hybrid antibodies |
| US9023525B2 (en) * | 2002-03-22 | 2015-05-05 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Cathode active material for lithium secondary battery |
| US20040191633A1 (en) * | 2003-02-26 | 2004-09-30 | The University Of Chicago | Electrodes for lithium batteries |
| KR100984591B1 (ko) * | 2006-05-04 | 2010-09-30 | 한국화학연구원 | 안정성이 향상된 전극활물질 및 이를 이용한 전기 화학소자 |
| US8187746B2 (en) * | 2008-05-16 | 2012-05-29 | Uchicago Argonne, Llc | Surface modification agents for lithium batteries |
| CN102376980A (zh) * | 2010-08-07 | 2012-03-14 | 孙美红 | 一种使用无碳磷酸铁锂作为正极的电池及其制造方法 |
-
2012
- 2012-08-09 FR FR1257730A patent/FR2994510B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2013
- 2013-07-31 KR KR1020157005963A patent/KR20150041091A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2013-07-31 EP EP13756641.0A patent/EP2882688A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2013-07-31 CN CN201380052894.2A patent/CN104703919B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2013-07-31 US US14/420,459 patent/US20150295242A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-07-31 JP JP2015525924A patent/JP2015530703A/ja active Pending
- 2013-07-31 WO PCT/FR2013/051857 patent/WO2014023896A2/fr not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20150295242A1 (en) | 2015-10-15 |
| FR2994510B1 (fr) | 2014-08-08 |
| CN104703919B (zh) | 2017-07-28 |
| WO2014023896A3 (fr) | 2014-04-03 |
| JP2015530703A (ja) | 2015-10-15 |
| WO2014023896A2 (fr) | 2014-02-13 |
| KR20150041091A (ko) | 2015-04-15 |
| CN104703919A (zh) | 2015-06-10 |
| FR2994510A1 (fr) | 2014-02-14 |
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