Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
  • C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
  • C10L1/023—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for spark ignition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
  • C10L1/125—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof water
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1266—Inorganic compounds nitrogen containing compounds, (e.g. NH3)
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/08—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/12—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the cetane number
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
  • F23K5/00—Feeding or distributing other fuel to combustion apparatus
  • F23K5/02—Liquid fuel
  • F23K5/08—Preparation of fuel
  • F23K5/10—Mixing with other fluids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
  • C10L1/1852—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Orthoesters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/23—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/02—Inorganic or organic compounds containing atoms other than C, H or O, e.g. organic compounds containing heteroatoms or metal organic complexes
  • C10L2200/0254—Oxygen containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/02—Inorganic or organic compounds containing atoms other than C, H or O, e.g. organic compounds containing heteroatoms or metal organic complexes
  • C10L2200/0259—Nitrogen containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/02—Inorganic or organic compounds containing atoms other than C, H or O, e.g. organic compounds containing heteroatoms or metal organic complexes
  • C10L2200/029—Salts, such as carbonates, oxides, hydroxides, percompounds, e.g. peroxides, perborates, nitrates, nitrites, sulfates, and silicates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/02—Inorganic or organic compounds containing atoms other than C, H or O, e.g. organic compounds containing heteroatoms or metal organic complexes
  • C10L2200/0295—Water
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2230/00—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole
  • C10L2230/08—Inhibitors
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
  • C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
  • C10L2270/023—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for gasoline engines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
  • C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
  • C10L2270/026—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for diesel engines, e.g. automobiles, stationary, marine
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
  • C10L2290/14—Injection, e.g. in a reactor or a fuel stream during fuel production
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
  • C10L2290/14—Injection, e.g. in a reactor or a fuel stream during fuel production
  • C10L2290/146—Injection, e.g. in a reactor or a fuel stream during fuel production of water
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
  • C10L2290/24—Mixing, stirring of fuel components
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
  • F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
  • F02M25/022—Adding fuel and water emulsion, water or steam
  • F02M25/0221—Details of the water supply system, e.g. pumps or arrangement of valves
  • F02M25/0224—Water treatment or cleaning
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
  • F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
  • F02M25/022—Adding fuel and water emulsion, water or steam
  • F02M25/025—Adding water
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
  • F23K2300/00—Pretreatment and supply of liquid fuel
  • F23K2300/10—Pretreatment
  • F23K2300/103—Mixing with other fluids

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to enhanced fuels suitable for use in internal combustion engines. Moreover, the present disclosure is also concerned with methods of producing such enhanced fuels. Furthermore, the present disclosure is also concerned with a method of using such fuel for operating an internal combustion engine.
• combustible hydrocarbon fuels in combustion systems, such as internal combustion engines, is well known.
• combustible hydrocarbon fuels includes, petrol fuel (gasoline) or diesel fuel, which are oxidized by air to generate hot gases that are used to generate mechanical power, for example for vehicles powered by spark-ignition engines or compression-ignition engines.
• gasoline petrol fuel
• diesel fuel diesel fuel
• NOx Nitrogen oxides
• Several innovations have been devised in recent years to reduce and/or filter such soot particles and Nitrogen oxides (NOx) in exhaust gases generated in operation from combustion systems.
• combustion fuels are derived, namely manufactured, from geological fossil reserves. Further, such fossil reserves are of finite capacity and are being gradually exhausted, as the present World consumption of oil and gas is in an order of 100 millions barrels of oil equivalent per annum. More recently, there is a growing interest in biofuels derived from contemporary biota, and therefore potentially more sustainable. The use of biofuel as a motor fuel has been already studied in detail since the 20th Century. Biofuels, in contradistinction to conventional fossil-reserve-derived fuels, are used as a motor fuel, or an addition to basic fossil- reserve-derived fuel, in many countries, such as Brazil, Germany, Sweden and USA [1 ].
• the fuel additive is added to a fuel such as ethanol and/or methanol to provide a mixture which can be combusted in combustion engines, for example in cylinder-based internal combustion engines.
• a fuel such as ethanol and/or methanol
• the additive is capable of improving fuel ignition in cylinder-based internal combustion engines, for example at lower temperatures when such engines are started and their respective engine blocks are cold.
• Avocet An example of a contemporary fuel additive is known as "Avocet", "Avocef is a trademark.
• Avocet has been employed in several tests using alcohols as biofuels, to substitute for fossil-reserve-derived diesel fuel in private and public transportation vehicles.
• ethanol containing Avocet at a concentration in a range of 2% to 10% by volume as an ignition enhancer was tested in a small controlled group of public transport vehicles [1 ].
• Theory predicts a significantly higher volume consumption of ethanol, in comparison to diesel fuel, but the exact higher volume has to be calculated for each case, since it depends on the specific characteristics of the vehicle (e.g. operating temperature) and the detailed composition of the fuel itself. It was found from the tests that the use of ethanol-Avocet fuel consumed 84% more per volume, which both negatively compensated for an initial economic argument as well as presented a new significant logistic challenge of transporting 84% more fuel by volume.
• composition of Avocet is proprietary, and may have varied over time
• composition of the original Avocet additive includes following components as provided in Table 1 :
• AdBlue is a 32.5% solution of high- purity urea in de-mineralized water that is clear, non-toxic and safe to handle. It is non-explosive, non-flammable, nor harmful to the environment. AdBlue is classified under a minimum risk category of transportable fluids.
• Adblue is not a fuel, nor a fuel additive, and needs to be supplied from a dedicated tank in heavy-duty vehicles, for example trucks and buses.
• the dedicated tank is replenished with AdBlue in a similar manner to refuelling diesel into heavy-duty vehicles.
• Avocet is a fuel additive and is prohibitively expensive for use in many contemporary combustion systems, which has unfortunately limited its general use. Therefore, there is a need for alternative additives which, when added to fuel, are able to enhance combustion properties of the fuel.
• a patent document WO2012021 64A1 discloses use additives in conjunction with diesel fuel.
• AN is described as being emulsified in diesel.
• emulsified fuels may be unstable in a range of temperature conditions in which the engine may need to operate, and hence such a fuel may be considered to be unreliable in particular operating conditions.
• cetane enhancement of employed AN in methanol there is no mention of its use as a cetane enhancement of employed AN in methanol.
• an additive based in PEG dinitrate is the only proven ignition improver for alcohols.
• an alcohol based fuel may possibly use PEG dinitrate as the ignition improver. Accordingly, there arises a need to appropriately use such alcohol based fuel (having PEG dinitrate as ignition improver), and any improvement in combustion engines which are operable to burn such alcohol based fuel.
• the present disclosure seeks to provide an enhanced fuel for use in internal combustion engines, for example the enhanced fuel which is based upon methanol.
• the present disclosure seeks to provide additives for fuels, which, when added to the fuels, is capable of enhancing the fuels. Further, the present disclosure also seeks to provide a method of producing such enhanced fuel. Moreover, the present disclosure also seeks to provide a method of using such enhanced fuel for operating internal combustion engine.
• a fuel for use in internal combustion engines wherein the fuel includes a mixture of at least one alcohol, water and ammonium nitrate (AN) as a cetane enhancer.
• the water is included in a quantity which renders the ammonium nitrate dissolved in the at least one alcohol.
• the AN and water solution is mixed in alcohol to allow the AN/alcohol ratio in be in a range of 0.5% to 20% by weight with respect to the alcohol.
• the at least one alcohol includes methanol.
• the AN is included in a concentration having a range of 0.5% to 10% by weight with respect to the alcohol.
• the AN is included in a concentration having a range of 1 % to 5% by weight with respect to the alcohol.
• the fuel further contains polyethylene glycol dinitrate (PEGDN).
• PEGDN polyethylene glycol dinitrate
• the PEGDN is included in a concentration in a range of 5% to 10% by weight with respect to alcohol.
• the fuel further contains at least one ignition-improver additive, at least one lubricity agent and at least one anti-corrosion agent.
• the ignition-improver additive is at least one of dimethylether (DME), diethyl ether or methyl ethyl ether.
• DME dimethylether
• the DME is included in a concentration in a range of 0.1 % to 5% by weight with respect to the alcohol. More optionally, the DME is included in a concentration in a range of 0.1 % to 3% by weight with respect to the alcohol.
• the lubricity agent is at least one of polyethylene glycol, synthetic esters, and fatty acids.
• the anti-corrosion agent contains organic amines.
• a method of producing a fuel wherein the method includes:
• the method further includes adding at least one lubricity agent and at least one anti-corrosion agent.
• the method further includes adding polyethylene glycol dinitrate (PEGDN).
• PEGDN polyethylene glycol dinitrate
• a method of using a fuel for operating an internal combustion engine wherein the combustion engine including one or more combustion chambers having reciprocating and/or rotating elements therein which are operable to generate mechanical work from the engine, and an injection arrangement for injecting fuel into the one or more combustion chambers, wherein the method includes: (a) operating the injection arrangement to inject an alcohol -based fuel into the one or more combustion chambers, and wherein there is injected in combination with the alcohol-based fuel at least one ignition-improver.
• the method further includes pre-mixing the alcohol-based fuel and the at least one ignition-improver using a pre-mixing arrangement.
• the method further includes injecting the pre-mixed alcohol-based fuel and at least one ignition-improver as aqueous solution into one or more engine cylinders by a common injector.
• the method further includes injecting the alcohol-based fuel and the at least one ignition-improver into one or more engine cylinders by separate injectors.
• the method further includes controlling an amount of the at least one ignition-improver injected into the one or more combustion chambers relative to an amount of alcohol-based fuel injected therein by using a control arrangement.
• controlling of the amount of the at least one ignition-improver is based on one or more measured parameters associated with the combustion engine.
• the alcohol-based fuel contains at least one alcohol, water, at least one lubricity agent and at least one anti-corrosion agent.
• the ignition-improver is at least one of: Dimethylether (DME), diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, Ammonium Nitrate (AN), PEG-nitrate, octyl nitrate, hydrazine, and hydroxylamine nitrate.
• DME Dimethylether
• AN Ammonium Nitrate
• PEG-nitrate PEG-nitrate
• octyl nitrate hydrazine
• hydroxylamine nitrate hydroxylamine nitrate.
• the present disclosure relates to an enhanced fuel, a method of producing such enhanced fuel, and method of using such enhanced fuel for operating internal combustion engine.
• the present disclosure relates to fuels, for example to hydrocarbon fuels which are useable as a replacement for conventional diesel fuel and petrol fuels.
• the fuel is of advantage is that an addition of water renders Ammonium Nitrate co-soluble in at least one alcohol, for example methanol, thereby providing a solution which is stable in storage, and also useable directly as a substitute for fuels such as diesel, petrol, kerosene and other heavy fuel oils. Further, addition of water keeps the engine cool, on account of the high latent heat of evaporation of water, thereby decreasing the need for cooling systems. Furthermore, the fuel of the present disclosure is economical to manufacture and results in a clean burn reaction within combustion engines. For example, all fuel components are inexpensive and widely available, which enables large scale production for allowing easy adaptation in the market and efficient distribution.
• the fuel is capable of being employed as a substitute fuel in various types of engine systems, although ratios of its constituent components are optionally varied depending upon intended uses. It will be appreciated that features of the disclosure are susceptible to being combined in various combinations without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims.
• FIG. 1 is a graphical illustration of an enhanced fuel, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure
• FIG. 2 is a graphical illustration of an enhanced fuel, in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 3 is an illustration of a method of producing an enhanced fuel, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure
• FIG. 4 is an illustration of components of a enhanced fuel applied to a spark-ignited engine, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 5 is an illustration of components of a enhanced fuel applied to a compression- ignition engine, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
• the non-underlined number is used to identify a general item at which the arrow or lead line is pointing. Description of embodiments of the disclosure
• the present disclosure is concerned with an enhanced fuel which is based upon an alcohol, for example ethanol and/or methanol, which is economical in use, and which can be used as a diesel fuel substitute, with only minor changes being necessary to an internal combustion engine which is configured to operate from conventional diesel fuel.
• an alcohol for example ethanol and/or methanol
• Ammonium Nitrate is known to be an explosive material. Moreover, Ammonium Nitrate has been hitherto perceived to be unsuitable for use as an additive, because it is not soluble in alcohols, for example methanol. However, pursuant to embodiments of the present disclosure, Ammonium nitrate (AN) has a significant potential as a cetane enhancer for alcohols, such as methanol. The cetane enhancement capability effectively allows AN to be used as an ignition improver for such alcohol fuels. Ammonium Nitrate is, for example, manufactured in large quantities, for example for use in agriculture to replenish soil after crops have been grown which have a high fixed nitrogen requirement, for example grain crops, beans and so forth.
• ammonium nitrate As additive for methanol, Ammonium nitrate (AN) has a significant potential as a cetane enhancer for alcohols such as methanol, as aforementioned.
• the cetane enhancement capability effectively allows AN to be used as an ignition improver for such alcohol fuels, which allows these fuels to be used as direct replacement for known convention combustible fuels.
• AN is employed as an ignition improver/cetane enhancement for methanol, or another alcohol.
• AN is not very soluble in methanol for example, but both methanol and AN are soluble in water. Therefore, there is disclosed a fuel including a mixture of an alcohol, for example ethanol and/or methanol, AN and water, as shown in FIG. 1 .
• Such a fuel is beneficially manufactured from a method including:
• the range in which AN needs to be added is defined by a ratio N/C (namely, Nitrogen to Carbon), wherein Nitrogen atoms come from the AN additive and Carbon atoms, mostly, comes from the fuel, for example methanol.
• N/C Nitrogen to Carbon
• the AN is included in a concentration having a range of 1 % to 5% by weight with respect to the alcohol. Further, the AN and water solution is mixed in alcohol to allow the AN/alcohol ratio in be in a range of 0.5% to 20% by weight with respect to the alcohol.
• the enhanced fuel (or mixture) of water, AN and methanol is of advantage in that it can be easily stored over a long-term period without separating out into individual components parts, and does not form an emulsion and does not need to be emulsified.
• the enhance fuel pursuant to Equation 2 (Eq. 2) only contains fully soluble compounds and, thus, is considered to be more stable and more reliable in operating conditions.
• the enhanced fuel pursuant to Equation 2 (Eq. 2) is considerably cheaper than known diesel fuel substitutes based on methanol, for example employing Avocet, and also is very clean when burnt in an internal combustion engine, for example very low soot production and low NOx production.
• Methanol can be generated from a variety of sources, for example fermenting biological waste, biota material, algea culture, processing wood by-products, fossil fuel reserves, coal, coal liquefaction, hydrates and so forth; mutatis mutandis ethanol is similarly derivable.
• Embodiments of the present disclosure are concerned with an introduction of a new additive which increases the efficiency of a given fuel, for example methanol-based fuel, by acting as a cetane enhancer.
• the new additive provides at least one of following benefits:
• the new additive allows methanol to act a direct replacement for diesel fuel;
• the new additive in solution is non-explosive, and thus less hazardous in than, for example, octyl nitrate;
• Cetane is a measure of an ignition quality of a diesel fuel. The higher the cetane measure of a given diesel fuel, the easier it is to start a standard (direct injection) diesel engine using the given diesel fuel.
• the cetane measure is defined by a percentage, by volume, of cetane, with a chemical name " hexadecane” ' , in a combustion mixture, containing cetane and 1 -methylnaphthalene, whose ignition characteristics match those of a given diesel fuel being tested. Comparisons with other additives and fuels can be made by way of "equivalent cetane measure", for example as employed when describing embodiments of the present disclosure. Benefits of the enhanced fuel in Equation 2 (Eq. 2) include:
• Equation 2 (e)
• Equation 2 (e)
• systems and methods may be disclosed for the use of an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate (AN) as an ignition improver directly injected into the engine cylinder, which will be explained in greater detail herein later.
• the systems and methods may include tanks fitted to contain an aqueous solution of urea as the tanks to contain the AN solution prior to injection.
• the enhanced fuel as disclosed above with the help of the FIG. 1 and Equation 2 (Eq. 2), can also include other components that collectively form additive for the fuel.
• the fuel further includes an ignition-improver additive, preferably, dimethylether (DME).
• DME dimethylether
• the fuel includes DME in addition to the components of the fuel disclosed in FIG. 1 .
• ammonium nitrate acts cetane enhancer additive, which is an alternative additive as a substitute for Avocet additives that allows alcohols to be used as an improved fuel in existing compression-ignition engines.
• the fuel can further include other cetane enhancer, such as hydrazine, hydroxylamine nitrates, octyl nitrate having similar technical benefits, although their cost is greater than that of AN Dimethylether (DME) and other compounds with relatively high vapour pressures, including low-boiling point ethers, namely diethyl ether or methyl ethyl ether are suitable compounds to be employed as ignition-improver additive, particularly to enhance the cold-start of spark-ignited engines.
• DME Dimethylether
• other compounds with relatively high vapour pressures including low-boiling point ethers, namely diethyl ether or methyl ethyl ether are suitable compounds to be employed as ignition-improver additive, particularly to enhance the cold-start of spark-
• Dimethylether is produced by dehydration of methanol over a preferred catalyst, and is an additive independent of petroleum.
• DME is soluble in methanol and water, and thus preferably mixed directly into the fuel without the need of emulsification.
• the chemical formula of DME does not contain Carbon-Carbon bonds, which significantly reduces the possibility of formation of particulate impurities when compared to other commonly used additives, for example Avocet. Further advantages include the possibility of using DME in any engine tuned to be run with methanol as a fuel, wherein no extra modifications in this type of engine are needed.
• Dimethylether (DME) additive is inexpensive and readily available in large-scale. It provides several benefits to the engine operation, which includes enhancing the cold- start of spark-ignited engines.
• the DME additive can be utilised in range of 0.1 -5% by weight with respect to the alcohol.
• the DME additive is to be utilised range of 0.1 -3% by weight with respect to the alcohol.
• DME has the following favourable characteristics:
• Methanol modified in the way proposed in the present disclosure enables the full benefits of dedicated methanol SI engines to be realised. These benefits include low emissions coupled with the high fuel efficiency and high power output resulting from increased compression ratios made possible by methanol's high octane value.
• DEM and/or AN are/is employed as ignition improver for methanol and/or another alcohol.
• AN is not directly soluble in methanol, for example, but both methanol and AN are soluble in water. Therefore, there is disclosed a fuel including a mixture of an alcohol, for example ethanol and/or methanol, water, DME (as ignition-improver additive) and AN (as cetane enhancer), as shown in FIG. 2. It is to be understood that AN may be optionally added as cetane enhancer.
• Such a fuel is beneficially optionally manufactured using a method (300 shown in FIG. 3). Specifically, the method 300 of producing a fuel includes:
• step (i) of the method the range in which AN needs to be added is defined by a ratio N/C (namely, Nitrogen to Carbon), wherein Nitrogen atoms come from the AN additive and Carbon atoms, mostly, comes from the fuel, for example methanol.
• N/C Nitrogen to Carbon
• Nitrogen atoms come from the AN additive
• Carbon atoms mostly, comes from the fuel, for example methanol.
• N:C 20:1 is a typically required ratio.
• the values may vary depending on requirements of engine design and operating temperature.
• Such a mixture of water, AN and methanol is of advantage in that it can be easily stored over a long-term period without separating out into individual component parts, and does not form an emulsion and does not need to be emulsified.
• the enhanced fuel pursuant to Equation 3 is considerably cheaper than known fuel substitutes based upon methanol, for example employing Avocet, and also is very clean when burnt in an internal combustion engine, for example results in very low soot production and low NOx production. Moreover, the enhanced fuel pursuant to Equation 3 potentially avoids a need to employ Adblue in exhaust systems of vehicles.
• the fuel (or the method 300) also includes addition of at least one lubricity agent and at least one anti-corrosion agent, so providing a "universal fuel” (which is alcohol based). Therefore, fuel of the present disclosure, proposes an alcohol-based fuel which can be used in vehicles powered by compression-ignition (diesel family), spark-ignition engines, or other suitable hybrid engines.
• the method 300 further includes adding an ignition-improver additive, preferably dimethylether (DME), adding at least one lubricity agent and at least one anti-corrosion agent.
• the at least one lubricity agent is selected from additives based on mono-acids and/or fatty-acids such as HiTec and BioTec products from Afton (HiTec, BioTec and Afton are trademarks). Further, the lubricity agents are preferably selected from compositions including polyethylene glycol, synthetic esters or hydroxyesters, fatty acids.
• the at least one anti-corrosion agent is selected from corrosion inhibitor additives including additives based on zinc dithiophosphates and/or calcium nitrates.
• the anti-corrosion agent can be selected from at least one of DCI-4A, DCI-6A, DCI-1 1 , DCI-28, DCI-30 (DCI is a trade mark).
• at least one anti-corrosion agent is selected from corrosion inhibitors including organic amines, for example ethanolamine or morpholine or similar basic heterocyclic compounds.
• the fuel can also include other cetane enhancer (other than AN, hydrazine, hydroxylamine nitrates and octyl nitrate) such as, polyethylene glycol dinitrate (PEGDN). Further, in the fuel the PEGDN can be included in a concentration in a range 5% to 10% by weight with respect to alcohol.
• the present embodiment of the present disclosure (similar to embodiment disclosed in FIG. 1 ) is concerned with an introduction of a new additive which increases the efficiency of a given fuel, for example a methanol-based fuel, having an cetane enhancer and an ignition-improver additive.
• the new additive provides at least one of following benefits:
• the new additive allows methanol to act a direct replacement for many types of conventional fossil-reserve-derived fuel
• the new additive has a potential for application in a wide range of combustion engines.
• Equation 2 results in a significant reduction in cost in comparison to PEG-dinitrate-based additives, namely AN cost approximately 1/10th of Avocet additives.
• Embodiments of the present disclosure provide benefits in direct injection combustion engines, and are also capable of providing cost reduction. Such cost reduction here is based on two factors:
• Ammonium Nitrate has a great potential to be used as an ignition improver - cetane enhancement for methanol (or another alcohol).
• This present disclosure relates to the use of an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate as an ignition improver directly injected into the engine cylinder.
• the AN solution is beneficially injected in concentrations which vary in a range of 5% to 20% by weight with respect to the alcohol.
• concentrations which vary in a range of 5% to 20% by weight with respect to the alcohol.
• the composition of an alcohol-based fuel, preferably methanol, with the additions of the AN solution in the range specified and a lubricity agent could be potentially used without adjustment in combustion engines, leading to the concept of a versatile fuel.
• the fuel can be any substance suitable for use, for example, as a diesel fuel.
• the fuel can be used directly in spark-ignited petrol engines.
• methanol has a unique capacity to provide this capability.
• the fuel is used by way of direct injection of additive into a given cylinder of a combustion engine.
• Modern diesel engines are required to be fitted with tanks containing an aqueous solution of urea; this same tank is beneficially made available to contain the AN solution prior to injection, provided that the injection line is modified to inject the additive solution directly into the engine cylinder.
• Modern engines with computer-based fuel injection management systems, under software control, are capable of using fuels pursuant to the present disclosure.
• Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a versatile fuel, for example a mixture of methanol, a lubricity additive and at least one anti-corrosion agent.
• a versatile fuel is susceptible to being employed in spark-ignition engines. Injection of AN enables the versatile fuel to be employed in compression-ignition engines.
• the fuel is used by way of direct injection of additive into a given cylinder of a combustion engine.
• Modern diesel engines are required to be fitted with tanks containing an aqueous solution of urea; this same tank is beneficially made available to contain the AN solution prior to injection, provided that the injection line is modified to inject the additive solution directly into the engine cylinder.
• Modern engines with computer-based fuel injection management systems, under software control, are capable of using fuels pursuant to the present disclosure.
• the present disclosure relates to method of using a fuel for operating internal combustion engine.
• the combustion engine primarily includes one or more combustion chambers having reciprocating and/or rotating elements therein which are operable to generate mechanical work from the engine.
• the combustion engine also includes an injection arrangement for injecting fuel into the one or more combustion chambers. Therefore, the method pursuant to present aspect includes operating the injection arrangement to inject an alcohol-based fuel into the one or more combustion chambers, and wherein there is injected in combination with the alcohol-based fuel at least one ignition-improver.
• the term "at least ignition-improver” broadly encompasses the cetane enhancers and the ignition-improver additives, disclosed herein above. Therefore, the ignition- improver is at least one of: Dimethylether (DME), diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, Ammonium Nitrate (AN), PEG-nitrate, octyl nitrate, hydrazine, and hydroxylamine nitrate.
• DME Dimethylether
• diethyl ether diethyl ether
• methyl ethyl ether Ammonium Nitrate
• PEG-nitrate PEG-nitrate
• octyl nitrate octyl nitrate
• hydrazine hydroxylamine nitrate
• the term "alcohol-based fuel” used herein mainly includes components of the fuels disclosed herein above.
• the alcohol-based fuel contains at least one alcohol, water, at least one lubricity agent and at least one anti-corrosion agent.
• the lubricity agent is at least one of polyethylene glycol, synthetic esters, and fatty acids; and the anti-corrosion agent contains organic amines.
• the method of using the fuel for operating internal combustion engine further includes pre-mixing the alcohol-based fuel and the at least one ignition-improver using a pre-mixing arrangement. Further, the pre-mixed alcohol- based fuel and at least one ignition-improver are injected as aqueous solution into one or more engine cylinders by a common injector.
• the method of using the fuel for operating internal combustion engine includes injecting the alcohol- based fuel and the at least one ignition-improver into one or more engine cylinders by separate injectors.
• the method also includes controlling an amount of the at least one ignition-improver injected into the one or more combustion chambers relative to an amount of alcohol-based fuel injected therein by using a control arrangement.
• the controlling of the amount of the at least one ignition-improver is based on one or more measured parameters associated with the combustion engine.
• control arrangement includes a computing-device-based controller operable to execute computer program instructions, including one or more sensors for dynamically controlling the fluid pumps as a function of one or more engine parameters, for example as a function of at least one of engine temperature, engine load, ambient temperature, fuel-type, accelerator pedal position.
• the nozzles for injectors in combustion engines pursuant to the present disclosure are beneficially manufactured from spark-eroded Hastelloy-N, sintered Silicon Carbide, sintered metals, sintered ceramic materials such as Carborundum, and similar.
• Sintered materials are of advantage in that they can be spatially formed by a moulding process prior to their sintering.
• a retrofit kit including nozzles, fluid pumps and piping for providing additive and fuel separately for injection into cylinders of a combustion engine.
• the retrofit kit can include a single nozzle (or the common injector) associated with the pre-mixing arrangement (such as a pre-mixing container).
• Dimethylether and Ammonium nitrate are beneficially employed, for example with reference to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, respectively as ignition- improver and as a directly-injected cetane improver.
• AN Dimethylether and Ammonium nitrate
• the alcohol-based fuel includes the alcohol (such as methanol), the ignition- improver additive (such as DME), water, the lubricity agent and the anti-corrosion which are premixed (for in the pre-mixing container) and injected in the spark ignition engine by the single nozzle (or the common injector).
• the alcohol such as methanol
• the ignition- improver additive such as DME
• the alcohol-based fuel and an aqueous solution of AN is beneficially directly injected into a cylinder of a combustion engine to function as the cetane enhancer.
• aqueous AN injection as a cetane enhancer enables fuel neutral operation to be achieved, namely applicable for both diesel fuel and alcohol-based fuels.
• the above embodiment relates to combustion engines which are operable to use an aqueous solution of Ammonium Nitrate as an ignition improver directly injected into the engine cylinder, for example via a dedicated nozzle for the ignition improver and/or when the ignition improver is pre-mixed into fuel which is injected into the engine cylinder.
• the method allows Dimethylether and/or Ammonium Nitrate to be used as an ignition improver for methanol-based or similar alcohol-based fuels, in turn allowing the fuels to be used in existing compression ignition engines with minimum modifications; or by exchanging injector nozzles of cylinders of a compression ignition engine with an alternative type, which has multiple injection nozzles, namely one nozzle for the alcohol-based fuel and another nozzle for the Ammonium Nitrate.

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• 2015
  • 2015-08-16 EP EP15763205.0A patent/EP3189121A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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