EP3553376B1 - Method for generating steam and a steam generator - Google Patents

Method for generating steam and a steam generator Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3553376B1
EP3553376B1 EP19164945.8A EP19164945A EP3553376B1 EP 3553376 B1 EP3553376 B1 EP 3553376B1 EP 19164945 A EP19164945 A EP 19164945A EP 3553376 B1 EP3553376 B1 EP 3553376B1
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liquid
steam generator
steam
pressure
heating element
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3553376A1 (en
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Knut Denecke
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22STEAM GENERATION
    • F22BMETHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/28Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method in boilers heated electrically
    • F22B1/284Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method in boilers heated electrically with water in reservoirs
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22STEAM GENERATION
    • F22BMETHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B37/00Component parts or details of steam boilers
    • F22B37/02Component parts or details of steam boilers applicable to more than one kind or type of steam boiler
    • F22B37/26Steam-separating arrangements
    • F22B37/30Steam-separating arrangements using impingement against baffle separators

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for generating steam from a liquid by means of a steam generator which has at least one heating element and at least one pressure vessel with an outlet opening and an outside, the liquid in the pressure vessel being heated by means of the heating element and being discharged from the pressure vessel through the outlet opening exits, with a first portion of the liquid evaporating and a second portion of the liquid remaining liquid.
  • the invention also relates to a steam generator for carrying out such a method.
  • a device for generating steam is, for example U.S. 2,458,103A refer to.
  • Steam is used, for example, in autoclaves for sterilization. Steam is also used as a heat exchanger in technical equipment or as the operating medium of a turbine, for example to generate electricity. In addition, it is possible to use steam in the production of ultrapure water, in particular distilled water, which is used for a large number of different requirements, for example for injection purposes. In the process, water vapor is first generated, which is then recondensed back into liquid water.
  • the present invention is therefore based on the object of proposing a method for generating steam, with which steam can be produced quickly, cost-effectively and energy-efficiently, which contains no or only very little non-evaporated liquid.
  • the invention solves the problem set by a method for generating steam according to the preamble of claim 1, which is characterized in that the steam generator has a deflection hood on which the second part of the liquid meets and is guided from there to the outside has a temperature higher than the vaporization temperature or the boiling temperature of the liquid that is discharged to the outside.
  • the liquid, in particular the water, is consequently first heated in the pressure vessel by means of the heating element.
  • the heating element can be an electrical heating element, for example, in which thermal energy is generated from electrical energy.
  • the heating element itself can be designed, for example, as a tube or tube arrangement, with a heat carrier, for example a heated liquid, a heated gas or some other energy carrier being passed through.
  • a heat carrier for example a heated liquid, a heated gas or some other energy carrier being passed through.
  • thermal oils or a hot gas that was generated by a combustion process for example, can be used. High temperatures can be transmitted through these media.
  • the liquid in the pressure vessel is under greater pressure than the ambient pressure outside the steam generator, the liquid inside the pressure vessel can be heated to a higher temperature without vaporization occurring. This superheated liquid then exits the pressure vessel through the outlet opening, with the first portion of the liquid evaporating and the second portion remaining liquid. In particular, the second part of the liquid hits the deflection hood and is guided to the outside of the pressure vessel.
  • the pressure vessel is preferably designed in such a way that the heated and warmed liquid inside it gives off part of the heat to the pressure vessel, so that the outside of the pressure vessel is also heated.
  • the outside of the pressure vessel has a temperature that is higher than the vaporization temperature or boiling temperature of the liquid that is fed to the outside.
  • the liquid is passed continuously through the pressure vessel. Consequently, liquid is continuously fed into the pressure vessel, which is heated in the flow process by the at least one heating element to such an extent that when it reaches the outlet opening of the pressure vessel, it has a temperature which, when it exits, leads to the most complete possible evaporation due to the expansion that occurs.
  • the second part of the liquid that passes through the outlet opening without vaporization should be as small as possible.
  • the outside is preferably heated exclusively by means of the heating element, in particular via the liquid inside the pressure vessel.
  • the heating element in particular via the liquid inside the pressure vessel.
  • the liquid preferably exits through the at least one outlet opening into a vapor space which is delimited by a vapor space housing of the steam generator.
  • the pressure inside the vapor space is preferably lower than the pressure inside the pressure vessel and greater than the ambient pressure outside the steam generator.
  • the pressure inside the vapor space should be less than the pressure inside the pressure vessel. This is the only way that the heated liquid exits the outlet opening to relaxation and partial evaporation.
  • the pressure within the steam space should be greater than its ambient pressure, so that the resulting steam flows out through an outlet opening of the steam generator without the need for additional pumps or devices.
  • the at least one heating element advantageously reaches temperatures of over 200°C, preferably over 300°C.
  • the liquid in the pressure vessel can advantageously also be raised to temperatures above 100°C, preferably above 150°C.
  • the temperature of the liquid which increases in the direction of the outlet opening in the continuous flow process, is advantageously below the pressure-dependent boiling point.
  • the boiling point of the liquid inside the pressure vessel is undercut by more than 1° C. at the prevailing pressure.
  • a maximum margin of 1°C is sufficient but also beneficial to ensure that evaporation does not occur within the pressure vessel.
  • the temperature to which the liquid is heated within the pressure vessel is therefore advantageously less than 10° C., advantageously less than 5° C., lower than the boiling temperature of the liquid at the pressure prevailing in the pressure vessel.
  • the temperature can also be adjusted in such a way that partial evaporation occurs inside the pressure vessel. This is achieved, for example, in that the amount of heat fed in is so great that the liquid to be evaporated reaches a temperature which is above the evaporation temperature prevailing at the prevailing pressure in the pressure vessel.
  • the at least one heating element is designed in such a way that it can withstand the resulting mechanical and, in particular, thermal loads. If the temperature is adjusted in such a way that partial evaporation occurs, small gas bubbles form inside the liquid in the pressure vessel.
  • the gas volume that has just formed is preferably recondensed as soon as the gas bubble comes into contact with the wall of the pressure vessel.
  • a particularly good thermal contact between the heating element and the Wall of the pressure vessel reached so that the temperature of the outside of the pressure vessel can be increased particularly efficiently and quickly in this way.
  • a part of the liquid to be vaporized which flows down in liquid form on the outside of the pressure vessel as a falling film, can be increased, whereby the overall performance of the vaporization can be increased.
  • the invention also solves the problem set by a steam generator for carrying out such a method, which has at least one heating element, at least one pressure vessel with an outlet opening and an outside and at least one deflection hood, which is arranged and designed in such a way that liquid escaping from the outlet opening the outside is directed.
  • This steam generator is defined in claim 5.
  • the at least one heating element is preferably located in the pressure vessel, which is advantageously designed as an annular gap, in particular with an annular cross section through which flow can take place.
  • the smaller the thickness of the annular gap the better the thermal contact between the heating element inside the pressure vessel and the wall of the pressure vessel. At the same time, the most homogeneous possible temperature distribution of the liquid inside the pressure vessel is achieved in this way.
  • the steam generator has a steam volume that is delimited by the outside of the pressure vessel and by a headspace housing.
  • the superheated liquid enters this vapor space from the outlet opening of the pressure vessel, with the deflection hood being arranged in such a way that it is advantageously located in the vapor space. It is preferably arranged in such a way that liquid emerging from the outlet opening in the liquid state hits the deflection hood and is guided by it to the outside of the pressure vessel. It is advantageous if as large a proportion as possible, for example more than 85%, preferably more than 90%, of the liquid exiting from the outlet opening of the pressure vessel in the liquid state reaches the deflection hood.
  • all of the escaping liquid is routed through the deflection hood to the outside of the pressure vessel.
  • the vapor space preferably has at least one outlet through which liquid can be drained from the vapor space.
  • the liquid conducted from the deflection hood to the outside of the pressure vessel preferably runs along this outside as a film, following gravity. Since the outer wall has a temperature which is advantageously above the evaporation temperature of the liquid, evaporation occurs here. However, it is not necessary for the liquid to completely evaporate. Liquid that remains in the liquid state in the vapor space can be discharged via the drain.
  • the steam generator has an electrical controller, in particular an electronic data processing device, which is set up, at least one operating variable of the steam generator, in particular a flow rate of liquid that is passed through the pressure vessel, a heating line and/or a heating temperature of the at least one To control the heating element and / or to regulate.
  • the steam generator preferably has at least one flow rate sensor, a temperature sensor, a voltmeter, an ammeter and/or a pressure sensor. With the help of one or more of these sensors, data is recorded that is transmitted to the electrical control. On the basis of this data, the electrical controller controls and/or regulates the at least one operating variable of the steam generator.
  • the flow rate should also be set in such a way that the temperature of the liquid at the outlet opening is as close as possible to the applicable evaporation temperature, but does not exceed it.
  • the steam generator 2 shown has a cylindrical heating element 4 which is designed as an electrical heating element 4 . It is located in a pressure vessel 6 which is designed in such a way that there is an annular gap between the pressure vessel 6 and the heating element 4 . In the upper area there is an outlet opening 8 around which a deflection hood 10 is arranged. This is designed in such a way that a liquid second portion of the medium to be evaporated, at least for the most part, hits the deflection hood 10 and from it onto the outside 12 of the Pressure vessel 6 is passed.
  • the deflection hood 10 is preferably designed and arranged in such a way that all of the escaping liquid impinges on the deflection hood 10 and is conducted to the outside 12 of the pressure vessel 6 .
  • a steam chamber 14 is located between the outside 12 of the pressure vessel 6 and a pressure chamber housing 16, which in the exemplary embodiment shown is also the housing of the steam generator a smaller pressure than it acts in the annular gap between the heating element 4 and the pressure vessel 6.
  • Liquid is fed to a feed tank 20 via a feed line 18 .
  • the inflow can be controlled via a valve 22 .
  • the amount of liquid entering is detected by a level gauge 24 and corresponding control signals can be transmitted to the valve 22 via a control line 26 .
  • the liquid is fed to the actual steam generator 2 via a pump 28 .
  • the volume flow itself can be controlled via an additional valve 30 .
  • a flow indicator 32 which can also be designed as a flow sensor, is integrated into the corresponding line.
  • the liquid is pressed upwards in the steam generator in the annular gap between the heating element 4 and the pressure vessel 6 and is thereby heated.
  • the heating element 4 can be supplied with current via an electrical supply line 34 .
  • the liquid then exits through the outlet opening 8 , with the liquid portion being conducted through the deflection hood 10 to the outside 12 of the pressure vessel 6 . Since this is heated by the liquid moving upwards inside, at least part of this second part of the liquid evaporates and can leave the steam generator through an outlet nozzle 36 . The part of the liquid that has not evaporated even after contact with the outside 12 of the pressure vessel 6 is withdrawn from the steam generator via an outlet 38 and returned to the circuit. The amount can be controlled via a valve 30.
  • a pressure measuring sensor 40 is located in the corresponding pipeline, which measures the current pressure and transmits the corresponding measured values to an electrical control system (not shown).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
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Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Erzeugen von Dampf aus einer Flüssigkeit mittels eines Dampferzeugers, der wenigstens ein Heizelement und wenigstens einen Druckbehälter mit einer Austrittsöffnung und einer Außenseite aufweist, wobei die Flüssigkeit in dem Druckbehälter mittels des Heizelementes erhitzt wird und durch die Austrittsöffnung aus dem Druckbehälter austritt, wobei ein erster Teil der Flüssigkeit verdampft und ein zweiter Teil der Flüssigkeit flüssig bleibt. Die Erfindung betrifft zudem einen Dampferzeuger zum Durchführen eines derartigen Verfahrens.The invention relates to a method for generating steam from a liquid by means of a steam generator which has at least one heating element and at least one pressure vessel with an outlet opening and an outside, the liquid in the pressure vessel being heated by means of the heating element and being discharged from the pressure vessel through the outlet opening exits, with a first portion of the liquid evaporating and a second portion of the liquid remaining liquid. The invention also relates to a steam generator for carrying out such a method.

Eine Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen von Dampf ist beispielsweise der US 2,458,103 A zu entnehmen.A device for generating steam is, for example U.S. 2,458,103A refer to.

Dampf wird in einer Vielzahl von technischen Anwendungen benötigt und verwendet. Zumeist wird Wasserdampf verwendet, der entsteht, wenn Wasser verdampft. Es sind jedoch auch Dämpfe anderer Flüssigkeiten, beispielsweise organischer Flüssigkeiten oder von Flüssigkeitsgemischen, möglich und für technische Anwendungen sinnvoll.Steam is required and used in a variety of technical applications. In most cases, water vapor is used, which is produced when water evaporates. However, vapors from other liquids, for example organic liquids or liquid mixtures, are also possible and useful for technical applications.

Wasserdampf wird beispielsweise in Autoklaven zur Sterilisierung verwendet. Auch als Wärmeübertrager in technischen Einrichtungen oder als Betriebsmedium einer Turbine, beispielsweise zum Erzeugen elektrischen Stromes, wird Wasserdampf verwendet. Zudem ist es möglich, Wasserdampf bei der Herstellung von Reinstwasser, insbesondere destilliertem Wasser, zu verwenden, das für eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Anforderungen, beispielsweise für Injektionszwecke, verwendet wird. Dabei wird zunächst Wasserdampf erzeugt, der anschließend wieder zu flüssigem Wasser rekondensiert wird.Steam is used, for example, in autoclaves for sterilization. Steam is also used as a heat exchanger in technical equipment or as the operating medium of a turbine, for example to generate electricity. In addition, it is possible to use steam in the production of ultrapure water, in particular distilled water, which is used for a large number of different requirements, for example for injection purposes. In the process, water vapor is first generated, which is then recondensed back into liquid water.

Aus dem Stand der Technik sind unterschiedliche Verfahren und Vorrichtungen bekannt, mit denen Dampf, insbesondere Wasserdampf, erzeugt werden kann. So wird beispielsweise bei einer Vakuumdestillation die Senkung des Siedepunktes unter verringertem Druck ausgenutzt. Der Siedepunkt einer Flüssigkeit hängt vom die Flüssigkeit umgebenden Druck ab. Je höher der Druck ist, desto höher ist auch der Siedepunkt. Der gegenteilige Effekt wird bei der sogenannten Flashverdampfung oder Entspannungsverdampfung verwendet. Dabei wird die Flüssigkeit unter einen hohen Druck gesetzt und auf eine Temperatur aufgeheizt, die über dem Siedepunkt bei Normaldruck liegt. Anschließend entweicht die so überhitzte Flüssigkeit beispielsweise durch eine Düse oder eine Austrittsöffnung aus dem Druckbehälter, und verdampf dabei schlagartig durch die plötzliche Veränderung des sie umgebenden Druckes und die dabei entstehende Entspannung.Various methods and devices are known from the prior art, with which steam, in particular steam, can be generated. For example, in a vacuum distillation, the lowering of the boiling point under reduced pressure is utilized. The boiling point of a liquid depends on the pressure surrounding the liquid. The higher the pressure, the higher the boiling point. The opposite effect is used in so-called flash evaporation or flash evaporation. The Liquid is subjected to high pressure and heated to a temperature above the boiling point at atmospheric pressure. The liquid that has been superheated in this way then escapes from the pressure vessel, for example through a nozzle or an outlet opening, and suddenly evaporates as a result of the sudden change in the pressure surrounding it and the resulting relaxation.

Beide Verfahren führen zu einer schnellen Verdampfung, die jedoch in der Regel nicht vollständig ist. Insbesondere bei einer Entspannungsverdampfungsanlage tritt nicht nur Dampf aus, da nur ein erster Teil der Flüssigkeit verdampft und ein zweiter Teil der Flüssigkeit unverdampft, also flüssig bleibt.Both methods lead to rapid evaporation, which, however, is usually not complete. In a flash evaporation plant in particular, it is not just vapor that escapes, since only a first part of the liquid evaporates and a second part of the liquid remains unevaporated, ie remains liquid.

In einer alternativen Verdampfungstechnologie wird ein Volumen von Wasser erhitzt, das unter Normaldruck steht. Der entstehende Dampf wird aufgefangen und verwendet. Aufgrund der großen Wassermenge, die gleichzeitig erhitzt werden muss, ist dieses Verfahren sehr zeit- und energieaufwendig. Eine ähnliche Methode ist aus der US 6,427,637 B1 bekannt.In an alternative evaporation technology, a volume of water that is under normal pressure is heated. The resulting steam is collected and used. Due to the large amount of water that has to be heated at the same time, this process is very time-consuming and energy-consuming. A similar method is from US 6,427,637 B1 known.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zum Erzeugen von Dampf vorzuschlagen, mit dem schnell, kosten- und energieeffizient Dampf hergestellt werden kann, der kein oder nur sehr wenig unverdampfte Flüssigkeit enthält.The present invention is therefore based on the object of proposing a method for generating steam, with which steam can be produced quickly, cost-effectively and energy-efficiently, which contains no or only very little non-evaporated liquid.

Die Erfindung löst die gestellte Aufgabe durch ein Verfahren zum Erzeugen von Dampf gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1, das sich dadurch auszeichnet, dass der Dampferzeuger eine Umlenkhaube aufweist, auf die der zweite Teil der Flüssigkeit trifft und von dort auf die Außenseite geleitet wird, die eine Temperatur aufweist, die höher als die Verdampfungstemperatur oder die Siedetemperatur der Flüssigkeit ist, die auf die Außenseite geleitet wird.The invention solves the problem set by a method for generating steam according to the preamble of claim 1, which is characterized in that the steam generator has a deflection hood on which the second part of the liquid meets and is guided from there to the outside has a temperature higher than the vaporization temperature or the boiling temperature of the liquid that is discharged to the outside.

Die Flüssigkeit, insbesondere das Wasser, wird folglich zunächst in dem Druckbehälter mittels des Heizelementes erhitzt. Das Heizelement kann dabei beispielsweise ein elektrisches Heizelement sein, bei dem aus elektrischer Energie Wärmeenergie erzeugt wird. Selbstverständlich sind auch andere Heizelemente möglich. Das Heizelement selbst kann beispielsweise als Rohr oder Rohranordnung ausgebildet sein, wobei ein Wärmeträger, beispielsweise eine erhitzte Flüssigkeit, ein erhitztes Gas oder ein sonstiger Energieträger hindurchgeleitet wird. So können beispielsweise Thermoöle oder ein heißes Gas verwendet werden, das beispielsweise durch einen Verbrennungsprozess erzeugt wurde. Durch diese Medien können hohe Temperaturen übertragen werden.The liquid, in particular the water, is consequently first heated in the pressure vessel by means of the heating element. The heating element can be an electrical heating element, for example, in which thermal energy is generated from electrical energy. Of course, other heating elements are also possible. The heating element itself can be designed, for example, as a tube or tube arrangement, with a heat carrier, for example a heated liquid, a heated gas or some other energy carrier being passed through. For example, thermal oils or a hot gas that was generated by a combustion process, for example, can be used. High temperatures can be transmitted through these media.

Da die Flüssigkeit im Druckbehälter unter einem größeren Druck steht als der Umgebungsdruck außerhalb des Dampferzeugers, kann die Flüssigkeit innerhalb des Druckbehälters auf eine höhere Temperatur erhitzt werden, ohne dass es zu Verdampfungen kommt. Diese überhitzte Flüssigkeit tritt dann durch die Austrittsöffnung aus dem Druckbehälter aus, wobei der erste Teil der Flüssigkeit verdampft und der zweite Teil flüssig bleibt. Insbesondere der zweite Teil der Flüssigkeit trifft dabei auf die Umlenkhaube und wird auf die Außenseite des Druckbehälters geleitet.Because the liquid in the pressure vessel is under greater pressure than the ambient pressure outside the steam generator, the liquid inside the pressure vessel can be heated to a higher temperature without vaporization occurring. This superheated liquid then exits the pressure vessel through the outlet opening, with the first portion of the liquid evaporating and the second portion remaining liquid. In particular, the second part of the liquid hits the deflection hood and is guided to the outside of the pressure vessel.

Der Druckbehälter ist dabei vorzugsweise so ausgebildet, dass die sich in seinem Innern befindende erhitzte und erwärmte Flüssigkeit einen Teil der Wärme auf den Druckbehälter abgibt, so dass auch die Außenseite des Druckbehälters erwärmt ist. Erfindungsgemäß weist die Außenseite des Druckbehälters eine Temperatur auf, die höher ist als die Verdampfungstemperatur oder Siedetemperatur der Flüssigkeit, die auf die Außenseite geleitet wird.The pressure vessel is preferably designed in such a way that the heated and warmed liquid inside it gives off part of the heat to the pressure vessel, so that the outside of the pressure vessel is also heated. According to the invention, the outside of the pressure vessel has a temperature that is higher than the vaporization temperature or boiling temperature of the liquid that is fed to the outside.

In einer bevorzugten Ausgestaltung des Verfahrens wird die Flüssigkeit kontinuierlich durch den Druckbehälter hindurchgeleitet. Es wird folglich kontinuierlich Flüssigkeit in den Druckbehälter eingeleitet, die im Durchflussverfahren durch das wenigstens eine Heizelement so weit erwärmt wird, dass sie beim Erreichen der Austrittsöffnung des Druckbehälters eine Temperatur aufweist, die beim Austreten durch die auftretende Entspannung zu einer möglichst vollständigen Verdampfung führt. Der zweite Teil der Flüssigkeit, der unverdampft die Austrittsöffnung passiert, sollte möglichst klein sein.In a preferred embodiment of the method, the liquid is passed continuously through the pressure vessel. Consequently, liquid is continuously fed into the pressure vessel, which is heated in the flow process by the at least one heating element to such an extent that when it reaches the outlet opening of the pressure vessel, it has a temperature which, when it exits, leads to the most complete possible evaporation due to the expansion that occurs. The second part of the liquid that passes through the outlet opening without vaporization should be as small as possible.

Vorzugsweise wird die Außenseite ausschließlich mittels des Heizelementes, insbesondere über die Flüssigkeit innerhalb des Druckbehälters, erwärmt. In dieser Ausgestaltung ist es nicht notwendig, die Außenseite zusätzlich zu der aus dem Innern des Druckbehälters übertragenen Wärmeenergie weiter aufzuheizen. Dadurch wird der Dampferzeuger konstruktiv vereinfacht und baulich klein ausgebildet. Zudem ist es nicht notwendig, eine zusätzliche Energie- und Wärmequelle vorzusehen, so dass das Verfahren effizient durchgeführt werden kann.The outside is preferably heated exclusively by means of the heating element, in particular via the liquid inside the pressure vessel. In this configuration, it is not necessary to further heat the outside in addition to the thermal energy transferred from the interior of the pressure vessel. This simplifies the design of the steam generator and makes it structurally small. In addition, it is not necessary to provide an additional source of energy and heat, so that the method can be carried out efficiently.

Vorzugsweise tritt die Flüssigkeit durch die zumindest eine Austrittsöffnung in einen Dampfraum aus, der von einem Dampfraumgehäuse des Dampferzeugers begrenzt wird. Der Druck innerhalb des Dampfraumes ist dabei vorzugsweise geringer als ein Druck innerhalb des Druckbehälters und größer als ein Umgebungsdruck außerhalb des Dampferzeugers. Der Druck innerhalb des Dampfraumes sollte geringer sein als der Druck innerhalb des Druckbehälters. Nur so kommt es beim Austritt der erhitzten Flüssigkeit aus der Austrittsöffnung zu einer Entspannung und zu einer teilweisen Verdampfung. Zudem kann durch geschickte Wahl der unterschiedlichen Drücke erreicht werden, dass die Temperatur der Außenseite des Druckbehälters ausreichend ist, um die Flüssigkeit zu verdampfen, die auf diese Außenseite geleitet wird. Der Druck innerhalb des Dampfraums sollte jedoch größer sein als sein Umgebungsdruck, so dass der entstehende Dampf durch eine Austrittsöffnung des Dampferzeugers hinausströmt ohne, dass zusätzliche Pumpen oder Vorrichtungen nötig sind.The liquid preferably exits through the at least one outlet opening into a vapor space which is delimited by a vapor space housing of the steam generator. The pressure inside the vapor space is preferably lower than the pressure inside the pressure vessel and greater than the ambient pressure outside the steam generator. The pressure inside the vapor space should be less than the pressure inside the pressure vessel. This is the only way that the heated liquid exits the outlet opening to relaxation and partial evaporation. In addition, by skilfully selecting the different pressures, it can be achieved that the temperature on the outside of the pressure vessel is sufficient to evaporate the liquid that is directed onto this outside. However, the pressure within the steam space should be greater than its ambient pressure, so that the resulting steam flows out through an outlet opening of the steam generator without the need for additional pumps or devices.

Das wenigstens eine Heizelement erreicht vorteilhafterweise Temperaturen von über 200°C, bevorzugt über 300°C. Die Flüssigkeit im Druckbehälter kann vorteilhafterweise auch Temperaturen von über 100°C, vorzugsweise über 150°C erhöht werden. Die Temperatur der Flüssigkeit, die beim kontinuierlichen Durchflussverfahren in Richtung auf die Austrittsöffnung zunimmt, liegt vorteilhafterweise unterhalb des druckabhängigen Siedepunktes. Vorteilhafterweise wird die Siedetemperatur der Flüssigkeit innerhalb des Druckbehälters bei dem herrschenden Druck um mehr als 1°C unterschritten. Zur effizienten Dampferzeugung ist es jedoch von Vorteil, die Flüssigkeit innerhalb des Druckbehälters auf eine möglichst hohe Temperatur zu erhitzen, die möglichst nah, jedoch unterhalb der Siedetemperatur liegt. Ein maximaler Abstand von 1°C ist ausreichend, aber auch vorteilhaft, um sicherzustellen, dass es nicht zu einer Verdampfung innerhalb des Druckbehälters kommt.The at least one heating element advantageously reaches temperatures of over 200°C, preferably over 300°C. The liquid in the pressure vessel can advantageously also be raised to temperatures above 100°C, preferably above 150°C. The temperature of the liquid, which increases in the direction of the outlet opening in the continuous flow process, is advantageously below the pressure-dependent boiling point. Advantageously, the boiling point of the liquid inside the pressure vessel is undercut by more than 1° C. at the prevailing pressure. For efficient steam generation, however, it is advantageous to heat the liquid inside the pressure vessel to as high a temperature as possible, which is as close as possible to, but below, the boiling temperature. A maximum margin of 1°C is sufficient but also beneficial to ensure that evaporation does not occur within the pressure vessel.

Vorteilhafterweise ist die Temperatur, auf die die Flüssigkeit innerhalb des Druckbehälters erhitzt wird, daher um weniger als 10°C, vorteilhafterweise weniger als 5°C kleiner als die Siedetemperatur der Flüssigkeit bei dem im Druckbehälter herrschenden Druck.The temperature to which the liquid is heated within the pressure vessel is therefore advantageously less than 10° C., advantageously less than 5° C., lower than the boiling temperature of the liquid at the pressure prevailing in the pressure vessel.

Alternativ zu dieser Ausführungsform kann die Temperatur jedoch auch so eingestellt werden, dass es teilweise zu einer Verdampfung im Innern des Druckbehälters kommt. Dies wird beispielsweise dadurch erreicht, dass die eingespeiste Wärmemenge so groß ist, dass die zu verdampfende Flüssigkeit eine Temperatur erreicht, die über der bei dem herrschenden Druck in dem Druckbehälter herrschenden Verdampfungstemperatur liegt. Dazu ist es von Vorteil, wenn das wenigstens eine Heizelement so ausgebildet ist, den dabei entstehenden mechanischen und insbesondere thermischen Belastungen Stand zu halten. Wird die Temperatur so eingestellt, dass es zu einer Teilverdampfung kommt, entstehen kleine Gasblasen im Innern der Flüssigkeit im Druckbehälter. Da die Wand des Druckbehälters, die das Durchstromvolumen begrenzt, eine deutlich geringere Temperatur aufweist als das Heizelement, kommt es vorzugsweise zu einer Rekondensation des gerade entstandenen Gasvolumens, sobald das Gasbläschen mit der Wand des Druckbehälters in Kontakt kommt. Auf diese Weise wird ein besonders guter thermischer Kontakt zwischen dem Heizelement und der Wand des Druckbehälters erreicht, so dass die Temperatur der Außenseite des Druckbehälters auf diese Weise besonders effizient und schnell erhöht werden kann. Hierdurch kann ein Teil der zu verdampfenden Flüssigkeit, der in flüssiger Form auf der Außenseite des Druckbehälters als Fallfilm nach unten fließt, erhöht werden, wodurch sich die Gesamtleistung der Verdampfung erhöhen lässt.As an alternative to this embodiment, however, the temperature can also be adjusted in such a way that partial evaporation occurs inside the pressure vessel. This is achieved, for example, in that the amount of heat fed in is so great that the liquid to be evaporated reaches a temperature which is above the evaporation temperature prevailing at the prevailing pressure in the pressure vessel. To this end, it is advantageous if the at least one heating element is designed in such a way that it can withstand the resulting mechanical and, in particular, thermal loads. If the temperature is adjusted in such a way that partial evaporation occurs, small gas bubbles form inside the liquid in the pressure vessel. Since the wall of the pressure vessel, which delimits the flow volume, has a significantly lower temperature than the heating element, the gas volume that has just formed is preferably recondensed as soon as the gas bubble comes into contact with the wall of the pressure vessel. In this way, a particularly good thermal contact between the heating element and the Wall of the pressure vessel reached, so that the temperature of the outside of the pressure vessel can be increased particularly efficiently and quickly in this way. As a result, a part of the liquid to be vaporized, which flows down in liquid form on the outside of the pressure vessel as a falling film, can be increased, whereby the overall performance of the vaporization can be increased.

Die Erfindung löst die gestellte Aufgabe zudem durch einen Dampferzeuger zum Durchführen eines derartigen Verfahrens, der wenigstens ein Heizelement, wenigstens einen Druckbehälter mit einer Austrittsöffnung und einer Außenseite und wenigstens eine Umlenkhaube aufweist, die derart angeordnet und ausgebildet ist, dass aus der Austrittsöffnung austretende Flüssigkeit auf die Außenseite geleitet wird. Dieser Dampferzeuger wird im Anspruch 5 definiert.The invention also solves the problem set by a steam generator for carrying out such a method, which has at least one heating element, at least one pressure vessel with an outlet opening and an outside and at least one deflection hood, which is arranged and designed in such a way that liquid escaping from the outlet opening the outside is directed. This steam generator is defined in claim 5.

Vorzugsweise befindet sich das wenigstens eine Heizelement in dem Druckbehälter, der vorteilhafterweise als Ringspalt, insbesondere mit einem kreisringförmigen durchströmbaren Querschnitt, ausgebildet ist. Je kleiner die Dicke des Ringspaltes ausgebildet ist, desto besser ist der thermische Kontakt zwischen dem Heizelement im Innern des Druckbehälters und der Wand des Druckbehälters. Gleichzeitig wird auf diese Weise eine möglichst homogene Temperaturverteilung der Flüssigkeit im Innern des Druckbehälters erreicht.The at least one heating element is preferably located in the pressure vessel, which is advantageously designed as an annular gap, in particular with an annular cross section through which flow can take place. The smaller the thickness of the annular gap, the better the thermal contact between the heating element inside the pressure vessel and the wall of the pressure vessel. At the same time, the most homogeneous possible temperature distribution of the liquid inside the pressure vessel is achieved in this way.

Vorzugsweise verfügt der Dampferzeuger über ein Dampfvolumen, das durch die Außenseite des Druckbehälters und durch ein Dampfraumgehäuse begrenzt wird. In diesem Dampfraum tritt die überhitzte Flüssigkeit aus der Austrittsöffnung des Druckbehälters ein, wobei die Umlenkhaube so angeordnet ist, dass sie sich vorteilhafterweise im Dampfraum befindet. Vorzugsweise ist sie so angeordnet, dass in flüssigem Zustand aus der Austrittsöffnung austretende Flüssigkeit auf die Umlenkhaube trifft und von ihr auf die Außenseite des Druckbehälters geleitet wird. Dabei ist es von Vorteil, wenn ein möglichst großer Anteil, beispielsweise mehr als 85%, bevorzugt mehr als 90%, der im flüssigen Zustand aus der Austrittsöffnung des Druckbehälters austretenden Flüssigkeit auf die Umlenkhaube gelangt. Vorzugsweise wird die gesamte austretende Flüssigkeit durch die Umlenkhaube auf die Außenseite des Druckbehälters geleitet.Preferably, the steam generator has a steam volume that is delimited by the outside of the pressure vessel and by a headspace housing. The superheated liquid enters this vapor space from the outlet opening of the pressure vessel, with the deflection hood being arranged in such a way that it is advantageously located in the vapor space. It is preferably arranged in such a way that liquid emerging from the outlet opening in the liquid state hits the deflection hood and is guided by it to the outside of the pressure vessel. It is advantageous if as large a proportion as possible, for example more than 85%, preferably more than 90%, of the liquid exiting from the outlet opening of the pressure vessel in the liquid state reaches the deflection hood. Preferably, all of the escaping liquid is routed through the deflection hood to the outside of the pressure vessel.

Vorzugsweise verfügt der Dampfraum über wenigstens einen Ablauf, durch den Flüssigkeit aus dem Dampfraum abführbar ist. Die von der Umlenkhaube auf die Außenseite des Druckbehälters geleitete Flüssigkeit läuft vorzugsweise der Schwerkraft folgend als Film an dieser Außenseite entlang. Da die Außenwand eine Temperatur aufweist, die vorteilhafterweise über der Verdampfungstemperatur der Flüssigkeit liegt, kommt es hier zur Verdampfung. Dennoch ist es nicht notwendig, dass die Flüssigkeit vollständig verdampft. Flüssigkeit, die im flüssigen Zustand im Dampfraum verbleibt, kann über den Ablauf abgeführt werden.The vapor space preferably has at least one outlet through which liquid can be drained from the vapor space. The liquid conducted from the deflection hood to the outside of the pressure vessel preferably runs along this outside as a film, following gravity. Since the outer wall has a temperature which is advantageously above the evaporation temperature of the liquid, evaporation occurs here. However, it is not necessary for the liquid to completely evaporate. Liquid that remains in the liquid state in the vapor space can be discharged via the drain.

In einer bevorzugten Ausgestaltung verfügt der Dampferzeuger über eine elektrische Steuerung, insbesondere eine elektronische Datenverarbeitungseinrichtung, die eingerichtet ist, wenigstens eine Betriebsgröße des Dampferzeugers, insbesondere eine Durchflussmenge von Flüssigkeit, die durch den Druckbehälter geleitet wird, eine Heizleitung und/oder eine Heiztemperatur des wenigstens einen Heizelementes zu steuern und/oder zu regeln. Vorzugsweise verfügt der Dampferzeuger über wenigstens einen Durchflussmengensensor, einen Temperatursensor, einen Voltmeter, einen Amperemeter und/oder einen Drucksensor. Mit Hilfe eines oder mehrerer dieser Sensoren werden Daten erfasst, die an die elektrische Steuerung übermittelt werden. Auf der Basis dieser Daten steuert und/oder regelt die elektrische Steuerung die wenigstens eine Betriebsgröße des Dampferzeugers.In a preferred embodiment, the steam generator has an electrical controller, in particular an electronic data processing device, which is set up, at least one operating variable of the steam generator, in particular a flow rate of liquid that is passed through the pressure vessel, a heating line and/or a heating temperature of the at least one To control the heating element and / or to regulate. The steam generator preferably has at least one flow rate sensor, a temperature sensor, a voltmeter, an ammeter and/or a pressure sensor. With the help of one or more of these sensors, data is recorded that is transmitted to the electrical control. On the basis of this data, the electrical controller controls and/or regulates the at least one operating variable of the steam generator.

Wichtig bei der Steuerung und/oder Regelung ist es beispielsweise, dafür zu sorgen, dass einerseits die durchströmende Wassermenge so groß ist, dass es durch die Wärmeenergie, die durch das wenigstens eine Heizelement in die Flüssigkeit eingebracht wird, nicht zu einer Verdampfung im Innern des Druckbehälters kommt. Andererseits sollte die Durchflussmenge auch so eingestellt werden, dass die Temperatur der Flüssigkeit an der Austrittsöffnung möglichst nah an der jeweils gültigen Verdampfungstemperatur liegt, diese jedoch nicht überschreitet.When controlling and/or regulating, it is important, for example, to ensure that on the one hand the amount of water flowing through is so large that the thermal energy that is introduced into the liquid by the at least one heating element does not result in evaporation inside the pressure vessel comes. On the other hand, the flow rate should also be set in such a way that the temperature of the liquid at the outlet opening is as close as possible to the applicable evaporation temperature, but does not exceed it.

Mit Hilfe der beiliegenden Zeichnung wird nachfolgen ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung näher erläutert. Es zeigt:

Figur 1
- die schematische Darstellung eines Dampferzeugers gemäß einem Ausführungsbeispiel der vorliegenden Erfindung.
An exemplary embodiment of the invention is explained in more detail below with the aid of the accompanying drawing. It shows:
figure 1
- The schematic representation of a steam generator according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Der in Figur 1 dargestellte Dampferzeuger 2 verfügt über einen zylindrisches Heizelement 4, welches als elektrisches Heizelement 4 ausgebildet ist. Es befindet sich in einem Druckbehälter 6, der so ausgebildet ist, dass sich zwischen dem Druckbehälter 6 und dem Heizelement 4 ein kreisringförmiger Ringspalt befindet. Im oberen Bereich befindet sich eine Austrittsöffnung 8, um die herum eine Ablenkhaube 10 angeordnet ist. Diese ist dabei so ausgebildet, dass ein flüssig austretender zweiter Anteil des zu verdampfendem Mediums zumindest zum großem Teil auf die Umlenkhaube 10 trifft und von ihr auf die Außenseite 12 des Druckbehälters 6 geleitet wird. Vorzugsweise ist die Umlenkhaube 10 dabei derart ausgebildet und angeordnet, dass die gesamte austretende Flüssigkeit auf die Umlenkhaube 10 trifft und auf die Außenseite 12 des Druckbehälters 6 geleitet wird.the inside figure 1 The steam generator 2 shown has a cylindrical heating element 4 which is designed as an electrical heating element 4 . It is located in a pressure vessel 6 which is designed in such a way that there is an annular gap between the pressure vessel 6 and the heating element 4 . In the upper area there is an outlet opening 8 around which a deflection hood 10 is arranged. This is designed in such a way that a liquid second portion of the medium to be evaporated, at least for the most part, hits the deflection hood 10 and from it onto the outside 12 of the Pressure vessel 6 is passed. The deflection hood 10 is preferably designed and arranged in such a way that all of the escaping liquid impinges on the deflection hood 10 and is conducted to the outside 12 of the pressure vessel 6 .

Zwischen der Außenseite 12 des Druckbehälters 6 und einem Druckraumgehäuse 16, das im gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiel gleichzeitig das Gehäuse des Dampferzeugers ist, befindet sich ein Dampfraum 14. In ihm herrscht beim Betreiben der Vorrichtung ein höherer Druck als der Umgebungsdruck, der den Dampferzeuger 2 umgibt, und ein kleinerer Druck als er in dem Ringspalt zwischen dem Heizelement 4 und dem Druckbehälter 6 wirkt.A steam chamber 14 is located between the outside 12 of the pressure vessel 6 and a pressure chamber housing 16, which in the exemplary embodiment shown is also the housing of the steam generator a smaller pressure than it acts in the annular gap between the heating element 4 and the pressure vessel 6.

Über eine Zuleitung 18 wird Flüssigkeit einem Vorlaufbehälter 20 zugeführt. Dabei ist der Zufluss über ein Ventil 22 steuerbar. Über einen Füllstandsmesser 24 wird die eintretende Menge Flüssigkeit detektiert und über eine Steuerleitung 26 können entsprechende Steuersignale an das Ventil 22 übermittelt werden. Die Flüssigkeit wird über eine Pumpe 28 dem eigentlichen Dampferzeuger 2 zugeführt. Der Volumenstrom selbst ist über ein weiteres Ventil 30 steuerbar. In die entsprechende Leitung ist ein Durchflussanzeiger 32 integriert, der auch als Durchflusssensor ausgebildet sein kann.Liquid is fed to a feed tank 20 via a feed line 18 . The inflow can be controlled via a valve 22 . The amount of liquid entering is detected by a level gauge 24 and corresponding control signals can be transmitted to the valve 22 via a control line 26 . The liquid is fed to the actual steam generator 2 via a pump 28 . The volume flow itself can be controlled via an additional valve 30 . A flow indicator 32, which can also be designed as a flow sensor, is integrated into the corresponding line.

Die Flüssigkeit wird im Dampferzeuger in dem Ringspalt zwischen dem Heizelement 4 und dem Druckbehälter 6 im gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiel nach oben gedrückt und dabei erwärmt. Das Heizelement 4 ist dabei über eine elektrische Zuleitung 34 mit Strom versorgbar.In the exemplary embodiment shown, the liquid is pressed upwards in the steam generator in the annular gap between the heating element 4 and the pressure vessel 6 and is thereby heated. The heating element 4 can be supplied with current via an electrical supply line 34 .

Die Flüssigkeit tritt dann durch die Austrittsöffnung 8 aus, wobei der flüssige Anteil durch die Umlenkhaube 10 auf die Außenseite 12 des Druckbehälters 6 geleitet wird. Da diese durch die sich im Innern nach oben bewegende Flüssigkeit erwärmt ist, verdampft zumindest ein Teil dieses zweiten Teils der Flüssigkeit und kann den Dampferzeuger durch einen Austrittsstutzen 36 verlassen. Der Teil der Flüssigkeit, der auch nach Kontakt mit der Außenseite 12 des Druckbehälters 6 nicht verdampft ist, wird über einen Ablauf 38 dem Dampferzeuger entzogen und dem Kreislauf wieder zugeführt. Die Menge ist über ein Ventil 30 steuerbar.The liquid then exits through the outlet opening 8 , with the liquid portion being conducted through the deflection hood 10 to the outside 12 of the pressure vessel 6 . Since this is heated by the liquid moving upwards inside, at least part of this second part of the liquid evaporates and can leave the steam generator through an outlet nozzle 36 . The part of the liquid that has not evaporated even after contact with the outside 12 of the pressure vessel 6 is withdrawn from the steam generator via an outlet 38 and returned to the circuit. The amount can be controlled via a valve 30.

In der entsprechenden Rohrleitung befindet sich ein Druckmesssensor 40, der den aktuellen Druck misst und die entsprechenden Messwerte an eine nicht dargestellte elektrische Steuerung übermittelt.A pressure measuring sensor 40 is located in the corresponding pipeline, which measures the current pressure and transmits the corresponding measured values to an electrical control system (not shown).

BezugszeichenlisteReference List

22
Dampferzeugersteam generator
44
Heizelementheating element
66
Druckbehälterpressure vessel
88th
Austrittsöffnungexit port
1010
Umlenkhaubedeflection hood
1212
Außenseiteoutside
1414
Dampfraumsteam room
1616
Dampfraumgehäusevapor space housing
1818
Zuleitungsupply line
2020
Vorlaufbehälterfeed tank
2222
VentilValve
2424
Füllstandsmesserlevel gauge
2626
Steuerleitungcontrol line
2828
Pumpepump
3030
VentilValve
3232
Durchflussanzeigeflow indicator
3434
elektrische ZuleitungElectrical supply
3636
Austrittsstutzenoutlet nozzle
3838
Ablaufprocess
4040
Durchmesssensordiameter sensor

Claims (10)

  1. A method for generating steam from a liquid by means of a steam generator (2) that comprises at least one heating element (4) and at least one pressure tank (6) with an exit opening (8) and an outer side (12), wherein the liquid
    (a) is heated in the pressure tank (6) by means of the heating element (4) and
    (b) leaves the pressure tank (6) through the exit opening (8), wherein a first part of the liquid evaporates and a second part of the liquid remains liquid,
    characterised in that the steam generator (2) has a deflection hood (10) onto which the second part of the liquid strikes and from there is directed to the outer side (12), which has a temperature that is higher than the evaporation temperature or boiling temperature of the liquid directed to the outer side (12).
  2. The method according to claim 1, characterised in that the liquid is continuously directed through the pressure tank (6).
  3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the outer side (12) is heated exclusively by means of the heating element (4), in particular via the fluid inside the pressure tank (6).
  4. The method according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the liquid exits through the at least one exit opening (8) into a steam space (14) bounded by a steam space housing (16) of the steam generator (2), wherein a pressure inside the steam space (14) is lower than a pressure inside the pressure tank (6) and higher than an ambient pressure outside the steam generator (2).
  5. A steam generator (2) for conducting a method according to claims 1 to 4 which has
    (a) at least one heating element (4),
    (b) at least one tank (6) with an exit opening (8) and an outer side (12), and
    (c) at least one deflection hood (10), which is arranged and designed in such a way that liquid exiting through the exit opening (8) is directed to the outer side (12),
    the steam generator being characterised in that the tank (6) is a pressure tank (6).
  6. The steam generator (2) according to claim 5, characterised in that the at least one heating element (4) is located in the pressure tank (6), which is preferably designed as an annular gap, in particular with a circular cross-section through which a flow can pass.
  7. The steam generator (2) according to one of the claims 5 and 6, characterised in that the steam generator (2) comprises a steam volume (14) which is bounded by the outer side (12) of the pressure tank (6) and a steam space housing (16).
  8. The steam generator (2) according to one of the claims 5 to 7, characterised in that the steam space (14) has an outlet through which liquid can be discharged from the steam space (14).
  9. The steam generator (2) according to one of the claims 5 to 8, characterised in that the steam generator (2) has an electric control unit, in particular an electronic data processing device, which is configured to control and/or regulate at least one operating variable of the steam generator (2), in particular a flow rate of liquid which is passed through the pressure tank, a heating power and/or a heating temperature of the at least one heating element (4).
  10. The steam generator (2) according to claim 9, characterised in that the steam generator (2) comprises at least one flow rate sensor, a temperature sensor, a voltmeter, an ammeter and/or a pressure sensor.
EP19164945.8A 2018-04-11 2019-03-25 Method for generating steam and a steam generator Active EP3553376B1 (en)

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Family Cites Families (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2478569A (en) * 1945-03-08 1949-08-09 Cooper Harry Peter Steam generator
US2458103A (en) * 1946-02-14 1949-01-04 Schwartz Emanuel Electric boiler
US2571462A (en) * 1949-01-10 1951-10-16 Ralph W Lohman Electric steam generator
US3365567A (en) * 1965-06-21 1968-01-23 Woodrow W. Smith Electric steam generator
JPH07109299B2 (en) * 1992-04-27 1995-11-22 昇 丸山 Liquid heating device
CA2342182C (en) * 1998-09-22 2006-01-10 Axair Ag Steam generator with at least partially double-walled evaporation tank
DE102007054457A1 (en) * 2006-11-13 2008-05-29 Förster Technik GmbH Steam producing method for heating and/or cleaning animal feeding device and its accessories, involves initially extracting steam that is produced in steam generator from steam generator by opening valve after reaching selectable pressure
SI23848A (en) * 2011-08-22 2013-02-28 Gorenje Gospodinjski Aparati D.D. Enhanced cooking appliances
EP3225139B1 (en) * 2016-03-30 2020-04-29 E.G.O. ELEKTRO-GERÄTEBAU GmbH Vaporiser device for water
DE102018102512A1 (en) * 2018-02-05 2019-08-08 Martin Förster Device for generating steam

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