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• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
  • H10K30/80—Constructional details
  • H10K30/81—Electrodes
  • H10K30/82—Transparent electrodes, e.g. indium tin oxide [ITO] electrodes
  • H10K30/821—Transparent electrodes, e.g. indium tin oxide [ITO] electrodes comprising carbon nanotubes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
  • H10K30/80—Constructional details
  • H10K30/81—Electrodes
  • H10K30/82—Transparent electrodes, e.g. indium tin oxide [ITO] electrodes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
  • H10K50/80—Constructional details
  • H10K50/805—Electrodes
  • H10K50/82—Cathodes
  • H10K50/828—Transparent cathodes, e.g. comprising thin metal layers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
  • H10K50/80—Constructional details
  • H10K50/805—Electrodes
  • H10K50/81—Anodes
  • H10K50/816—Multilayers, e.g. transparent multilayers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
  • H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
  • H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
  • H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
  • H10K85/1135—Polyethylene dioxythiophene [PEDOT]; Derivatives thereof
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
  • H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
  • H10K85/141—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aliphatic or olefinic chains, e.g. poly N-vinylcarbazol, PVC or PTFE
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
  • H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
  • H10K85/151—Copolymers
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
  • Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
  • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31533—Of polythioether

Definitions

• Transparent electrode and method of manufacturing the same.
• the present invention relates to a transparent conductive electrode and its method of manufacture, in the general field of organic electronics.
• Transparent conductive electrodes having both high transmittance and electrical conductivity properties are currently undergoing considerable development in the field of electronic equipment, this type of electrodes being increasingly used for devices such as cells Photovoltaic, liquid crystal displays, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or polymeric light-emitting diodes (PLEDs), as well as touch screens.
• OLEDs organic light-emitting diodes
• PLEDs polymeric light-emitting diodes
• a multilayer conductive transparent electrode initially comprising a substrate layer on which an adhesion layer, a network, is deposited. percolating metallic nanofilaments and a conductive polymer encapsulation layer such as for example a poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and sodium poly (styrene sulfonate) (PSS), forming what is called the PEDOT PSS.
• PEDOT poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
• PSS sodium poly (styrene sulfonate)
• US2009 / 129004 application provides a multilayer transparent electrode to achieve all the desired properties, including transmittance and surface resistivity.
• an electrode comprises a complex architecture, with a substrate, an adhesion layer, a layer consisting of metal nanofilaments, an electric homogenization layer comprising carbon nanotubes and a conductive polymer.
• This addition of layers entails a significant cost for the process.
• the need to use an adhesion layer results in loss of optical transmission.
• the homogenization layer is based on carbon nanotubes, which pose dispersion problems.
• One of the aims of the invention is therefore to at least partially overcome the disadvantages of the prior art and to provide a multilayer conductive transparent electrode having high transmittance and electrical conductivity properties, as well as its manufacturing process.
• the present invention therefore relates to a multilayer conductive transparent electrode, comprising:
• a conductive layer comprising:
• the conductive layer being in direct contact with the substrate layer and the conducting layer also comprising at least one hydrophilic adhesive or copolymer adhesive polymer.
• the multilayer conductive transparent electrode according to the invention fulfills the following requirements and properties: an electrical surface resistance R less than 100 ⁇ / ⁇ ,
• the conductive layer also comprises at least one additional polymer.
• the additional polymer is polyvinylpyrrolidone.
• the multilayer conductive transparent electrode has an average transmittance on the visible spectrum greater than or equal to 75%.
• the multilayer conductive transparent electrode has a surface resistance of less than 100 ⁇ / ⁇ .
• the substrate is selected from glass and transparent flexible polymers.
• the metal nanofilaments are nanofilaments of noble metals.
• the tall-metal nanofilaments are nanofilaments of non-noble metals.
• the adhesive or adhesive copolymer polymer is selected from vinyl polyacetate polymers or acrylonytrile-acrylic ester copolymers. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a multilayer conductive transparent electrode, comprising the following steps:
• the step of producing and applying a conductive layer directly on the substrate layer comprises the following sub-steps:
• composition forming the conductive layer comprising:
• the step of producing and applying a conductive layer directly on the substrate layer comprises the following sub-steps:
• composition forming the conductive layer comprising:
• composition forming the conductive layer to the percolating network of metal nanofilaments.
• the composition forming the conductive layer further comprises at least one additional polymer.
• the additional polymer is polyvinylpyrrolidone.
• the substrate of the substrate layer is chosen from transparent glass and transparent polymers.
• the metal nanofilaments are nanofilaments of noble metals.
• the metal nanofilaments are nanofilaments of noble metals.
• the adhesive or adhesive copolymer polymer is chosen from vinyl polyacetate polymers or acrylonytrile-acrylic ester copolymers.
• FIG. 1 shows a diagrammatic representation in section of the different layers of the multilayer conductive transparent electrode
• FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of the various steps of the manufacturing method according to the invention.
• the present invention relates to a multilayer conductive transparent electrode, illustrated in FIG. 1.
• This type of electrode preferably has a thickness of between 0.05 ⁇ and 20 ⁇ .
• Said multilayer conductive transparent electrode comprises:
• the substrate layer 1 In order to preserve the transparent nature of the electrode, the substrate layer 1 must be transparent. It may be flexible or rigid and advantageously chosen from glass in the case where it must be rigid, or else chosen from transparent flexible polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethersulfone (PES) , polycarbonate (PC), polysulfone (PSU), phenolic resins, epoxy resins, polyester resins, polyimide resins, polyether ester resins, polyether amide resins, polyvinyl acetate, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, polystyrene, polyolefins, polyamide, aliphatic polyurethanes, polyacrylonitrile, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFS), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyarylate, polyetherimides, polyether ketones (PEK), polyether ether ketones ( PEEK) and polyvinylid
• the conductive layer 2 comprises:
• the conducting layer 2 may also comprise:
• the conductive polymer (a) is a polythiophene, the latter being one of the most thermally and electronically stable polymers.
• a preferred conductive polymer is poly (3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene) -poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS), the latter being stable to light and heat, easy to disperse in water, and not having environmental disadvantages.
• the adhesive or adhesive copolymer polymer (b) is preferably a hydrophobic compound and may be chosen from vinyl polyacetate polymers or acrylonytrile-acrylic ester copolymers. The adhesive or adhesive copolymer polymer (b) notably allows better adhesion between the percolating network of metal nanofilaments 3 and conductive polymer (a).
• the percolating network of metal nanofilaments 3 is preferably composed of nanofilaments of a noble metal such as silver, gold or platinum.
• the percolating network of metal nanofilaments 3 may also be composed of nanofilaments of a non-noble metal such as copper.
• the percolating network of metallic nanofilaments 3 may consist of one or more layers of superimposed metallic nanofilaments 3 thus forming a conductive percolating network and having a metal nanofilament density of between 0.01 ⁇ g / cm 2 and 1 mg / cm 2 .
• the additional polymer (d) is chosen from polyvinyl alcohols (PVOH), polyvinyl pyrrolidones (PVP), polyethylene glycols or cellulose ethers and esters or other polysaccharides.
• This additional polymer (d) is a viscosifier and assists in the formation of a film of good quality when the conductive layer 2 is applied to the substrate layer 1.
• the conductive layer 2 may comprise each of the constituents (a), (b), (c) and (d) in the proportions by weight (for a total of 100% by weight) of:
• the multilayer conductive transparent electrode according to the invention thus comprises:
• the present invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a multilayer conductive transparent electrode, comprising the following steps:
• a conductive layer 2 is produced on a substrate layer 1.
• the substrate layer 1 In order to preserve the transparent nature of the electrode, the substrate layer 1 must be transparent.
• the substrate may be flexible or rigid and advantageously chosen from glass in the case where it must be rigid, or else chosen from transparent flexible polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polyethersulfone (PES).
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• PEN polyethylene naphthalate
• PES polyethersulfone
• polycarbonate PC
• polysulfone PSU
• phenolic resins epoxy resins, polyester resins, polyimide resins, polyetherester resins, polyetheramide resins, polyvinyl acetate, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, polystyrene, polyolefins, polyamide, aliphatic polyurethanes, polyacrylonitrile, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFS), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyarylate, polyetherimides, polyether ketones (PEK), polyethers ether ketones (PEEK) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), the most preferred flexible polymers being polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polyethersulfone (PES).
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• PEN polyethylene naphthalate
• PES polyethersulfone
• the conductive layer 2 comprises:
• the conductive layer 2 may also comprise:
• the conductive polymer (a) is a polythiophene, the latter being one of the most thermally and electronically stable polymers.
• a preferred conductive polymer is poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) -poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS), the latter being stable to light and heat, easy to disperse in water, and free of water. environmental disadvantages.
• the adhesive or adhesive copolymer polymer (b) is a hydrophobic compound and is selected from vinyl polyacetate polymers or acrylonytrile-acrylic ester copolymers.
• the adhesive or adhesive copolymer polymer (b) notably allows better adhesion between the percolating network of metal nanofilaments 3 and conductive polymer (a).
• the adhesive or adhesive copolymer polymer (b) is a hydrophobic compound, it forms a suspension within the solvent and this allows a better dispersion of the latter within the solution.
• the additional polymer (d) is chosen from polyvinyl alcohols (PVOH), polyvinyl pyrrolidones (PVP), polyethylene glycols or cellulose ethers and esters or other polysaccharides.
• a first sub-step 101 of the step i) of producing the conductive layer 2 is therefore the production of a composition forming the conductive layer 2.
• the components (a), (b) and optionally (d) are mixed together to form said composition.
• the conductive polymer (a) may be in the form of a dispersion or a suspension in water and / or in a solvent, said solvent preferably being a polar organic solvent chosen from dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO ), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), ethylene glycol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylacetate (DMAc), dimethylformamide (DMF), the conductive polymer (b) being preferably in dispersion or in suspended in water, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or ethylene glycol.
• DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
• NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• DMAc dimethylacetate
• DMF dimethylformamide
• the conductive polymer (b) being preferably in dispersion or in suspended in water, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or ethylene glycol.
• the additional polymer (d) can itself be in the form of a dispersion or suspension in water and / or in a solvent, said solvent preferably being an organic solvent chosen from dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), ethylene glycol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylacetate (DMAc) or dimethylformamide (DMF).
• DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
• NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• DMAc dimethylacetate
• DMF dimethylformamide
• composition forming the conductive layer may comprise successive stages of mixing and stirring, for example by means of magnetic stirrer as illustrated in the examples of composition of Examples A to D described below in the experimental part.
• the metal nanofilaments 3 in suspension form are added directly, during a sub-step 103 to the composition forming the conductive layer 2.
• composition forming the conductive layer 2 is then deposited during a sub-step 105 on the substrate layer 1, according to any method known to those skilled in the art, the most commonly used techniques being spray coating (Sputter coating), ink jet deposition, dip coating, film drag deposition, spin-coater deposition (spin deposit), impregnation deposition, slot-die deposit ( coating slit), squeegee, or flexo-etching, so as to obtain a film comprising a percolating network of metallic nanofilaments 3.
• spray coating Sputter coating
• ink jet deposition dip coating
• film drag deposition film drag deposition
• spin-coater deposition spin-coater deposition
• impregnation deposition slot-die deposit ( coating slit), squeegee, or flexo-etching
• the metal nanofilaments 3 are deposited beforehand, during a substep 107, directly on the substrate layer 1 in order to form a percolating network of metallic nanofilaments 3.
• a suspension of metal nanofilaments 3 is applied directly to the substrate layer 1.
• said metal nanofilaments 3 are previously dispersed in an easily evaporable organic solvent (for example ethanol) or else dispersed in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant (preferably an ionic conductor) . It is this suspension of metal nanofilaments 3 in a solvent, for example isopropanol (IPA), which is applied to the substrate layer 1.
• an easily evaporable organic solvent for example ethanol
• a surfactant preferably an ionic conductor
• the metal nanofilaments 3 may consist of noble metals, such as silver, gold or platinum.
• the metal nanofilaments 3 may also consist of non-noble metals, such as copper.
• the suspension of metal nanofilaments 3 may be deposited on the substrate layer 1, according to any method known to those skilled in the art, the most used techniques being spray coating, inkjet deposition, dip coating, film-drag deposition, spin-coater deposition, impregnation deposition, slot-die deposition, doctor blade deposition, or flexo-etching.
• the quality of the dispersion of the metal nanofilaments 3 in the suspension conditions the quality of the percolating network formed after evaporation.
• the concentration of the dispersion can be between 0.01 wt% and 10 wt%, preferably between 0.1 wt% and 2 wt%, in the case of a percolating network performed in a single pass.
• the quality of the percolating network formed is also defined by the density of metal nanofilaments 3 present in the percolating network, this density being between 0.01 g / cm 2 and 1 mg / cm 2 , preferably between 0.01 g / cm 2 and 10 g / cm 2. 2 .
• the percolating network of final metallic nanofilaments 3 may consist of several layers of superposed metal nanofilaments 3. For this, it suffices to repeat the deposition steps as many times as it is desired to obtain metal nanofilament layers 3.
• the percolating network of metal nanofilaments 3 may comprise from 1 to 800 superimposed layers, preferably less than 100 layers, with a dispersion of metallic nanofilaments 3 at 0.1 wt%.
• the composition forming the conductive layer 2 is applied to the percolating network of metal nanofilaments 3, during a substep 109, according to any method known to those skilled in the art, the techniques most used being spray coating, inkjet deposition, dip coating, film pulling, spin-coater deposition, impregnation deposition, slot-die deposition, deposition to the squeezing, or flexo-etching, and this so as to obtain a film whose thickness may be between 50 nm and 15 um and comprising a percolating network of metal nanofilaments 3.
• a sub-step 111 of drying is carried out in order to evaporate the various solvents of the conducting layer 2.
• This drying step 111 can be carried out at a temperature of between 20 and 50 ° C. under air for 1 to 45 minutes.
• a crosslinking of the conductive layer 2 is for example carried out by vulcanization at a temperature of 150 ° C. for a period of 5 minutes.
• the conductive layer 2 may comprise each of the constituents (a), (b), (c) and (d) in the proportions by weight (for a total of 100% by weight) of:
• the total transmittance that is to say the light intensity passing through the film on the visible spectrum, is measured on 50 x 50 mm test pieces using a Perkin Elmer Lambda 35 ⁇ spectrophotometer fitted with a integration sphere on a UV-visible spectrum [300 nm - 900 nm].
• the mean transmittance value T av on all the sp A of the visible this value corresponding to the average value of the transmittances on the visible spectrum. This value is measured every 10 nm.
• the electrical surface resistance (in ⁇ / ⁇ ) can be defined by the following formula: e: thickness of the conductive layer (in cm),
• the surface electrical resistance is measured on 20 x 20 mm test pieces using a Keithley 2400 SourceMeter ⁇ meter and two test points. Gold contacts are previously deposited on the electrode by CVD, in order to facilitate measurements.
• the evaluation of the presence of defects in the transparent electrode is carried out on 50x50 mm test pieces using an Olympus BX51 ⁇ optical microscope at magnification (x100, x200, x400). Each test tube is observed under a microscope at different magnifications in its entirety. All specimens with no defects greater than 5 ⁇ m are considered valid.
• the evaluation of the adhesion of the electrode to the substrate is carried out on 50x50 mm test pieces using an ASTMD3359 ⁇ adhesion test.
• the principle of this test is to make a grid by making parallel and perpendicular incisions in the coating using a grid comb grid. The incisions must penetrate to the substrate. Then, pressure sensitive adhesive tape is applied to the grid. The ribbon is then removed quickly. All test pieces with tearing off are considered valid.
• PEDOT PSS poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) -poly (styrenesulfonate)
• Emultex 378 Polyvinyl acetate
• 0.8 g of a dispersion of silver nanofilaments at a concentration of 0.19% by weight in isopropanol (IPA) are scraped onto a glass substrate to form a percolating network of silver nanofilaments.
• the mixture obtained is then deposited using a doctor blade on the percolating network of silver nanofilaments.
• the latter is vulcanized at 150 ° C. for a period of 5 minutes.
• the mixture obtained is then deposited using a doctor blade on a glass substrate.
• the deposit is then vulcanized at 150 ° C. for a period of 5 minutes.
• 0.6 g of a dispersion of silver nanofilaments at a concentration of 0.19% by weight in IPA are scraped onto a glass substrate to form a percolating network of silver nanofilaments.
• 10 g of DMSO are added to 30 mg of PVP (diluted to 20% in deionized water) and then stirred for 10 minutes using a magnetic stirrer at 600 rpm.
• 5 g of PEDOT: PSS Clevios PHI 000 ⁇ 1.2% dry extract are then added to the previous mixture.
• the mixture obtained is then deposited using a doctor blade on the percolating network of silver nanofilaments.
• the latter is vulcanized at 150 ° C for a period of 5 minutes.
• NBR nitrile rubber
• the mixture is then applied to the percolating network of silver nanofilaments using a spin coater (acceleration 500 rpm.s, speed: 5000 rpm, time: 100s).
• the latter is vulcanized at 15 OC for 5 minutes.
• an adhesive or adhesive copolymer polymer (b) directly in the conductive layer 2 allows a direct contact and a direct adhesion of the latter to the substrate layer 1 without the need to first apply a layer of additional adhesion to said substrate layer 1. This then allows high transmittance.
• the composition of the conductive layer 2 allows a low surface resistance and without the presence of elements "doping" the conductivity, for example carbon nanotubes used in the prior art.
• This multilayer conductive transparent electrode thus has a high transmittance, a surface electrical resistance low and for a reduced cost because of simpler composition and requiring fewer manufacturing steps.

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