EP3406781B1 - Boucleur pour machine à tufter - Google Patents

Boucleur pour machine à tufter

Info

Publication number
EP3406781B1
EP3406781B1 EP17172134.3A EP17172134A EP3406781B1 EP 3406781 B1 EP3406781 B1 EP 3406781B1 EP 17172134 A EP17172134 A EP 17172134A EP 3406781 B1 EP3406781 B1 EP 3406781B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
gripper
insert
holding section
longitudinal direction
hook
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP17172134.3A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3406781C0 (fr
EP3406781A1 (fr
Inventor
Michael Klein
Andreas Englmeier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Groz Beckert KG
Original Assignee
Groz Beckert KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Groz Beckert KG filed Critical Groz Beckert KG
Priority to EP17172134.3A priority Critical patent/EP3406781B1/fr
Priority to AU2018201145A priority patent/AU2018201145B2/en
Priority to KR1020180053182A priority patent/KR102469394B1/ko
Priority to JP2018097077A priority patent/JP7240822B2/ja
Priority to US15/986,345 priority patent/US10731282B2/en
Priority to CN201810494199.6A priority patent/CN108930104B/zh
Publication of EP3406781A1 publication Critical patent/EP3406781A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3406781C0 publication Critical patent/EP3406781C0/fr
Publication of EP3406781B1 publication Critical patent/EP3406781B1/fr
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D05—SEWING; EMBROIDERING; TUFTING
    • D05C—EMBROIDERING; TUFTING
    • D05C15/00—Making pile fabrics or articles having similar surface features by inserting loops into a base material
    • D05C15/04—Tufting
    • D05C15/08—Tufting machines
    • D05C15/16—Arrangements or devices for manipulating threads
    • D05C15/22—Loop-catching arrangements, e.g. loopers; Driving mechanisms therefor
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D05—SEWING; EMBROIDERING; TUFTING
    • D05C—EMBROIDERING; TUFTING
    • D05C15/00—Making pile fabrics or articles having similar surface features by inserting loops into a base material
    • D05C15/04—Tufting
    • D05C15/08—Tufting machines
    • D05C15/16—Arrangements or devices for manipulating threads
    • D05C15/24—Loop cutters; Driving mechanisms therefor
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D05—SEWING; EMBROIDERING; TUFTING
    • D05D—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES D05B AND D05C, RELATING TO SEWING, EMBROIDERING AND TUFTING
    • D05D2209/00—Use of special materials
    • D05D2209/12—Metals or metal coatings

Definitions

  • Grippers for tufting machines are available in many different designs. Their function is to take the yarn from a needle, which transports the yarn through a backing material, in order to form a loop. This loop is often cut immediately after being created. For this, the gripper works in conjunction with a knife that rests against the gripper and slides along it. To protect the gripper from excessive wear caused by the knife, an insert made of a wear-resistant material is frequently attached to the gripper's base and is usually soldered in place.
  • Such grippers are used, for example, in US 2009/107371 , EP 2 412 859 A1 , EP 1 953 290 A1 , EP 0 200 810A1 and DE 23 41 567 A1 shown.
  • the EP 2 412 860 A9 Figure 1 also shows such a gripper.
  • a gripper To secure the insert body in its intended position during the gripper's manufacture (especially during the soldering process), one embodiment features a spring element located in the holding section of the base body.
  • the spring element is very delicate and therefore limited in its effectiveness.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a gripper in which the above-mentioned problems are avoided or reduced and a uniform appearance of the product is obtained.
  • a gripper comprising a base body and an insert body, the gripper having a holding section and a guide section in its longitudinal direction.
  • the guide section terminates in a hook on the longitudinal side opposite the holding section.
  • the hook has an inner surface in which a joining gap is arranged between the base body and the insert body.
  • a stop element is arranged on the base body in the guide section of the gripper, against which the insert body is abutted in the longitudinal direction relative to the holding section. This design of the base body limits the size of the joining gap on the inner side of the hook.
  • a contact element is arranged on the insert body in the guide section of the gripper, which is abutted on the stop element of the base body in the longitudinal direction relative to the holding section.
  • the base body and the insert body must be joined and connected to each other. Soldering is a preferred method for producing the connection. During the soldering process, or during the cooling and hardening of the solder, a shift in the position of the insert body relative to the base body can occur. The gap between the base body and the insert body can grow uncontrollably and unevenly at different points. A similar displacement can also occur during the curing of an adhesive bond when the base body and the insert body are glued together.
  • the lifting device on the base body and the attachment device on the insert body determine a relative longitudinal position of the bodies, in which the joining gap on the inside of the hook, in particular, has a limited size.
  • the limited size of the joining gap on the inside of the hook reduces the risk of the yarn fraying at the edges of the base body and the insert body, which are located on the inside of the The hook's joining gap is limited to prevent damage.
  • the insert body is longitudinally attached to the base body at three points, with a joining gap existing between each of the attached bodies. At both ends of the insert body in the longitudinal direction, the base body encompasses the insert body. These two stops act in the longitudinal direction but are oriented differently.
  • the third stop acts in the same longitudinal orientation as the stop in the holding area. By being positioned in the guide area, this third stop limits the size of the joining gap on the inside of the hook.
  • the gripper's longitudinal direction is defined by the cutting edge, which is formed in a known manner in the guide section on the gripper body. Perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, the lateral direction indicates the distance between the two larger flat sides of the narrow gripper. Perpendicular to both of these is the vertical direction, which points towards the substrate material when the gripper is installed in the machine.
  • the gripper's retaining section serves to attach the gripper to the tufting machine and forms an end section of the gripper in the longitudinal direction. Often, several grippers are combined in a module, and the retaining section is then defined within a so-called module block.
  • the hook prevents the picked-up loops from sliding back off the gripper.
  • the hook can extend vertically from the cutting edge or an extension of the cutting edge, thus increasing the gripper's vertical dimension.
  • the entire guide area forms an elongated, hook-shaped body at the end furthest from the holding section.
  • the hook has an inner surface whose perpendicular plane is oriented approximately longitudinally to the holding section.
  • the base body and the insert body extend into the hook and form a joint along the inner surface of the hook. It can be advantageous if this joint is located far towards the outer edge of the hook's inner surface. A loop under tension will then not come into contact with this joint as frequently.
  • at least 50% of the inner surface of the hook is covered by the The insert body is formed. However, it is also conceivable that the inside is formed by the insert body to 65% or 80%.
  • the lifting element is arranged longitudinally on the base body in the guide section, in the end region of the guide section, in the direction away from the holding section. This results in a small longitudinal distance between the lifting element and the end of the gripper furthest from the holding section compared to its overall longitudinal extent. Variations in the dimensions of the base body, which, with conventional manufacturing methods for such base bodies, amount to fractions of the total extent, are then correspondingly smaller in this end region.
  • the insert body is encompassed longitudinally by the base body at both ends, so that a maximum degree of inaccuracy in longitudinal positioning cannot be exceeded.
  • the base body and the insert body are relatively long longitudinally, so that variations in the lengths of both parts due to manufacturing processes are not negligible.
  • the lifting element and the contact element By arranging the lifting element and the contact element in the end region furthest from the holding section, the deviations in this end region are correspondingly reduced. Since the lifting device and the positioning device work together for precise positioning, the two positioning devices must be arranged to coincide on the base body and the insert body. In the holding section, the exact longitudinal positioning of both parts is not critical in the embodiments according to the invention.
  • the longitudinal distance of the lifting device from the end of the guide section towards the holding section can be at least twice as large as the longitudinal distance of the lifting device from the end of the guide section of the gripper furthest from the holding section.
  • the difference in distances can also be at least a factor of 3 or at least a factor of 4 or more.
  • the lifting device is fixedly attached to the base body and the support device is fixedly attached to the insert body.
  • “Fixedly attached” in the context of this invention means that it is neither displaceable nor deformable relative to the respective body.
  • spring elements known from the prior art are not fixedly attached in this sense.
  • the lifting element comprises a lifting surface element with a perpendicular surface that points longitudinally towards the end of the gripper's guide section furthest from the holding section. It is further preferred that the lifting element comprises a contact surface element arranged on the insert body, with a perpendicular surface that points longitudinally towards the holding section. It is also advantageous if the two surface elements are arranged adjacent to one another.
  • the surface elements with the corresponding orientation can be relatively small or, on curved surfaces, can be present only at a few points. If no appropriately oriented surface elements are present, the bodies may not be positioned exactly relative to each other. According to the invention, surface elements that are only approximately aligned can also be present. "Adjacent" in this document can have different meanings.
  • the surface elements can be in direct contact with each other to ensure precise positioning.
  • an adhesive such as solder, glue, or the like
  • This intermediate layer can be taken into account and factored in when determining the relative position of the lifting sling and the support equipment.
  • an adhesive may be present between the lifting sling and the support equipment if the insert is attached to the base.
  • the lifting element can be formed by a projection on the base body.
  • the contact element can then be formed complementarily to the lifting element as a recess on the insert body.
  • the lifting element is a projection on the base body and the contact element is a corresponding recess on the insert body.
  • Surface elements of the recess then contact the base body with or without an intermediate layer of an adhesive.
  • Surface elements of the projection define the precise relative position of the bodies to each other.
  • the projection can be formed integrally with the base or insert body and thus be made of the same material. Alternatively, the projection can be formed by an additional component fixed to one of the bodies.
  • the base body and the insert body do not overlap in any lateral direction.
  • both bodies then have the same width.
  • this does not preclude one or both bodies from having a reduced width in certain areas.
  • the width of the base body and/or the insert body may be reduced, for example, to create space for the tufting needle or to taper the gripper to facilitate loop pickup.
  • Other gripper shapes are known that adjust the width of the bodies, and all of these are expressly compatible with the present invention.
  • the gripper it is also possible for the gripper to have rounded edges in various directions at its end furthest from the holding section. In this respect, the flat sides of the gripper are not necessarily flat across their entire surface.
  • embodiments are also included in the invention in which the insert body is, for example, held in a pocket of the base body and thus has a smaller width, at least in certain sections, than the base body at its widest point.
  • a bonding agent in particular a solder, is preferably arranged between the base body and the insert body.
  • any other bonding agent such as adhesives, can be used in the present invention. It is further preferred that the bonding agent be present at every point where the base body and the insert body adjoin each other. However, it is also possible that no bonding agent is present in various adjacent areas, such as in the area of the lifting and mounting elements, and that the bodies are in direct contact.
  • Figure 1 shows a gripper 1 according to the invention in a view of a flat side 16, wherein the gripper 1 is held in a gripper block 17.
  • a gripper block 17 For the sake of simplicity, details have been largely omitted from the drawings in all figures. For example, an extensive joining gap is never shown between the base body 2 and the insert body 3, but only a simple line is drawn at the joining point. The longitudinal and vertical directions are also indicated. The orientation is the same for all subsequent drawings.
  • the gripper block 17 of the Figure 1 Additional grippers 1 may be defined that are hidden by the gripper 1 shown. In this respect, it serves Figure 1 This is just a rough overview.
  • Figure 2 shows another gripper 1 according to the invention, again in a view of a flat side 16.
  • the holding section 4 and the guide section 5 are indicated by curved brackets.
  • Both the base body 2 and the insert body 3 extend into the holding section 4. and into the guide section 5 and up to the hook 14.
  • the hook forms, among other things, an inner surface 15 oriented towards the holding section 4.
  • the insert body 3 forms a contact element 7 that projects from the insert body 3 and interacts with a lifting element 6 that is recessed into the base body 2.
  • the lifting element 6 on the base body 2 has a perpendicular surface 9, which is shown as an arrow emanating from the lifting element 6.
  • the perpendicular surface 11 of the contact element 7 of the insert body 3 is shown as an arrow emanating from the contact element 7.
  • the base body 2 and the insert body 3 form a joining gap 18, which, however, is again only shown as a simple line.
  • Figure 3 shows an enlarged view of the end area of gripper 1.
  • the end of the gripper 1 has a pointed end, as illustrated by the chamfered edge 19 on the base body 2.
  • the insert body 3 forms most of the inner surface 15 of the hook 14.
  • a lifting element 6 is formed on the base body 2, projecting beyond it.
  • a contact element 7 is formed on the insert body 3, adjacent to the lifting element 6 on the base body 2.
  • the joining gap 18 between the base body 2 and the insert body 3 is shown only as a simple line, although a clearly visible gap may exist between the parts.
  • Figure 4a shows the basic body 2 from Figure 3 .
  • Figure 4b shows the insert body 3 from Figure 3
  • the two bodies are precisely aligned longitudinally; however, for clarity, the insert body is shifted downwards in the opposite vertical direction H.
  • the base body has a projection 12, which forms a contact surface area 8 with a perpendicular surface 9, represented by an arrow.
  • the insert body 3 has a recess 13.
  • Figure 5 shows another gripper 1 according to the invention.
  • the insert body 3 has a projection 12 which is arranged in the longitudinal direction L at the very end of the insert body 3.
  • Figure 6 shows another gripper 1 according to the invention.
  • the support means 7 is again provided on the insert body 3 in the longitudinal direction L at the end of the insert body 3, but in this example at the lower region of the insert body 3 in the vertical direction H.
  • a corresponding lifting means 6 is formed on the base body 2.
  • Reference symbol list 1 Grabber 2 basic body 3 Deployable body 4 Stop section 5 Guided section 6 Lifting equipment 7
  • Investment funds Stop surface element 9 Perpendicular to the surface of the stop surface element 10
  • Plant surface element 11 Perpendicular to the surface of the mounting surface element 12 projection 13 in-depth 14 Hook 15 Inside of the hook 16
  • Flat side 17 Gripper block 18 Joining gap 19 chamfered edge
  • B Latitude H Altitude L Longitudinal direction

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Manipulator (AREA)
  • Looms (AREA)
  • Sewing Machines And Sewing (AREA)
  • Load-Engaging Elements For Cranes (AREA)
  • Advancing Webs (AREA)
  • Forklifts And Lifting Vehicles (AREA)

Claims (14)

  1. Boucleur (1) pour une machine à tufter, comprenant un corps de boucleur (2) et un insert (3), le boucleur (1) comprend, dans la direction longitudinale (L), une section de maintien (4) et une section de guidage (5), à l'extrémité la plus éloignée de la section de maintien (4), dans la direction longitudinale (L), la section de guidage (5) se termine par un crochet (14) et la section de maintien (4) forme dans son ensemble un corps allongé, le corps de boucleur (2) et l'insert (3) s'étendent dans la section de maintien (4) et dans la section de guidage (5) et jusqu'au crochet (14), ledit crochet ayant un côté intérieur (15) dans lequel un espace de joint (18) est disposé entre le corps de boucleur (2) et l'insert (3), caractérisé en ce qu'un moyen d'arrêt (6), contre lequel l'insert (3) vient en butée dans la direction longitudinale (L) vers la section de maintien (4), est disposé sur le corps de boucleur (2) dans la section de guidage (5) du boucleur (1) afin de limiter la taille de l'espace de joint (18) dans le côté intérieur (15) du crochet (14).
  2. Boucleur (1) selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce qu'un moyen de contact (7), qui vient en butée contre le moyen d'arrêt (6) du corps du boucleur dans la direction longitudinale (L) vers la section de maintien (4), est disposé sur l'insert (3) dans la section de guidage (5) du boucleur.
  3. Boucleur (1) selon la revendication 2, caractérisée en ce qu'au moins 50 % d'un côté intérieur (15) du crochet (14), pointé vers la section de maintien (4), est formé par l'insert (3).
  4. Boucleur (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le moyen d'arrêt (6) sur le corps de boucleur (2) est disposé longitudinalement dans la section de guidage (5), dans la zone d'extrémité de celle-ci qui est la plus éloignée de la section de maintien (4).
  5. Boucleur (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que la distance, dans la direction longitudinale (L), entre le moyen d'arrêt (6) et l'extrémité de la section de guidage (5) la plus proche de la section de maintien (4) est au moins deux fois plus grande que la distance, dans la direction longitudinale, entre le moyen d'arrêt (6) et l'extrémité de la section de guidage (5) du boucleur (1) qui est la plus éloignée de la section de maintien (4).
  6. Boucleur (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à 5 précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le moyen d'arrêt (6) est disposé de manière fixe sur le corps de boucleur (2) et le moyen de contact (7) de manière fixe sur l'insert (3).
  7. Boucleur (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à 6 précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le moyen d'arrêt (6) comporte un élément de surface d'arrêt (8) avec une normale à la surface (9) pointant, dans la direction longitudinale (L), vers l'extrémité de la section de guidage (5) du boucleur (1) qui est la plus éloignée de la section de maintien, et le moyen de contact (7) comporte, disposé sur l'insert (6), un élément de surface de contact (10) avec une normale à la surface (11) pointant, dans la direction longitudinale (L), vers la section de maintien (2), et que les deux éléments de surface (8, 10) sont disposés de manière à être mutuellement contigus.
  8. Boucleur (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à 8 précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le moyen d'arrêt (6) est formé par une protubérance (12) sur le corps de boucleur (2) et le moyen de contact (7) est formé par un renfoncement (13) dans l'insert (3).
  9. Boucleur (1) selon la revendication 8, caractérisée en ce que la protubérance (12) est formée d'un seul tenant avec le corps de boucleur (2).
  10. Boucleur (1) selon la revendication 8, caractérisée en ce que la protubérance (12) est formée par une pièce supplémentaire.
  11. Boucleur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le corps de boucleur (2) et l'insert (3) ne se chevauchent pas dans une direction latérale (B).
  12. Boucleur (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce qu'un agent de liaison, en particulier une soudure, est disposé entre le corps de boucleur (2) et l'insert (3).
  13. Boucleur (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que l'insert (3) comprend du métal dur.
  14. Boucleur (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le corps de boucleur (2) comprend un acier à outils.
EP17172134.3A 2017-05-22 2017-05-22 Boucleur pour machine à tufter Active EP3406781B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP17172134.3A EP3406781B1 (fr) 2017-05-22 2017-05-22 Boucleur pour machine à tufter
AU2018201145A AU2018201145B2 (en) 2017-05-22 2018-02-16 Gripper for a tufting machine
KR1020180053182A KR102469394B1 (ko) 2017-05-22 2018-05-09 터프팅 기계를 위한 그리퍼
JP2018097077A JP7240822B2 (ja) 2017-05-22 2018-05-21 タフティング機用のグリッパー
US15/986,345 US10731282B2 (en) 2017-05-22 2018-05-22 Gripper for a tufting machine
CN201810494199.6A CN108930104B (zh) 2017-05-22 2018-05-22 用于簇绒机的抓取器

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP17172134.3A EP3406781B1 (fr) 2017-05-22 2017-05-22 Boucleur pour machine à tufter

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3406781A1 EP3406781A1 (fr) 2018-11-28
EP3406781C0 EP3406781C0 (fr) 2026-02-18
EP3406781B1 true EP3406781B1 (fr) 2026-02-18

Family

ID=58772395

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP17172134.3A Active EP3406781B1 (fr) 2017-05-22 2017-05-22 Boucleur pour machine à tufter

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US10731282B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP3406781B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP7240822B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR102469394B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN108930104B (fr)
AU (1) AU2018201145B2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112921534B (zh) * 2021-01-20 2022-05-20 雷岳均 一种包带花纹缝制方法及装置
USD1056680S1 (en) 2021-02-16 2025-01-07 Card-Monroe Corp. Gauge module
US11585029B2 (en) 2021-02-16 2023-02-21 Card-Monroe Corp. Tufting maching and method of tufting

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2341567A1 (de) * 1973-08-17 1975-02-27 Rolf Doerschel Greifwerkzeug fuer tufting-maschinen
EP0200810A1 (fr) * 1985-05-02 1986-11-12 Asahi Trading Co., Ltd. Boucleur pour machine à tufter

Family Cites Families (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2090021A (en) * 1935-06-18 1937-08-17 A & M Karagheusian Inc Pile cutter
FR1473511A (fr) * 1964-02-11 1967-03-17 Dock Grinding & Engineering Co Outil de coupe pour machines de fabrication de tapis à touffes piquées
JPS541155A (en) * 1977-06-02 1979-01-06 Yoshio Yamamoto Topper in tufting machine
JPS5954593U (ja) * 1982-09-30 1984-04-10 仲　行雄 タフテイング機用ル−パ−
JP2006022410A (ja) * 2004-06-10 2006-01-26 Nara:Kk タフティング機のルーパ
EP1908871B1 (fr) * 2006-10-06 2019-08-07 Groz-Beckert KG Boucleur pour machine à tufter
EP1953289A1 (fr) 2007-02-01 2008-08-06 Groz-Beckert KG Crochet pour machine à tufter
US8082862B2 (en) * 2007-02-01 2011-12-27 Groz-Beckert Kg Gripper for a tufting machine
EP2182103A1 (fr) * 2008-10-29 2010-05-05 Groz-Beckert KG Outil destiné à la fabrication de surfaces textiles
PT2412859E (pt) 2010-07-28 2013-03-18 Groz Beckert Kg Pinça de tufos com assento apoiado por mola de uma peça intercalada
EP2412860A1 (fr) * 2010-07-28 2012-02-01 Groz-Beckert KG Crochet avec un corps à double insert
TWI414657B (zh) 2010-07-30 2013-11-11 Taiwan Textile Res Inst 製備立體不織布結構之設備及其方法
DE102014102801B4 (de) * 2014-03-03 2015-11-05 Groz-Beckert Kg Profilierter Schlingengreifer

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2341567A1 (de) * 1973-08-17 1975-02-27 Rolf Doerschel Greifwerkzeug fuer tufting-maschinen
EP0200810A1 (fr) * 1985-05-02 1986-11-12 Asahi Trading Co., Ltd. Boucleur pour machine à tufter

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR102469394B1 (ko) 2022-11-22
JP2018197417A (ja) 2018-12-13
CN108930104A (zh) 2018-12-04
JP7240822B2 (ja) 2023-03-16
US10731282B2 (en) 2020-08-04
EP3406781C0 (fr) 2026-02-18
CN108930104B (zh) 2022-05-24
AU2018201145B2 (en) 2023-07-13
US20180334766A1 (en) 2018-11-22
KR20180127912A (ko) 2018-11-30
AU2018201145A1 (en) 2018-12-06
EP3406781A1 (fr) 2018-11-28

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