EP3780038B1 - Statischer laststufenschalter für transformatoren mit diskontinuierlichen regelwicklungen - Google Patents

Statischer laststufenschalter für transformatoren mit diskontinuierlichen regelwicklungen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3780038B1
EP3780038B1 EP19814374.5A EP19814374A EP3780038B1 EP 3780038 B1 EP3780038 B1 EP 3780038B1 EP 19814374 A EP19814374 A EP 19814374A EP 3780038 B1 EP3780038 B1 EP 3780038B1
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Prior art keywords
solid
state switches
winding
voltage
tap changer
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EP19814374.5A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3780038A4 (de
EP3780038A1 (de
EP3780038C0 (de
Inventor
Antonio GÓMEZ EXPÓSITO
Manuel BARRAGÁN VILLAREJO
Francisco de Paula GARCÍA LÓPEZ
José María MAZA ORTEGA
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Universidad de Sevilla
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Universidad de Sevilla
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/0005—Tap change devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/10—Regulating voltage or current 
    • G05F1/12—Regulating voltage or current  wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is AC
    • G05F1/14—Regulating voltage or current  wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is AC using tap transformers or tap changing inductors as final control devices
    • G05F1/16—Regulating voltage or current  wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is AC using tap transformers or tap changing inductors as final control devices combined with discharge tubes or semiconductor devices
    • G05F1/20—Regulating voltage or current  wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is AC using tap transformers or tap changing inductors as final control devices combined with discharge tubes or semiconductor devices semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F29/00—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00
    • H01F29/02—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with tappings on coil or winding; with provision for rearrangement or interconnection of windings
    • H01F29/04—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with tappings on coil or winding; with provision for rearrangement or interconnection of windings having provision for tap-changing without interrupting the load current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/0005—Tap change devices
    • H01H9/0016—Contact arrangements for tap changers

Definitions

  • the object of the invention is framed within the technical field of electricity, more specifically the proposed invention is applied in the area of alternating current electrical power systems and, particularly, in the activities to generate, transport and distribute electrical energy.
  • the proposed invention is intended for transformers, specifically a specific topology of an on-load tap-changer based on solid-state switches for applications that require dynamic voltage regulation, such as:
  • the transformer is one of the key pieces of current electrical systems as it makes it possible to adapt the voltage levels between the different portions of the electrical system in an efficient and safe way.
  • Most of the transformers in the power grid are equipped with tap changers which, by modifying the number of turns of the primary winding, enable the value of the secondary voltage to be adjusted within a range around the nominal voltage.
  • tap changer technologies there are two tap changer technologies: off-load and on-load technology.
  • the former can only be actuated with the transformer disconnected from the grid.
  • the latter can be operated when the transformer is operating, enabling a dynamic regulation of the secondary voltage in the event of variations in the primary voltage and/or the load.
  • the proposed invention consists of a specific topology of on-load tap-changer based on solid-state switches for applications that require dynamic voltage regulation among which the following are notable:
  • the current operation of electrical power systems requires the voltages of the grid nodes to remain within the regulatory limits regardless of the load state.
  • the tap-changer transformer Basically, a transformer has several electrically insulated windings that are magnetically coupled such that the relationship between the voltages of the windings, known as the transformation ratio, is a function of the turns ratio thereof.
  • the objective of the tap changer is to maintain the voltage of one of the windings regardless of the voltage of the other and the load state of the transformer.
  • the winding wherein the tap changer is installed is divided into two: the main winding and the regulation winding.
  • the former contains the bulk of the winding turns while the latter is made up of a set of coils with a fractional number of turns in relation to the main one and that are electrically accessible. In this manner, depending on the electrical connection selected in the regulation winding, the total number of turns of the winding can be modified and, therefore, the transformation ratio of the transformer.
  • the process of modifying the number of turns is called switching, and there are two basic ways to carry it out: on load and off load.
  • the change in the number of turns is carried out with the transformer in service, for which purpose an electromechanical switch is normally used, characterized by being a bulky, complex and expensive device. Due to these features, on-load tap-changers are used in applications wherein it is not possible to interrupt the service to regulate the voltage, for example in high-voltage (HV) to medium-voltage (MV) transformers.
  • HV high-voltage
  • MV medium-voltage
  • the change in turns is carried out with the transformer out of service, that is, off load.
  • the off-load tap-changer is a very simple and low-cost device, which is why it is usually installed in medium-voltage (MV) to low-voltage (LV) transformers.
  • MV medium-voltage
  • LV low-voltage
  • the high number of this type of transformers in the distribution grids makes it impossible invest in on-load tap changers, opting for the option of an off-load tap changer. These make it possible to select the most suitable tap as a function of the average primary voltage, with the objective of keeping the LV voltage within regulatory limits.
  • this technology does not enable the LV voltage to be dynamically controlled as a function of the MV voltage variations or the transformer load.
  • Patent documents US2013/249528 and EP3226267 disclose further known tap-changer using power electronics.
  • the object of the present invention is intended for an on-load tap-changer based on power electronics with a symmetrical arrangement of solid-state switches, sensors for the monitoring and control thereof, as well as a passive trigger device which ensures the operation thereof in the event of control signal failures; being applicable to transformers that have at least one regulation winding, in addition to the main windings, that is electrically discontinuous, in other words, open at least at one point.
  • the regulation winding is divided into at least two electrically insulated half-windings made up of a set of coils the terminals of which are electrically accessible.
  • a terminal of a solid-state switch based on a power electronics device is connected to each of the terminals of the regulating half-windings, which are electrically accessible. Therefore, there is the same number of solid-state switches as accessible terminals of the regulating half-winding and equal to the number of regulating coils of the half-winding plus one.
  • the other terminals of the solid-state switches are connected to each other forming at least two common points, one for each one of the electrically insulated half-windings. These common points are connected with each other by means of an electrical connection.
  • the set is completed with a series of voltage and current sensors, required for the monitoring and control of the device, arranged in specific locations.
  • the current measurement is carried out at the electrical connection existing between the aforementioned common points.
  • a voltage sensor is located in each regulating half-winding between an electrically accessible terminal and the common point.
  • the solid-state switch used in the invention can be made up of two anti-series IGBTs with the respective anti-parallel diodes thereof, or an IGBT with four diodes or two anti-parallel thyristors. If necessary, a snubber can be included to reduce overvoltage when switching the solid-state switches.
  • Said solid-state switches are controlled by means of the corresponding trigger signals calculated by means of a control system, which determines which is the most suitable tap at each moment depending on the operating conditions and the established setpoints.
  • this control system has the following hierarchical structure:
  • the existing communication between the local controllers and the central control is carried out through optical or wireless means in order to provide adequate galvanic isolation.
  • the local and central controllers are embedded within a single control device.
  • a passive trigger device is incorporated into one of the solid-state switches associated with each half-winding such that it is guaranteed that, even in the event of control signal failure, the circuit remains closed at all times.
  • the invention is applicable to transformers equipped with electrically discontinuous regulation windings, in other words, with at least one opening point such as those shown in figure 1.
  • Figure 1a represents a single-phase transformer or one phase of a three-phase star connection
  • figure 1b represents a phase of a transformer with the three-phase delta connection.
  • Said transformers comprise a main winding (30 in figure 1a ; 30a and 30b in figure 1b ) and an electrically discontinuous regulation winding open at a point such that it is divided into an upper half-winding formed by the coils (32, 34) and a lower half-winding formed by the coils (36, 38).
  • the terminals of the upper half-winding (42, 43 and 44) and of the lower half-winding (45, 46 and 47) are electrically accessible, both being insulated from each other since the terminals 44 and 45 are not electrically connected.
  • Figure 3 shows the embodiment of a tap changer based on solid-state switches object of this invention on the transformer shown in figure 1b .
  • the nominal voltage of the main winding (30a, 30b) is Up-Ur while the nominal voltage of the regulation windings (32, 34, 36, 38) is Ur.
  • a first set of solid-state switches (61a, 62a, 63a) is connected to the accessible terminals of the upper half-winding (42, 43, 44) of the regulation winding.
  • the free terminals of said first set of solid-state switches (61a, 62a, 63a) are in turn connected at a first common point (48a).
  • a second set of solid-state switches (61b, 62b, 63b) is connected to the accessible terminals of the lower half-winding (45, 46, 47) of the regulation winding, and the free terminals thereof are connected to a second common point (48b).
  • the common points (48a, 48b) are electrically connected to each other and the current that circulates in said electrical connection is measured by means of the corresponding current sensor (90).
  • the voltages of the other switches are easily calculated by applying Kirchhoff's second law and taking into account that the regulating coils are identical to each other. Thus, it is possible to determine the maximum effective voltage to which each switch could be exposed, which is decisive for the purpose of sizing it.
  • the maximum voltages of the solid-state switches are in the 2Ur (switches (61a, 63a, 61b, 63b)) and Ur (switches (62a, 62b)) range.
  • the maximum current without overload that can circulate through the solid-state switches is the nominal current of the winding, In, in this specific case the maximum power associated with the tap changer, calculated as the sum of the power of each one of the switches, is: 10Urln.
  • Static tap changer object of the invention Effective voltages as a function of the selected tap.
  • Switch Umax Switch Primary voltage U p -2U r U p -U r U p U p +U r U p +2U r 61a 2Ur 0 Ur Ur 2Ur 2U r 62a Ur U r 0 0 U r U r 63a 2Ur 2U r Ur Ur 0 0 61b 2Ur 2U r 2Ur Ur Ur 0 62b Ur U r U r 0 0 U r 63b 2Ur 0 0 Ur Ur 2U r
  • the proposed invention contributes advantages compared to the state of the art of the tap changer presented in figure 2 . Again, it is possible to select five possible primary voltage levels depending on the solid-state switch that is closed: (101) closed Up-2Ur; (103) closed Up-Ur; (105) closed Up; (107) closed Up+Ur; (109) closed Up+2Ur.
  • the number of solid-state switches (101, 103, 105, 107, 109) in this configuration is equal to the number of regulating coils plus one (2n+1, five in the configuration shown in figure 2 ).
  • Table 2 shows the effective voltages to which the different solid-state switches are subjected as a function of the selected tap.
  • the solid-state switch (103) must be closed, the voltage of said switch being zero.
  • the voltages of the other switches are easily calculated by applying Kirchhoff's second law and taking into account that the regulating coils are identical to each other. Thus, it is possible to determine the maximum effective voltage to which each switch could be exposed during normal operation, which is decisive for the purpose of sizing it.
  • the maximum voltages of the solid-state switches (101, 103, 105, 107, 109) are in the 4Ur (switches (101) and (109)) and 2Ur (switch (105)) range.
  • the maximum current without overload that can circulate through the solid-state switches (101, 103, 105, 107, 109) is the nominal current of the winding.
  • the maximum power associated with the tap changer calculated as the sum of the power of each one of the solid-state switches (61a, 62a, 63a, 61b, 62b, 63b), is: 16Urln. Table 2.
  • Static tap changer according to the state of the art: Effective voltages as a function of the selected tap.
  • the invention incorporates voltage sensors (80a, 80b) that measure the voltage of solid-state switches that occupy the same relative position in each one of the half-windings, for example, and in light of figure 3 in the solid-state switches (63a, 63b). In this sense, the voltage measurement could also be located by measuring the voltage of the solid-state switches (61a, 61b).
  • the information provided by the sensors (90, 80a, 80b) is measured by a local control unit (70) which, in turn, sends it to the central controller (100). Said central controller (100) receives this information from the local controllers (70) associated with the different phases and determines the most suitable tap for each one of them as a function of the operating parameters and the operating setpoint.
  • Communication between the local control unit (70) and the central controller (100) is preferably carried out by means of optical or wireless means (95) in order to guarantee the galvanic isolation of the tap changer.
  • the voltage information provided by the voltage sensors (80a, 80b) it is possible to:
  • the object of the invention is complemented by a passive trigger device (66a and 66b) for each one of the half-windings.
  • the purpose of said device is to close one of the solid-state switches (61a, 62a, 63a, 61b, 62b, 63b) for each one of the regulating half-windings in the event of a failure of the respective control signals (71a, 72a, 73a, 71b, 72b, 73b).
  • the passive trigger device acts when a certain instantaneous voltage value of the solid-state switches is reached, for which reason it is essential to take into account the effective voltage values under normal operating conditions shown in Table 1.
  • the setting of the actuation of the device must be greater than the peak value corresponding to the maximum effective values shown in Table 2 plus a certain safety margin that takes into account the possible voltage variations of the grid.
  • the physical embodiment of the passive trigger device (66a, 66b) is based on the diagram shown in figure 5a .
  • Said passive trigger device (66a, 66b) is made up of a trigger circuit (68b) that is powered from a non-linear impedance (67b) the value of which is variable depending on the voltage: infinite if the voltage is under a threshold value and zero, if otherwise.
  • a trigger circuit (68b) that is powered from a non-linear impedance (67b) the value of which is variable depending on the voltage: infinite if the voltage is under a threshold value and zero, if otherwise.
  • the trigger signal (72b) coming from the control system (70) is correct, the voltage in the solid-state switch is zero and the passive trigger device has no power supply, for which reason the trigger signal (74b) is not generated.
  • the trigger signal (72b) is interrupted, the voltage in the solid-state switch would begin to rise due to the circulation of current through the snubber, as shown on the right portion of figure 4c .
  • the trigger circuit is powered and, consequently, the trigger signal (74b) is generated which activates the solid-state switch. This operation is explained in detail in figure 5b .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
  • Control Of Electrical Variables (AREA)

Claims (5)

  1. Stufenschaltervorrichtung für einen Transformator, umfassend:
    • eine elektrisch diskontinuierliche Regelwicklung, die an mindestens einer Stelle offen ist, sodass die Regelwicklung in mindestens eine elektrisch isolierte obere Halbwicklung und untere Halbwicklung unterteilt ist, die jeweils n Regelspulen (32, 34, 36, 38) umfassen, von denen jede mit elektrisch zugänglichen elektrischen Anschlüssen bereitgestellt wird, und
    • eine Hauptwicklung,
    wobei die Stufenschaltervorrichtung für jede der Transformatorphasen umfasst:
    • einen Satz erster Festkörperschalter (61a, 62a, 63a), die jeweils mit den zugänglichen Anschlüssen der oberen Halbwicklung (42, 43, 44) der Regelwicklung verbunden sind, freie Anschlüsse der ersten Festkörperschalter (61a, 62a, 63a) mit einem ersten gemeinsamen Punkt (48a) verbunden sind,
    • einen Satz zweiter Festkörperschalter (61b, 62b, 63b), die jeweils mit den zugänglichen Anschlüssen der unteren Halbwicklung (45, 46, 47) der Regelwicklung verbunden sind, freie Anschlüsse der ersten Festkörperschalter (61 b, 62b, 63b) mit einem zweiten gemeinsamen Punkt (48b) verbunden sind,
    • eine lokale Steuereinheit (70) für jede der Transformatorphasen, die Triggersignale (71a, 72a, 73a, 71b, 72b, 73b) für die Festkörperschalter (61a, 62a, 63a, 61b, 62b, 63b) bereitstellt,
    • eine einzige zentrale Steuereinheit (100), die den Satz lokaler Steuereinheiten (70) überwacht und steuert, die den Phasen zugeordnet sind, die für jede von ihnen den am besten geeigneten Abgriff als eine Funktion von Betriebsparametern und dem Betriebssollwert bestimmt, der Stufenschaltervorrichtung, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie zusätzlich umfasst:
    • einen zwischen den gemeinsamen Punkten (48a, 48b) elektrisch angeschlossenen Stromsensor (90), der Informationen über den Strom sammelt, der dort hindurch fließt, und sie an die lokale Steuereinheit (70) überträgt,
    wobei die Anzahl der Festkörperschalter (61a, 62a, 63a, 61b, 62b, 63b) gleich der Anzahl der elektrischen Anschlüsse der Regelungswicklung ist, die ihrerseits gleich der doppelten Summe der Regelungsspulen (32, 34, 36, 38) plus eins 2(n+1) ist.
  2. Stufenschaltervorrichtung für einen Transformator nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie zusätzlich mindestens zwei Spannungssensoren (80a, 80b) umfasst, die an entsprechenden Festkörperschaltern angeordnet sind, die in jeder der regelnden Halbwicklungen dieselbe relative Position einnehmen.
  3. Stufenschaltervorrichtung für einen Transformator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie zusätzlich passive Auslösevorrichtungen (66a, 66b) umfasst, die jeweils bei Ausfall der Steuersignale (71a, 72a, 73a) auslösen Betreiben der Festkörperschalter (61a, 62a, 63a) und (71b, 72b, 73b), die die Festkörperschalter (61b, 62b, 63b) betreiben.
  4. Stufenschaltervorrichtung für einen Transformator nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Festkörperschalter, in dem die passive Auslösevorrichtung installiert ist, derjenige ist, der während des normalen Betriebs eine niedrigere maximale Effektivspannung aufweist.
  5. Stufenschaltervorrichtung für einen Transformator nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Steuereinheit (70) mit den Spannungssensoren (80a, 80b) verbunden und konfiguriert ist, um die von den Spannungssensoren (80a, 80b) erfassten Informationen zu sammeln.
EP19814374.5A 2018-06-06 2019-05-30 Statischer laststufenschalter für transformatoren mit diskontinuierlichen regelwicklungen Active EP3780038B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES201830549A ES2734601B2 (es) 2018-06-06 2018-06-06 Dispositivo cambiador estatico de tomas en carga para transformadores con devanados de regulacion discontinuos
PCT/ES2019/070363 WO2019234271A1 (es) 2018-06-06 2019-05-30 Dispositivo cambiador estático de tomas en carga para transformadores con devanados de regulación discontinuos

Publications (4)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3780038A1 EP3780038A1 (de) 2021-02-17
EP3780038A4 EP3780038A4 (de) 2022-01-26
EP3780038B1 true EP3780038B1 (de) 2023-08-16
EP3780038C0 EP3780038C0 (de) 2023-08-16

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EP (1) EP3780038B1 (de)
ES (2) ES2734601B2 (de)
WO (1) WO2019234271A1 (de)

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CN112670067B (zh) * 2020-11-18 2022-07-01 中国电力科学研究院有限公司 一种对称型真空泡负载平衡的过渡电路装置及控制方法
DE102021111181A1 (de) * 2021-04-30 2022-11-03 Infineon Technologies Bipolar Gmbh & Co. Kg Laststufenschaltermodul, Anordnung aus Laststufenschaltermodul und Leistungstransformator und Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Laststufenschaltermoduls
ES2936183B2 (es) 2021-09-14 2023-12-27 Univ Sevilla Interruptor estatico de corriente alterna con rango extendido de intensidad
ES2950896B2 (es) * 2022-03-10 2024-12-02 Ormazabal Corporate Tech A I E Método de determinación de la consigna óptima y de la política de control de un regulador automático de tensión para transformadores con cambiador de tomas eléctricas en carga

Family Cites Families (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL278413A (de) 1961-05-15
US3700925A (en) 1971-03-29 1972-10-24 Westinghouse Electric Corp Thyristor tap changer for electrical inductive apparatus
US4220411A (en) 1978-08-14 1980-09-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Fiber optic light launching assembly
NL1000914C2 (nl) 1995-08-01 1997-02-04 Geb Zuid Holland West Nv Werkwijze en inrichting voor continue instelling en regeling van een transformatoroverzetverhouding, alsmede transformator voorzien van een dergelijke inrichting.
ES2274684B1 (es) 2005-02-15 2008-04-16 Universidad De Sevilla Cambiador de tomas para transformadores de media/baja tension.
UA112302C2 (uk) * 2010-12-17 2016-08-25 Машіненфабрік Райнхаузен Гмбх Ступеневий перемикач
EP3226267B1 (de) * 2014-11-25 2020-10-14 Hai Wang Spannungsregelungslaststufenschalter für einen transformator und schaltersteuerungsverfahren

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ES2964632T3 (es) 2024-04-08
WO2019234271A1 (es) 2019-12-12
ES2734601A1 (es) 2019-12-10
EP3780038A4 (de) 2022-01-26
ES2734601B2 (es) 2020-07-08
EP3780038A1 (de) 2021-02-17
EP3780038C0 (de) 2023-08-16

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