EP3049832A1 - Capteur sismique - Google Patents
Capteur sismiqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP3049832A1 EP3049832A1 EP14796202.1A EP14796202A EP3049832A1 EP 3049832 A1 EP3049832 A1 EP 3049832A1 EP 14796202 A EP14796202 A EP 14796202A EP 3049832 A1 EP3049832 A1 EP 3049832A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mass
- seismic sensor
- seismic
- sensor
- suspension
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
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- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
- G01V1/16—Receiving elements for seismic signals; Arrangements or adaptations of receiving elements
- G01V1/18—Receiving elements, e.g. seismometer, geophone or torque detectors, for localised single point measurements
- G01V1/181—Geophones
Definitions
- the present application relates to a seismic sensor, in particular a sensor adapted to the measurement of the seismic movements of small amplitudes and adapted to the vibratory control of a mechanical structure.
- An example of use of seismic sensors is the dynamic stabilization of a mechanical structure.
- particle accelerators particle beams, in particular electrons or positrons, are accelerated and focused by several hundred modules.
- Particle accelerators in progress may include several hundred beam acceleration and focusing modules.
- These future particle accelerator projects target nanoscale beam sizes, which implies that each module is positioned and stabilized with an accuracy of a few tenths of a nanometer to ensure the proper positioning of the beams.
- the position of each module is controlled by one or more actuators for compensate for any disturbances, including seismic movements that are measured by seismic sensors.
- seismic sensors include a mass, called a seismic mass, which can be associated with a suspension acting as a spring.
- the seismic sensor may correspond to an accelerometer generally measuring the acceleration of the seismic mass or to a velocimeter measuring its velocity.
- the seismic sensor For the vibratory control of particle accelerators, the seismic sensor must detect both natural seismic movements, which are generally observed on the frequency spectrum below a few hertz and the cultural seismic movements produced by man, observed on the spectrum from a few hertz.
- the seismic sensor must therefore be able to detect movements or seismic waves over a relatively wide frequency range, for example ranging from 0.01 Hz to 500 Hz, and this for small amplitudes.
- Velocimeter type seismic sensors are more suitable for low frequency measurement.
- the products marketed by Guralp Systems under the names CMG-6T and CMG-3ESP are suitable respectively for measuring frequencies ranging from 0.033 to 100 Hz and from 0.0083 to 50 Hz.
- Seismic sensors accelerometer type currently available have an operating range whose upper limit may exceed 500 Hz but whose lower limit is generally greater than a few hertz for amplitudes of seismic motion in calm conditions, that is to say for amplitudes of displacement below the saturation limit of the seismic sensor.
- a disadvantage is that, to measure a seismic movement over the frequency range between 0.01 Hz and 500 Hz, it is necessary to use both an accelerometer type seismic sensor and a velocity-type seismic sensor. In the case of dynamic stabilization of a particle accelerator, the use of several hundred sensors seismics may be necessary, leading to significant costs and congestion.
- An object of an embodiment is to provide a seismic sensor that overcomes all or some of the disadvantages of conventional seismic sensors.
- the seismic sensor has a range of operation straddling the operating range of a conventional velocimeter type sensor and a conventional accelerometer type seismic sensor.
- the seismic sensor has an operating range whose upper limit is greater than the upper limit of a seismic sensor of the current velocimeter type.
- the seismic sensor has an operating range whose lower limit is lower than the lower limit of a current accelerometer type seismic sensor.
- the structure of the seismic sensor and its modeling are simple.
- the seismic sensor can easily be used in a dynamic stabilization system of a structure.
- the bulk of the seismic sensor is reduced.
- an embodiment provides a seismic sensor for seismic waves of frequencies between 0.05 Hz and 500 Hz comprising a mass, at least one suspension element of the mass connected to a sensor body and a displacement measuring device. of the mass with respect to the sensor body, the assembly formed by the mass and the suspension element having a resonance frequency between 5 Hz and 300 Hz.
- the measurement device provides at least a first signal
- the seismic sensor further comprising a processing module adapted to provide a second signal equal to the first corrected signal from the inverse of the transfer function of the seismic sensor.
- the suspension element comprises an outer ring, a central portion connected to the ground and at least two arms connecting the outer ring to the central portion.
- each arm is substantially rectilinear.
- the senor comprises a network of interconnected arms connecting the outer ring to the central portion.
- each arm extends in a spiral.
- the senor comprises two suspension elements, the mass being maintained between the two suspension elements.
- the measuring device comprises a non-contact sensor for moving the mass relative to the sensor body.
- the non-contact sensor is a capacitive, optical, magnetic or inductive displacement sensor.
- the suspension element is made of a material chosen from the group comprising steel, aluminum and a composite material.
- the suspension element corresponds to a printed circuit.
- the non-contact sensor is a capacitive displacement sensor and the suspension element comprises a conductive track extending by a conductive pad forming an electrode of the capacitive displacement sensor.
- the seismic sensor further comprises an additional mass and at least one additional suspension element of the additional mass. connected to the support and an additional device for measuring the displacement of the additional mass relative to the support, the assembly formed by the additional mass and the additional suspension element having a resonance frequency of between 5 Hz and 300 Hz.
- the mass is traversed by an opening and the additional mass is at least partly housed in the opening and distant from the mass.
- the operating frequency range of the seismic sensor is from 0.01 Hz to 500 Hz and the mass-spring assembly has a resonance frequency of between 1 Hz and 300 Hz.
- the suspension element delimits with the sensor body a sealed enclosure comprising a gas at a pressure strictly greater than atmospheric pressure.
- An embodiment also provides a dynamic stabilization system of a structure, comprising at least:
- a seismic sensor as defined above, adapted to provide a signal representative of the movements of the ground and / or the structure;
- a processing module adapted to provide a control signal
- an actuator connected to the structure, receiving the control signal and adapted to move the structure to compensate for ground motions.
- Figure 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a seismic sensor
- Figure 2 is a cutaway perspective view of the seismic sensor of Figure 1;
- Figure 3 is a perspective view of the relative distance measuring device of the seismic sensor of Figure 1 and its adjustable holding device;
- FIG. 4 represents an evolution curve of the amplitude of the accelerating transfer function of the seismic sensor of FIG. 1;
- FIGS. 5A to 5D show evolution curves of the power spectral density of the relative displacement measured by the seismic sensor for different resonance frequencies of the seismic sensor
- FIG. 6 represents, in the form of a block diagram, another embodiment of a seismic sensor containing for example the seismic sensor of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 7 represents an evolution curve of a compensation function implemented by the seismic sensor of FIG. 6;
- FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C show evolution curves of the power spectral density of the seismic movement measured by a seismic sensor according to the embodiment shown in FIG. 6 with and without correction, and by a known velocimeter-type sensor ( CMG-6T) for comparison and measured for a pair of parameters (resonance frequency, damping) of the seismic sensor;
- CMG-6T velocimeter-type sensor
- FIG. 9 is a figure similar to FIG. 8C for another pair of parameters (resonance frequency, damping) of the seismic sensor;
- FIG. 10 represents evolution curves of the power spectral density of the relative displacement measured by a seismic sensor according to the embodiment represented in FIG. 6 without correction and the spectral power density of the reading electronics of the detection device. relative distance measured empty;
- FIG. 11 represents curves of evolution of the power spectral density of the relative displacement measured by a known seismic sensor of velocimeter type and the density noise power spectral of this seismic sensor measured according to the corrected difference method;
- Figure 12 shows, in the form of a block diagram, an embodiment of a dynamic stabilization system of a mechanical structure containing for example the seismic sensor of Figure 1;
- Figures 13 and 14 show further embodiments of a suspension element of a seismic sensor
- FIG. 15 represents another embodiment of the device for measuring the relative distance of a seismic sensor and of its adjustable holding device
- Fig. 16 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a seismic sensor
- Figure 17 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the mass-spring assembly of a seismic sensor
- Fig. 18 is a sectional view of the spring-mass assembly of Fig. 17;
- Fig. 19 is a bottom, partial and schematic view of another embodiment of a suspension member with integrated relative distance detection.
- Figures 20 and 21 are sectional perspective views of other embodiments of a seismic sensor.
- the seismic sensor 10 comprises a sensor body 11 comprising at least one bottom 12 and annular spacers 20 and 22.
- the bottom 12 corresponds, for example, to a plate.
- the elements of the sensor 10 are fixed relative to each other.
- the body 11 of the sensor may be disposed on the ground whose movements are to be measured and follow the movements of the ground. In the remainder of the description, when reference is made to the movements of the bottom 12 of the sensor, it is understood that the entire body 11 follows the same movements.
- the seismic sensor 10 comprises a mass 14 which may correspond to a cylindrical element with a circular base of axis ⁇ .
- ⁇ axis
- the ⁇ axis is vertical.
- the ⁇ axis could be different from the vertical direction depending on the type of seismic movements to be measured.
- the adjectives "lower” and “higher” are defined relative to the center of mass 14.
- the mass 14 is held by an upper suspension member 16A and a lower suspension member 16B.
- the mass 14 is located between the two suspension members 16A, 16B.
- the suspension members 16A, 16B act as a spring and are adapted to deform in the presence of seismic waves.
- the elements 14, 16A and 16B form the mass-spring assembly 17 of the seismic sensor 10.
- the outer edge of the lower suspension member 16B rests on the annular spacer 20 which itself is placed on the bottom 12 of the sensor.
- the outer edge of the upper suspension member 16A rests on the annular spacer 22 which itself rests on the outer edge of the lower suspension member 16B.
- a device 27 for measuring the relative distance between the body 11 of the sensor and the mass-spring assembly 17 is disposed between the bottom 12 of the sensor and the mass-spring assembly 17, substantially perpendicular to the mass 14.
- the measuring device 27 comprises a relative distance sensor 24 and an adjustable position holding device 25 of the relative distance sensor 24.
- the struts 20, 22 and the suspension elements 16A, 16B can be fixed to the bottom 12 by fastening means, not shown, for example by screwing.
- fastening means not shown, for example by screwing.
- openings 26 through the suspension members 16A, 16B, the spacers 20, 22 and the bottom 12 and allowing the passage of fastening means, for example threaded rods are shown in Figures 1 and 2.
- the suspension elements 16A, 16B may have an identical shape. In the remainder of the description, similar or identical parts of the suspension elements 16A, 16B are designated by the same reference followed by the letter “A” for a part belonging to the suspension element 16A and the letter “B” to a part belonging to the suspension element 16B.
- Each suspension member 16A, 16B comprises an outer ring 30A, 30B, a central portion 32A, 32B and suspension arms 34A, 34B connecting the central portion 32A, 32B to the outer ring 30A, 30B.
- the suspension elements 16A, 16B may each correspond to a monolithic piece. Alternatively, each suspension element 16A, 16B may comprise several parts assembled to each other. In particular, the central portion 32A, 32B may correspond to a separate part attached to the arms 34A, 34B.
- Each outer ring 30A, 30B may be circular in shape.
- the outer ring 30B of the lower suspension element 16B rests on the spacer 20 and the outer ring 30A of the upper suspension element 16A rests on the spacer 22.
- each arm 34A, 34B extends substantially radially with respect to the axis ⁇ .
- each arm 34 is rectangular in section.
- the sensor 10 may comprise from two to ten arms 34A, 34B, for example four arms.
- Each central portion 32A, 32B may correspond to a cylindrical portion with a circular base, possibly traversed by a cylindrical opening 36A, 36B.
- the mass 14 may comprise at its base a threaded portion 38 which enters the tapped opening 36B of the central portion 32B of the lower suspension element 16B and which secures the mass 14 to the lower suspension element 16B .
- the mass 14 may comprise a blind hole 43 at its top.
- a screw not shown, can be arranged in the blind hole 43 and in the cylindrical opening 36A of the central portion 32A of the upper suspension element 16A to maintain the position of the mass 14 relative to the element upper suspension 16A.
- the relative displacement sensor 24 is adapted to provide an electrical signal representative of the relative displacement of the mass 14 relative to the bottom 12 of the sensor.
- it is a non-contact displacement sensor, in particular a capacitive, magnetic, optical or inductive displacement sensor.
- a capacitive displacement sensor 24 is shown in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a capacitive displacement sensor 24 is shown.
- FIG. 3 represents a perspective view of an embodiment of the relative distance measuring device 27 of the seismic sensor 10 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, comprising the relative distance sensor 24 and its position-keeping device 25.
- the relative distance sensor 24 comprises two electrodes 40, 42.
- the electrode 40 is fixed to the central portion 32B of the lower suspension element 16B, not shown in FIG. 3.
- the adjustable position holding device 25 comprises a support 44 which is held on a base 46 by means of guiding and adjusting means 48 of the position of the support 44 relative to the base 46.
- the electrode 42 is fixed to the support 44.
- the support 44 can be traversed by an opening 45 to reduce the mass.
- the base 46 can be fixed at the bottom 12.
- the adjustment means 48 may comprise ground pins, a screw and Belleville washers.
- the base 46, the adjustment means 48, the support 44 and the lower electrode 42 are arranged in the opening delimited by the lower spacer 20 so that the electrode 42 is located vertically above the electrode 40.
- the vertical position of the support 44 with respect to the base 46 is modified by the adjustment means 48 to adjust the gap between the electrodes 40, 42 and to be positioned in the operating zone of the capacitive sensor 24.
- the relative distance sensor 24 further comprises a signal conditioning module 54 to which the electrodes 40, 42 are connected by wires 50, 52.
- the signal conditioning module 54 is adapted to provide an electrical signal v, by example a current or a voltage, representative of the gap between the two electrodes 40, 42.
- the module 54 may correspond to a dedicated electronic circuit and integrated sensor.
- the capacitive sensor 24 may correspond to the capacitive sensor marketed by Physik Instrumente (PI) under the name D-015 for the elements 40, 42, 50 and 52 and E-509 for the module 54.
- PI Physik Instrumente
- the operation of the seismic sensor 10 embodiment is as follows. In the presence of seismic movements, the bottom 12 follows the movements of the ground and the mass 14 tends to move relative to the bottom 12 due to the deformation of the suspension elements 16A, 16B. This relative displacement is measured by the non-contact displacement sensor 24.
- the seismic sensor 10 can be modeled by a mechanical oscillator of mass-spring type.
- the mass-spring assembly 17 is characterized by its transfer function H linking the displacement relative ⁇ to ground motion y.
- the behavior of the seismic sensor 10 corresponds, as a first approximation, to that of a mass-spring type accelerometer.
- the transfer function H is then given by the following relation (1), in the Laplace domain:
- m is the sum of the mass 14 and the central cylindrical portion 32A and 32B of the suspension members 16A and 16B
- k is the equivalent stiffness constant of the suspension members 16A, 16B
- h is the equivalent coefficient of friction of the elements suspension 16A, 16B.
- FIG. 4 represents an example of evolution curve C 1 of the amplitude of the transfer function A as a function of frequency.
- the curve C] successively comprises a first portion P 1 substantially constant over a first frequency range AF 1, a peak-shaped portion P2 around the resonance frequency f 1 of the seismic sensor 10 over a second frequency range F 2 and a decreasing portion P3 on a third frequency range AF3.
- the resonance frequency f g and therefore the frequency ranges AF 1, AF 2 and AF 2 can be adjusted by modifying the mass m, the stiffness constant k and the damping term ⁇ of the seismic sensor 10. These parameters can be modified independently of each other. In particular, the stiffness constant k and the coefficient of friction h can be adjusted by changing the dimensions of the suspension members 16A, 16B and / or the material constituting the suspension members 16A, 16B.
- the operating range of an accelerometer type seismic sensor corresponds to the frequency range AF] for which the transfer function A is substantially constant.
- the resonance frequency fg is chosen to be greater than the upper limit of the desired operating range of the seismic sensor.
- the lower limit of the operating range depends more on the noise of the electronic components and the level of the signal to be measured. Generally, this low limit is considered to be the frequency for which the signal-to-noise ratio of the seismic sensor is less than unity.
- the level of acceleration derived from the seismic displacement to be measured decreases with frequency.
- the limit is therefore related to the fact that the amplitude of the signal to be measured is lower than the noise level of the seismic sensor.
- the lower limit of the operating range is generally greater than a few hertz for the measurement of the ground acceleration under normal conditions.
- the inventors have shown that by using the seismic sensor whose operation follows a spring-mass model, over a frequency range containing the resonance of the seismic sensor 10, ie from AF] _ to AF3, the amplification of the measured signal induced by the resonance is then used. This therefore improves the signal-to-noise ratio around the resonance.
- the low frequency limit of the operating range is lowered.
- the materials used to make the mass 14 and the suspension elements 16A, 16B, and the dimensions of these parts are determined to obtain the resonance frequency fg and the damping term ⁇ sought (cf relations (2)).
- the mass 14 is made of steel, lead or aluminum. Preferably, the mass 14 is made of steel.
- the mass 14 is greater than or equal to 50 grams. This makes it possible to reject parasitic resonance modes outside the operating frequency range of the seismic sensor 10.
- the suspension elements 16A, 16B are made of aluminum, steel or composite material.
- the composite material comprises glass fibers and epoxy resin or carbon fibers and epoxy resin.
- the spacers 20, 22, the plate 12, the support 44 and the base 46 are made of aluminum or steel, preferably aluminum.
- the total dimensions of the seismic sensor 10 can be as follows:
- outer diameter of the suspension elements 16A, 16B between 40 mm and 400 mm;
- each arm 34A, 34B between 0.1 mm and 10 mm;
- each arm 34A, 34B measured radially with respect to the ⁇ axis: between 16 mm and 180 mm.
- a seismic sensor 10 was used for which the mass 14 was made of steel and the suspension elements 16A, 16B, the spacers 20, 22, and the plate 12 were made of aluminum and for which the dimensions were as follows:
- each arm 34A, 34B 2 mm.
- FIGS. 5A to 5D show the evolution curves 3 ⁇ 4 '3 ⁇ 4 and C4 of the power spectral density PSD, expressed in (m / S 2 ) / VHZ " , of the ground acceleration as a function of frequency for three sensors the resonance frequencies of 14 Hz, 72 Hz and 144 Hz respectively and for a damping term of substantially 0.02, the resonance frequencies fg of 14 Hz, 72 Hz and 144 Hz have been respectively obtained with a mass 14 of 936 g and suspension elements as shown in Figure 13 described below, a mass 14 of 936 g and suspension elements as shown in Figure 1 and a mass 14 of 236 g and suspension elements as shown in Figure 1.
- 5A to 5D show, in addition, an evolution curve C5 of the spectral density of the noise of the electronics (signal conditioner) of the capacitive displacement sensor 24.
- the curve C5 is a measurement of the output of the module of signal conditioning 54 not connected to the electrodes 40 and 42.
- the power spectral density curves of the measured signal C2, C3 and C4 join the noise spectral density curve. This sets the limits of the operating range of the sensor. Decreasing the resonance frequency fg of the seismic sensor makes it possible to improve the signal-to-noise ratio at low frequencies. However, this leads to a degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio at high frequencies.
- the resonant frequency fg and the damping term ⁇ are chosen to optimize the operating frequency range of the sensor according to the needs of the application.
- the resonance frequency of the seismic sensor 10 is between 5 Hz and 300 Hz.
- the resonance frequency of the seismic sensor 10 is between 1 Hz and 300 Hz.
- the term of the damper ⁇ of the seismic sensor 10 is between 0.001 and 0.5.
- the term absorber ⁇ of the seismic sensor 10 is between 0.001 and 0.5.
- the sensitivity of a sensor is equal to the ratio of the output signal of the sensor as a function of the variation of the input signal.
- the sensitivity of the seismic sensor 10 is not constant over the operating frequency range of the seismic sensor. This makes it possible to increase the signal-to-noise ratio by exploiting the mechanical amplification of the mass-spring assembly, in particular for the lower frequencies and close to the resonance of the mass-spring assembly.
- the sensitivity is amplified by a factor greater than 1 (and at most equal to 1 / 2 ⁇ for frequencies greater than:
- the mass 14 is connected to the body 11 of the seismic sensor 10 only by the suspension elements 16A, 16B.
- the seismic sensor 10 does not comprise a feedback loop comprising an active system for modifying the movement of the mass 14.
- the signal v supplied by the seismic sensor 10 is not proportional to the ground acceleration y with a constant proportionality ratio. It is then planned to correct the signal v taking into account the transfer function A of the seismic sensor 10.
- FIG. 6 represents in the form of a block diagram another embodiment of a seismic sensor 60.
- the seismic sensor 60 comprises the seismic sensor 10 (Sensor), according to the embodiment described above or according to the modes of embodiment described below, which is adapted to detect ground motions 61 (Ground Motion) and provides the electrical signal v to an analog-to-digital converter 62 (ADC).
- the converter converts the analog signal into a digital signal v v j ⁇ j ⁇ to a processing module 64 (Processor).
- the processing module 64 provides a corrected digital signal VQJ ⁇ J ⁇ to a digital-to-analog converter 66 (DAC).
- the converter 66 provides a corrected analog signal VQ.
- the corrected analog signal VQ substantially corresponds to the analog signal VQ which has been corrected to take account of the transfer function A of the seismic sensor 10.
- the converter 66 may not be present. In this case, the seismic sensor 60 directly supplies the digital signal VQ ⁇ JM.
- the processing module 64 may correspond to a dedicated electronic circuit.
- the processing module 64 corresponds to a processor, for example a computer, which executes the instructions of a computer program.
- FIG. 7 represents an evolution curve Cg of the amplitude of the correction function F used by the processing module 64 in the case where the resonance frequency fg of the seismic sensor is 84 Hz and the damping term ⁇ is 0.015.
- the correction function F corresponds to the inverse of the transfer function P or A, depending on whether a measurement in displacement or in acceleration at the output of the sensor 60 is desired.
- the functions P or A transfer are easy to reverse. This may not be the case with the transfer functions of seismic sensors currently available commercially.
- the processing module 64 determines the product, in the frequency domain, between the signal VJ ⁇ J ⁇ and the correction function F.
- FIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C show evolution curves C7, CQ and Cg of the power spectral density, expressed in m / Hz, respectively of the relative displacement z measured by the seismic sensor 10, that is to say to say in the absence of correction, the displacement of the soil y measured by the seismic sensor 60, that is to say with correction, and the displacement of the soil y measured by a seismic comparison sensor.
- the seismic comparison sensor corresponds to the seismic sensor of velocimeter type marketed by the company Guralp Systems under the name CMG-6T and has a reliable measuring range (for these levels of movement) from 1 Hz to 100 Hz.
- an accelerometer type seismic sensor marketed by the Wilcoxon company under the name 731A has been used, whose reliable measuring range (for these levels of movement) is from 10 Hz to 300 Hz and the measurement of which is not shown in the figures.
- the seismic sensor 10 used to obtain the C7 and CQ curves had a resonance frequency of 84 Hz and a damping term ⁇ of 0.015.
- the correction performed by the processing module 64 implemented the correction function F represented in FIG. 7.
- the resonance at 84 Hz appears on curve C7 in the absence of correction.
- the curve C Q for which a correction has been made, the effect of the resonance has been suppressed.
- the curve C Q follows the curve Cg over a larger frequency range than the curve C7, substantially from 7 Hz to 210 Hz.
- Figure 9 shows the evolution curves C] _g, C] _i and C] _2 obtained under conditions identical to curves respectively C7, CQ and C with the difference that the resonant frequency of the seismic sensor was 73 Hz and the damping term ⁇ was 0.035.
- the shift of the resonance frequency towards the low frequencies as well as the increase of the damping term ⁇ made it possible to improve the operating range of the seismic sensor 60 at low frequencies. since the fit between the curve 3 ⁇ 4 ] _, which corresponds to the corrected displacement measured by the seismic sensor 60, and the curve C ] _2, which corresponds to the displacement measured by the seismic sensor CMG-6T, extends to the frequency 2 Hz.
- the operating range of the seismic sensor 10 which corresponds substantially to the frequency range for which the curve C 1 - 3 is above the curve C 1 - 4, extends substantially from 2 Hz to 250 Hz.
- Figure 11 shows a curve of variation C] _5 of the spectral power density, expressed in m ⁇ / Hz, the displacement of the soil is measured by the seismic sensor CMG-6T and a curve of variation C] _g of spectral density of CMG-6T seismic sensor noise.
- the operating range of the seismic sensor CMG-6T which substantially corresponds to the frequency range for which the curve C] _5 is above the curve C] _g, extends substantially from 1 Hz to 100 Hz.
- Curves C 1, C 4, C 1, and C 1 of FIGS. 10 and 11 have been measured for seismic movements of substantially the same magnitude.
- the upper limit of the operating range of the seismic sensor embodiment 10 is greater than the upper limit of the operating range of the CMG-6T velocimeter sensor of more than 100 Hz.
- FIG. 12 represents, in the form of a block diagram, an embodiment of a system 70 for dynamic stabilization of a structure 72 with respect to the seismic movements of the ground 74.
- the system comprises the seismic sensor 10 (Sensor), according to the embodiment described above or according to the embodiments described below, which measures the ground seismic movements 74 (Ground) and supplies the electrical signal v to an analog converter.
- Digital 76 ADC
- the converter 76 converts the analog signal into a digital signal v v j ⁇ j ⁇ which is supplied to a correction module 78 (Correction Unit).
- the correction module 78 provides a control digital signal C j ⁇ j ⁇ to a digital-analog converter 80 (DAC).
- the converter 80 supplies an analog control signal C to an actuator 82 (vibrator) connected to the structure 72 to stabilize.
- the actuator moves the structure 72 to compensate for ground motion in real time.
- the correction module 78 may correspond to a dedicated electronic circuit.
- the correction module 78 corresponds to a processor, for example a computer, which executes the instructions of a computer program.
- the correction module 78 carries out the compensation of the signal supplied by the seismic sensor 10 as described previously with reference to FIG. 6. It determines, in addition, from the corrected signal the setpoint C to be applied to compensate for the measured displacement. .
- the seismic sensor 10 may be replaced by the seismic sensor 60.
- the signal supplied to the correction module 78 is already corrected to compensate for the resonance of the seismic sensor 10.
- the seismic sensor can measure the movements of the structure 72 instead of the movements of the ground 74.
- FIG 13 shows another embodiment of a suspension 90 which can be used in particular in place of the suspension elements 16A and / or 16B.
- the suspension member comprises an outer ring 92, a central portion 94 and arms 96 connecting the outer ring 92 to the central portion 94. Each arm 96 spirals from the central portion 94 to the outer ring 92
- the suspension element 90 may be a monolithic piece of constant thickness, obtained for example by cutting a plate.
- the outer ring 92 may be circular in shape.
- the suspension element 90 may comprise from two to ten arms 96, for example four arms.
- Apertures 98 may be provided in the outer ring 92 to allow the passage of fastening means, for example threaded bolts or rods, from the suspension member 90 to the other parts of the seismic sensor.
- the central portion 94 can be traversed by an opening 99.
- FIG. 14 represents another embodiment of a suspension 100 that can notably be used in place of the suspension elements 16A and / or 16B.
- the suspension element 100 comprises an outer ring 102, a central portion 104 and an array of interconnected arms 106 connecting the outer ring 102 to the central portion 104.
- the suspension member 100 may be a monolithic piece, of constant thickness, obtained for example by cutting a plate.
- the outer ring 102 may be circular in shape.
- the array of arms 106 may have several planes of symmetry. Some arms 106 may have a straight shape while others may be curved.
- FIG. 15 represents another embodiment of a device 110 for measuring the relative displacement between the mass 14 and the body 11 of the seismic sensor that can be used in place of the device 27.
- This device 110 comprises all the elements of the device measuring the relative distance 27 and further comprises two pairs of additional electrodes 112, 114 and 116, 118.
- Each pair of additional electrodes comprises an electrode 114, 118 fixed to the support 44 and an electrode 112, 116 intended to be fixed to the lower suspension element 16A, not shown in FIG. 15.
- each pair of electrodes is disposed at the top of an equilateral triangle. All of the electrodes may be connected to the biasing and processing module 54.
- the module 54 is adapted to determine the gap between the electrodes of each electrode pair. Three gaps are thus determined.
- the module 54 can determine, from the values of the three deviations, the inclination of the mass 14 relative to the bottom 12 of the sensor. This makes it possible to determine the components of the acceleration vector of the seismic mass 14 along the axis ⁇ and perpendicular to the axis ⁇ .
- FIG. 16 represents an embodiment of a seismic sensor 120 which has the same structure as the seismic sensor 10 of FIG. 1 except that the suspension elements 16A and 16B are replaced by suspension elements 122A, 122B which each corresponds to the embodiment of the suspension element 90 shown in FIG. 13, that the device for measuring the relative displacement 27 is replaced by the device for measuring the relative displacement 110 shown in Figure 15 and that the mass 14 is fixed at the ends to the connecting pieces 124, 126, the connecting piece 126 being fixed to the upper suspension element 122A and the connecting piece 124 being fixed to the element of lower suspension 122B.
- each connecting piece 124, 126 may comprise two parts fixed to one another by sandwiching the associated suspension element.
- FIGS 17 and 18 are partial views, respectively in perspective and in section, of another embodiment of a mass-spring assembly 130 seismic sensor.
- the mass-spring assembly 130 comprises two mass-spring systems 132, 134 partly nested one inside the other.
- the mass-spring system 132 comprises a circular cylindrical seismic mass 136 of axis ⁇ 'traversed by a cylindrical opening 138 of axis ⁇ '.
- the section plane of FIG. 18 contains the axis ⁇ '.
- the mass-spring system 134 comprises a cylindrical seismic mass 140 with a circular base of axis ⁇ 'housed in the opening 138.
- the ends 142, 144 of the mass 140 project out of the opening 138 above the mass seismic 136 and below the seismic mass 136.
- An interstice 146 is present between the mass 140 and the seismic mass 136 so that the seismic mass 140 is not in contact with the seismic mass 136.
- the seismic mass 136 is held by an upper suspension member 148A and a lower suspension member 148B.
- the seismic mass 136 is located between the two suspension members 148A, 148B.
- the suspension elements 148A, 148B correspond, for example, to the suspension element 90 shown in FIG. 13.
- the suspension elements 148A, 148B each comprise an opening 150A, 150B to allow the passage of the mass 140.
- the seismic mass 140 is held at the end 142 by an upper suspension member 152A and at the end 144 by a lower suspension member 152B.
- the suspension elements 152A, 152B correspond, for example, to the element of link 90 shown in Figure 13.
- the suspension elements 148A and 148B are located between the suspension members 152A and 152B.
- Each mass-spring system 132, 134 is associated with a relative distance measuring device, not shown, for example a displacement sensor without capacitive contact.
- the non-contact displacement sensor of the mass-spring system 132 is adapted to provide an electrical signal V] _, for example a current or a voltage, representative of the relative displacement of the seismic mass 136 relative to the ground.
- the non-contact displacement sensor of the mass-spring system 134 is adapted to provide an electrical signal V2, for example a current or a voltage, representative of the relative displacement of the seismic mass 140 relative to the ground.
- suspension elements 148A, 148B, 152A and 152B are identical. However, the suspension members 148A, 148B, 152A and 152B could be different.
- the spring-mass systems 132, 134 have different characteristics, for example different resonance frequencies and / or different damping terms. This can be achieved by using different seismic masses 136, 140 and / or different suspension members 148A, 148B, 152A, 152B.
- FIG 19 is a partial schematic bottom view of an embodiment of the suspension member 160.
- the suspension member 160 corresponds to a printed circuit.
- a conductive track 162 extends on one side of the suspension element 160 and is extended by a conductive pad 164.
- the conductive track 162 and the conductive pad 164 are, for example, made of copper.
- the conductive track 162 may be connected, at its end opposite the pad 164, to the polarization and processing module 54.
- the conductive pad 162 corresponds to an electrode of the capacitive displacement sensor.
- the other electrode of the capacitive displacement sensor may also correspond to a conductive track of a printed circuit.
- FIG 20 shows another embodiment of a more compact seismic sensor 170.
- the elements common to the embodiments of the seismic sensors 10 and 120 described above respectively in relation to FIGS. 2 and 16 are designated by the same references.
- the suspension elements 122A, 122B are fixed by gluing in the center to the seismic mass 14.
- the capacitive displacement sensor 24 is located above the mass-spring system 17.
- the lower electrode 42 is fixed by bonding to the suspension element 122A and the upper electrode 40 is fixed by gluing to an adjustment suspension element 173.
- the adjustment of the vertical position of the relative distance sensor 24 is carried out by pressing on a support element 177 adhered to the suspension element 173.
- the seismic sensor 170 comprises a cylindrical body 174 comprising a bottom 175, a cylindrical lateral portion 176 and a cover 178.
- the lateral portion 176 comprises a shoulder 180 on which the outer edge of the suspension element 122B rests.
- a spacer 182 rests on the outer edge of the suspension member 122A.
- the outer edge of the suspension element 173 rests on the spacer 182.
- the cover 178 is held in abutment against the suspension element 173 by tightening the screws, only the openings 179 for the passage of the screws being shown in FIG. 20.
- the suspension members 122A, 122B may be of another type than those shown in FIG. 13. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 20, the suspension members 122A, 122B, and 173 are identical. However, the suspension members 122A, 122B, and 173 may be different.
- the electrodes 40 and 42 are oriented perpendicularly with respect to each other.
- FIG. 21 represents another embodiment of a seismic sensor 190 which has the same structure as the seismic sensor 10 represented in FIG. 1 except that the suspension elements 16A and 16B are replaced by suspension elements 192A, 192B each comprising a membrane 194A, 194B not perforated.
- each central portion 32A, 32B corresponds to a separate piece attached to the corresponding membrane 194A, 194B.
- the thickness of the membrane 194A, 194B is between 0.05 mm and 5 mm.
- an annular seal 198 may be provided between the lower suspension member 192B and the annular spacer 20 and an annular seal 200 may be provided between the annular spacer. 20 and the bottom 12.
- Two openings 202 pass through the annular spacer 20.
- the body 11 comprises a sleeve 204, attached to the bottom 12, and surrounding the spacers 20, 22.
- the sleeve 204 includes a through opening 206 which exposes the openings 202.
- Fittings 208 may be attached to the openings 202 to connect the sensor to a gas supply device.
- the openings 202 make it possible to modify the pressure in the cavity 196 by adding or withdrawing gas. Alternatively, a single opening 202 may be present.
- the cavity 196 is filled with air.
- the cavity 196 is filled with a gas or a mixture of gases, in particular at least one neutral gas.
- the measuring device 27 is not shown in FIG. 21. It can be located above the central portion 32A. Alternatively, the measuring device 27 may, at least in part, be disposed in the cavity 196.
- the openings 202 are sealed and an overpressure is maintained in the cavity 196.
- the overpressure is determined so as to compensate for the action of the mass 14 on the lower suspension element 192B in the absence of seismic waves.
- the overpressure is determined so that, in the absence of seismic waves, the membrane 194B is substantially horizontal.
- the difference between the pressure in the cavity 196 and the atmospheric pressure is preferably less than 1 bar (10 Pa).
- the operating principle of the seismic sensor 190 is the same as that of the seismic sensor 10 described above.
- the transfer function H of the mass-spring unit linking the relative displacement ⁇ to the movement of the ground y can be different from the relation (1) indicated previously.
- the seismic sensor 190 advantageously makes it possible to further reduce the minimum resonance frequency and to reduce the minimum limit of the operating range of the seismic sensor.
- the overpressure of the cavity 196 allows the use of membranes 194A, 194B having a lower stiffness than the suspension elements 16A, 16B, 90, 100, 122A, 122B described in the previous embodiments.
- the cavity 196 under excess pressure contributes to the total stiffness of the seismic sensor 190.
- the inventors have demonstrated that the contribution of the cavity 196 to the total stiffness of the cavity 196 can be minimized by increasing the volume of the cavity 196.
- the volume of the cavity 196 is greater than 200 cm 2.
- the seismic mass has a cylindrical shape with a circular base
- the shape of the seismic mass may be different.
- the seismic mass may have a spherical or frustoconical shape.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Geophysics (AREA)
- Measurement Of Mechanical Vibrations Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
- Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1359336A FR3011334B1 (fr) | 2013-09-27 | 2013-09-27 | Capteur sismique |
| PCT/FR2014/052414 WO2015044604A1 (fr) | 2013-09-27 | 2014-09-25 | Capteur sismique |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3049832A1 true EP3049832A1 (fr) | 2016-08-03 |
Family
ID=50101924
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP14796202.1A Withdrawn EP3049832A1 (fr) | 2013-09-27 | 2014-09-25 | Capteur sismique |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3049832A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3011334B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2015044604A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113296144B (zh) * | 2020-02-24 | 2024-05-24 | 防灾科技学院 | 一种阻尼调零的地震计 |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1359336A (fr) | 1963-03-15 | 1964-04-24 | Pinnule de site pour instruments d'optique à relever des gisements ou azimuts | |
| FR2615682B1 (fr) * | 1987-05-19 | 1989-07-13 | Thomson Csf | Geophone comportant un element sensible en polymere piezoelectrique |
| US7036374B2 (en) * | 2002-01-25 | 2006-05-02 | William Thomas Pike | Micro-machined suspension plate with integral proof mass for use in a seismometer or other device |
| EP1967037B1 (fr) * | 2005-12-30 | 2014-09-24 | ION Geophysical Corporation | Geophone avec detection de position d'une masse |
| US8645071B2 (en) * | 2009-12-23 | 2014-02-04 | Pgs Geophysical As | Direct velocity seismic sensing |
| US20120056363A1 (en) * | 2010-09-03 | 2012-03-08 | Greg Alan Ritter | Leaf spring |
-
2013
- 2013-09-27 FR FR1359336A patent/FR3011334B1/fr active Active
-
2014
- 2014-09-25 EP EP14796202.1A patent/EP3049832A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2014-09-25 WO PCT/FR2014/052414 patent/WO2015044604A1/fr not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| None * |
| See also references of WO2015044604A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3011334B1 (fr) | 2017-06-09 |
| FR3011334A1 (fr) | 2015-04-03 |
| WO2015044604A1 (fr) | 2015-04-02 |
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