EP2955809A2 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bestimmung eines geschwächten gitterzustands und steuerung eines kraftwerks auf für den gitterzustand angemessene art - Google Patents

Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bestimmung eines geschwächten gitterzustands und steuerung eines kraftwerks auf für den gitterzustand angemessene art Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2955809A2
EP2955809A2 EP15171694.1A EP15171694A EP2955809A2 EP 2955809 A2 EP2955809 A2 EP 2955809A2 EP 15171694 A EP15171694 A EP 15171694A EP 2955809 A2 EP2955809 A2 EP 2955809A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
generator
power
output parameters
relationship
plant
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP15171694.1A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2955809B1 (de
EP2955809A3 (de
Inventor
Robert J. Nelson
Najlae Yazghi
Hongtao Ma
William F. Clark
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Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy AS
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Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
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Publication of EP2955809A3 publication Critical patent/EP2955809A3/de
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Publication of EP2955809B1 publication Critical patent/EP2955809B1/de
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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/66—Regulating electric power
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/028—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power
    • F03D7/0284—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power in relation to the state of the electric grid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/04—Automatic control; Regulation
    • F03D7/042—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller
    • F03D7/048—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller controlling wind farms
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B15/00—Systems controlled by a computer
    • G05B15/02—Systems controlled by a computer electric
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/001—Arrangements for handling faults or abnormalities, e.g. emergencies or contingencies
    • H02J3/0014—Arrangements for handling faults or abnormalities, e.g. emergencies or contingencies for preventing or reducing power oscillations in networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for feeding a single network from two or more generators or sources in parallel; Arrangements for feeding already energised networks from additional generators or sources in parallel
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for feeding a single network from two or more generators or sources in parallel; Arrangements for feeding already energised networks from additional generators or sources in parallel
    • H02J3/46—Controlling the sharing of generated power between the generators, sources or networks
    • H02J3/50—Controlling the sharing of reactive power
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2101/00—Supply or distribution of decentralised, dispersed or local electric power generation
    • H02J2101/20—Dispersed power generation using renewable energy sources
    • H02J2101/22—Solar energy
    • H02J2101/24—Photovoltaics
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2101/00—Supply or distribution of decentralised, dispersed or local electric power generation
    • H02J2101/20—Dispersed power generation using renewable energy sources
    • H02J2101/28—Wind energy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/76—Power conversion electric or electronic aspects

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to control of power generation plants, and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for determining a grid condition, such as a weakened grid condition, and controlling a power plant, such as a wind power plant or a solar plant, in a manner which is appropriate to the grid condition.
  • a grid condition such as a weakened grid condition
  • a power plant such as a wind power plant or a solar plant
  • Wind turbines use naturally-available wind energy to generate electrical power in an environmentally-friendly manner. Wind turbine plants and other forms of renewable power generation connected to provide electrical power to a power grid can be susceptible to so called "weak-grid' conditions.
  • US patent application 13/550,699 United States patent application publication number US 2014/0021720 A1 , commonly assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated by reference herein, describes use of a technique for controlling a power generation system, such as involving a wind power plant, where the control technique involves injection of reactive power into the system.
  • a power plant such as may involve a wind turbine and/or a solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant, connected to provide electrical power to a power grid can be susceptible to weakened grid conditions. These conditions may occur without a priori knowledge of the plant operator.
  • PV solar photovoltaic
  • One example application below is described in terms of a wind plant; it will be appreciated however, that other forms of renewable power generation and energy storage, such as involving power control devices implementing phase locked loop control, can also benefit from aspects of the present invention. Accordingly, description of embodiments of the invention in the context of a wind power plant should be construed in an example sense and not in a limiting sense.
  • Short circuit “strength” is a measure of the ability of a system to provide short circuit current when a short circuit occurs in the system. Systems that provide high levels of short circuit current are generally described as “strong”, while systems that provide low levels of short circuit current are generally described as “weak”.
  • a 3-phase 69kV (line-to-line) (roughly 40kv line to neutral) system with a balanced 3-phase short circuit current of 10 kA per phase would be said to have a short circuit strength of roughly 400 MVA.
  • a generating system's capability can be compared to the available short circuit strength to determine the compatibility of the generating plant with the system. Generally, a generating plant's capability should be considerably less than the short circuit strength of the connected system.
  • a general rule of thumb is that a converter based generating plant, such as a wind plant or a solar plant, should have a generating capacity which is less than approximately 1 ⁇ 4 of the short circuit strength of the system.
  • the reciprocal of this ratio is the "Short Circuit Ratio (SCR)", which is generally defined as the short circuit strength of the system divided by the plant power capacity.
  • SCR Short Circuit Ratio
  • a plant connected to a system with a short circuit strength of less than 4 times the plant generating capacity (i.e., an SCR approximately less than 4) is said to have a weak system connection.
  • a system designated as a "weak" system in comparison to the generating plant will typically have a short circuit ratio of 4 or less.
  • SCR is a convenient indicator of system impedance, since the SCR is inversely proportional to the system impedance.
  • the actual operating SCR may be considerably lower than the ideal value because removing lines or synchronous generators reduces short circuit availability, as well as the ability of the local system to regulate voltage and provide synchronizing torque to maintain system transient stability.
  • a converter-based wind or solar PV power plant can be affected by oscillatory instability.
  • the output power of the plant may need to be curtailed, and, in some cases, the plant may even have to be taken offline to avoid such instabilities, which can have negative effects on the power grid.
  • the short circuit availability is predominantly a function of the status of interconnecting transmission lines and/or local power generation. Knowing whether one or more local generators and/or one or more transmission lines may be out of service would be valuable information to the wind power plant operator; however, in a real-world utility grid operation, the wind power plant operators are not likely to have such information available at their disposal. Consequently, wind plant operators are often unaware of actual grid conditions until it becomes too late (e.g., oscillations, resulting in a trip, occur). The basic fact remains that sooner or later most wind or solar power plants are likely to encounter weak-grid conditions.
  • the present inventors have cleverly recognized a pertinent characteristic in certain renewable energy power plants, such as wind or solar PV power plants. Namely, that in the presence of a weakened grid condition, generators can lose much of their ability to control reactive power output. As will be appreciated from the discussion of FIG. 1 below, as a generator voltage varies, reactive power does not increase as steep as it does in a strong system.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates respective graphs for comparing respective example responses of output parameters of a wind turbine generator [namely reactive power Qt and voltage Vt] that can be effectively used to assess a condition of a power grid to which the wind power plant supplies power.
  • These graphs illustrate reactive power Qt as a function of voltage Vt in a strong system versus a weak system.
  • graph 10 illustrates an example response of Qt as a function of Vt in a strong system.
  • the turbine generator voltage e.g., generator terminal voltage
  • graph 12 conceptualizes an example response of Qt as a function of Vt in a weak system. In this example scenario, reactive power no longer changes in a roughly linear fashion, as it does for a strong system.
  • the present inventors propose utilization of such a characteristic to recognize whether the wind plant is operating under a weakened grid condition so that a controller may be adapted to take an appropriate control action to maintain an appropriate level of power regulation, e.g., avoid an onset of oscillatory behavior.
  • FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a method embodying aspects of the present invention.
  • step 14 allows measuring output parameters of at least one selected generator, such as one or more wind turbine generators, one or more solar PV generators, etc., comprising reactive power Qt and voltage Vt.
  • Step 14 is performed over a time horizon (e.g., comprising a few minutes) during which a varying output occurs in the selected wind turbine generator.
  • the selected wind turbine generator may be part of a wind power plant comprising a plurality of wind turbine generators.
  • Step 16 allows determining a relationship between the measured output parameters Qt, Vt of the selected wind turbine generator. The relationship between the measured output parameters of the selected wind turbine generator is indicative of a condition of the power grid to which the wind power plant supplies power.
  • the relationship between the measured output parameters Qt, Vt may be characterized by the slope defined by such parameters.
  • Numerical analysis techniques well understood by those skilled in the art, such as state estimation, regression analysis, least squares fit, etc., may be used to determine the slope defined by parameters Qt, Vt.
  • the relationship between the measured output parameters Qt, Vt of the selected wind turbine generator is effective to estimate a short circuit ratio (SCR) of the power grid.
  • Step 18 allows controlling the wind power plant in a manner responsive to the relationship between the measured output parameters of the wind turbine generator.
  • the varying output may occur in response to a natural variation in the output of the wind turbine generator, such as due to a natural variation in wind speed. In another non-limiting embodiment, the varying output may occur in response to a commanded variation in the output of the wind turbine generator. For example, one can vary the turbine generator voltage Vt from a first voltage value to a second voltage value, such as from approximately 98% of a rated value to approximately 102% of the rated value; or alternatively one can vary the turbine generator reactive power Qt from a first VAR level to a second VAR level, etc., while keeping the voltage level at the plant interface to the grid practically constant.
  • FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating further non-limiting aspects of a method embodying aspects of the present invention.
  • step 20 presumes an SCR estimate has been estimated based on the relationship (e.g., slope characteristics, etc.) between the measured output parameters Qt, Vt of the wind turbine generator.
  • the SCR estimate may comprise a numerical value or qualitative classification of the short circuit strength for the power grid based on the relationship between the measured output parameters Qt, Vt of the wind turbine generator.
  • a plant controller for the wind plant may be adjusted responsive to that numerical value or qualitative classification to avoid an onset of oscillatory behavior.
  • step 22 allows comparing the SCR estimate relative to a first predefined limit (Limit1). If the SCR estimate is above Limit1, the plant controller may be set to operate in a normal control mode, as represented by block 24. If the SCR estimate is below Limit1, as represented by block 26, a further comparing of the SCR estimate may be made relative to a second predefined limit (Limit2), which is lower than Limit1.
  • a first predefined limit Limit1
  • Limit2 a second predefined limit
  • the plant controller may be set to operate in a weak grid control mode, as represented by block 28. This may comprise adjusting control parameters, such as gains, time delays, and other parameters in a plant control algorithm to optimize performance of plant voltage regulation and power control of the wind plant. If the SCR estimate is below Limit2, then the wind plant may be commanded to reduce plant output, as represented by block 30. It will be appreciated that the embodiment above which is described in terms of comparing SCR estimates relative to respective predefined limits should be construed in an example sense and not in a limiting sense. For example, it is contemplated that the decision for selecting the appropriate control mode could be made in terms of a comparison of the slope obtained from the measured parameters relative to predefined slope ranges.
  • the adjustment of the control parameters in block 24 need not be implemented in binary fashion and may be selected to achieve a desired degree of control granularity according to different predetermined ranges of estimated SCR values.
  • a first parameter adjustment suite may be used for an SCR estimate between 3 and 4 and a second parameter adjustment suite may be used for an SCR estimate between 2 and 3.
  • the suite of parameters to be adjusted and the amount of parameter adjustment for different SCR estimates can be predefined and stored in a memory and then retrieved to be put into operation as required based on the SCR estimates.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a power plant that may be benefit from an apparatus embodying aspects of the present invention.
  • a measuring device 40' is coupled to a wind turbine generator 44' in a wind turbine 46' in a power plant 100 comprising a plurality of wind turbines 46 including respective wind turbine generators 44.
  • measuring device 40' is arranged to measure output parameters of wind turbine generator 44' comprising reactive power Qt and voltage Vt.
  • a processing module 51 is configured to determine a relationship between the measured output parameters Qt, Vt of wind turbine generator 44'. The relationship between the measured output parameters of the wind turbine generator is indicative of a condition of a power grid 48 to which wind power plant 100 supplies power.
  • the relationship between the measured output parameters Qt, Vt of the wind turbine generator is effective to estimate a short circuit ratio (SCR) of power grid 48.
  • a controller 50 is configured to control the wind turbine power plant in a manner responsive to the relationship between the measured output parameters of the wind turbine generator, such as described above in the context of FIGs 1-3 .
  • a logic unit (labeled L U) 52 in controller 50 may be responsive to a magnitude of the estimated SCR so as to select a control mode appropriate to the grid condition.
  • Non-limiting examples may be a normal control mode 54, a weak grid control mode 56 and a power reduction mode 58 as described above in the context of FIG.3 .
  • wind turbine plant 100 may comprise a plurality of collector systems 60, 60' being fed by different sets of wind turbine generators.
  • the steps of measuring 14 and determining 16 may be independently performed in at least one of the wind turbine generators in the respective different sets of the wind turbine generators feeding the plurality of collector systems 60 and 62'.
  • wind turbine generator 44" may be one of the generators in the set of generators connected to collector system 60'.
  • a measurement device 40" may be arranged to measure output parameters of wind turbine generator 44" comprising reactive power Qt and voltage Vt. These measured parameters may be processed by processing module 51 to, for example, calculate an independent estimate for the SCR of the power grid.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates processing module 51 as part of controller 50, it will be appreciated that such a processing module need not be part of controller 50.
  • the proposed technique involving a relatively slow variation in the varying output of a wind turbine generator is advantageously non-observable to the power grid. For example, such a variation can be effectively removed (e.g., compensated) by appropriate control of other wind turbine generators in the wind plant.
  • FIG. 5 is a plot illustrating respective graphs, one of which (graph 70) corresponds to a weakened system condition, and, where the output power of a wind plant is adjusted in accordance with aspects of the present invention (e.g., reduced by 50%) so that the effects of the weakened system condition are practically eliminated, as can be appreciated by the response of Qt to changes in Vt shown in graph 72, (e.g., positive slope with a higher degree of linearity) compared to the response shown in graph 70.
  • graph 70 corresponds to a weakened system condition
  • the output power of a wind plant is adjusted in accordance with aspects of the present invention (e.g., reduced by 50%) so that the effects of the weakened system condition are practically eliminated, as can be appreciated by the response of Qt to changes in Vt shown in graph 72, (e.g., positive slope with a higher degree of linearity) compared to the response shown in graph 70.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
EP15171694.1A 2014-06-13 2015-06-11 Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bestimmung eines geschwächten netzes und steuerung eines kraftwerks auf für den netz angemessene art Active EP2955809B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US14/303,877 US10042374B2 (en) 2014-06-13 2014-06-13 Method and apparatus for determining a weakened grid condition and controlling a power plant in a manner appropriate to the grid condition

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EP2955809A2 true EP2955809A2 (de) 2015-12-16
EP2955809A3 EP2955809A3 (de) 2016-01-06
EP2955809B1 EP2955809B1 (de) 2021-09-22

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CN112149280A (zh) * 2020-08-25 2020-12-29 浙江大学 含svg的新能源的多馈入系统电网强度获得方法

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EP4075624B1 (de) 2021-04-15 2025-12-31 General Electric Renovables España S.L. System und verfahren zur einstellung des blindleistungsverhaltens einer oder mehrerer windturbinen eines windparks während eines kommunikationsfehlers
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WO2023097478A1 (zh) 2021-11-30 2023-06-08 华为数字能源技术有限公司 供电系统以及变流方法
CN113904375B (zh) * 2021-12-10 2022-02-25 中国电力科学研究院有限公司 一种新能源并网系统电压支撑强度评估方法及系统
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US10042374B2 (en) 2018-08-07
EP2955809A3 (de) 2016-01-06
US20150361954A1 (en) 2015-12-17

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