Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/14—Paints containing biocides, e.g. fungicides, insecticides or pesticides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/65—Additives macromolecular
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L71/00—Compositions of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L71/02—Polyalkylene oxides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/60—Additives non-macromolecular
  • C09D7/61—Additives non-macromolecular inorganic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
  • C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
  • C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
  • C08K2003/2237—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals of titanium
  • C08K2003/2241—Titanium dioxide

Definitions

• Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed towards aqueous coating compositions, more specifically, embodiments are directed towards aqueous coating compositions including a coalescent represented by Formula I: R 1 -O- (A) n -R 2 , where R 1 is hydrogen, a C 1 -C 12 linear aliphatic, or a C 1 -C 12 branched aliphatic, A is an alkylene oxide, R 2 is a hydrogen group, a C 1 -C 4 linear aliphatic or branched aliphatic group, a C 1 -C 4 linear or branched carbonyl group, or a benzyl group, and n has an average value from 3 to 25.
• R 1 is hydrogen, a C 1 -C 12 linear aliphatic, or a C 1 -C 12 branched aliphatic
• A is an alkylene oxide
• R 2 is a hydrogen group, a C 1 -C 4 linear aliphatic or branched aliphatic group
• Coatings may be utilized for a number of applications including different coating applications such as architectural coating applications, industrial coating applications, automotive coating applications, and outdoor furniture coating applications, among others.
• coating applications such as architectural coating applications, industrial coating applications, automotive coating applications, and outdoor furniture coating applications, among others.
• VOC Volatile Organic Compounds
• aqueous coating compositions that include a coalescent represented by Formula I: R 1 -O- (A) n -R 2 , where R 1 is hydrogen, a C 1 -C 12 linear aliphatic, or a C 1 -C 12 branched aliphatic, A is an alkylene oxide, R 2 is a hydrogen group, a C 1 -C 4 linear aliphatic or branched aliphatic group, a C 1 -C 4 linear or branched carbonyl group, or a benzyl group, and n has an average value from 3 to 25.
• R 1 is hydrogen, a C 1 -C 12 linear aliphatic, or a C 1 -C 12 branched aliphatic
• A is an alkylene oxide
• R 2 is a hydrogen group, a C 1 -C 4 linear aliphatic or branched aliphatic group, a C 1 -C 4 linear or branched carbonyl group, or a benzyl
• the present disclosure provides coatings formed with the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein.
• Aqueous coating compositions are disclosed herein.
• the aqueous coating compositions include a coalescent represented by Formula I: R 1 -O- (A) n -R 2 , where R 1 is hydrogen, a C 1 -C 12 linear aliphatic, or a C 1 -C 12 branched aliphatic, A is an alkylene oxide, R 2 is a hydrogen group, a C 1 -C 4 linear aliphatic or branched aliphatic group, a C 1 -C 4 linear or branched carbonyl group, or a benzyl group, and n has an average value from 3 to 25.
• R 1 is hydrogen, a C 1 -C 12 linear aliphatic, or a C 1 -C 12 branched aliphatic
• A is an alkylene oxide
• R 2 is a hydrogen group, a C 1 -C 4 linear aliphatic or branched aliphatic group, a C 1 -C 4 linear or branche
• the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein can have one or more properties that are desirable for various applications.
• the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may have an improved, i.e. reduced, minimum film formation temperature as compared to other compositions.
• Minimum film forming temperature (MFFT) is the lowest temperature at which a composition will uniformly coalesce when laid on a substrate as a thin film.
• MFFT Minimum film forming temperature
• Compositions having a reduced minimum film formation temperature may advantageously cure under particular conditions, e.g., lower temperatures, as compared to compositions having a relatively greater minimum film formation temperature.
• the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may have an improved heat storage stability as compared to other compositions.
• Heat storage stability may be evidenced by a change in viscosity after storage of a composition for a time interval at an elevated temperate, such as a temperature greater than 20 °C.
• the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may have an improved, i.e. a comparatively lesser change in viscosity, heat storage stability as compared to other compositions. Improved heat storage stability is desirable for a number of applications.
• the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may have an improved freeze-thaw stability as compared to other compositions. Freeze-thaw stability may be evidenced as a comparatively lesser change in viscosity after number of freezing and thawing cycles. In other words, the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may have an improved, i.e. a comparatively lesser change in viscosity, freeze-thaw stability as compared to other compositions. Improved freeze-thaw stability is desirable for a number of applications.
• the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein include a binder.
• the binder may help to bind together one or more components of the aqueous coating compositions and/or bind one or more components of the aqueous coating compositions to a substrate.
• the binder may comprise one or more acrylic copolymers, polyurethane, vinyl acetate copolymers, polyurea, wax, casein, egg tempera, gum arabic, linseed oil, shellac, starch glue, gelatin, dextrin, polyester or combinations thereof.
• “Acrylic” includes (meth) acrylic acid, (meth) alkyl acrylate, (meth) acrylamide, (meth) acrylonitrile and their modified forms such as (meth) hydroxyalkyl acrylate.
• the binder may comprise monomeric structural units derived from one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers.
• ethylenically unsaturated monomers include, but are not limited to, (meth) acrylic ester monomers such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, nonyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, nonyl methacrylate, isodecyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and hydroxypropyl methacrylate; (meth) acrylonitrile; styrene and substituted styrene; butadiene; ethylene, propylene, 1-decene
• the ethylenically unsaturated monomer may comprise a functional group.
• the functional group include, but are not limited to, carbonyl, acetoacetate, alkoxysilane, carboxyl, ureido, amide, imide, amino group, and combinations thereof.
• Various functional groups and various concentrations of functional groups may be utilized for different applications.
• the binder may comprise a chain transfer agent.
• chain transfer agents include, but are not limited to, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, dodecyl mercaptan, methyl 3-mercaptopropionate, benzenethiol, azelaic alkyl mercaptan, and combinations thereof.
• chain transfer agents and various concentrations of chain transfer agent may be utilized for different applications.
• the binder may be in the form of a dispersion or an emulsion, which are herein referred to as a “binder emulsion” .
• the binder emulsion may have a solids content, e.g. the binder, from 30 to 75 weight percent, based upon a total weight of the binder emulsion. All individual values and subranges from 30 to 75 weight percent are included; for example, the binder emulsion may have a solids content from a lower limit of 30, 34, or 40 weight percent to an upper limit of 75, 65, or 60 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the binder emulsion.
• the binder e.g. the binder emulsion
• the binder e.g. the binder emulsion can be formed using known equipment, reaction components, and reaction conditions.
• the binder can be formed by emulsion polymerization.
• the binder e.g. the binder emulsion
• the binder e.g. the binder emulsion can be obtained commercially.
• commercial binders include, but are not limited to, those under the trade name PRIMAL TM , such as PRIMAL TM AC-268 and PRIMAL TM AC-261, available from The Dow Chemical Company; those under the trade name ROSHIELD TM , such as ROSHIELD TM 3311 and ROSHIELD TM EP-6060, available from The Dow Chemical Company; those under the trade name MAINCOTE TM , such as MAINCOTE TM 1100A, available from The Dow Chemical Company; those under the tradename BAYHYDROL, such as BAYHYDROL XP-2557, BAYHYDROL XP-2606, and BAYHYDROL XP-2427 available from Bayer, and combinations thereof, among other commercially available binders.
• PRIMAL TM such as PRIMAL TM AC-268 and PRIMAL TM AC-261
• the aqueous coating composition may include from 5 to 65 weight percent binder solids based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition. All individual values and subranges from 5 to 65 weight percent are included; for example, the aqueous coating composition may include binder solids from a lower limit of 5, 10, or 15 weight percent to an upper limit of 65, 60, or 50 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the aqueous coating composition.
• the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein include the coalescent represented by Formula I: R 1 -O- (A) n -R 2 , where R 1 is hydrogen, a C 1 -C 12 linear aliphatic, or a C 1 -C 4 branched aliphatic, A is an alkylene oxide, R 2 is a hydrogen group, a C 1 -C 4 linear aliphatic or branched aliphatic group, a C 1 -C 4 linear or branched carbonyl group, or a benzyl group, and n has an average value from 3 to 25.
• R 1 is hydrogen, a C 1 -C 12 linear aliphatic, or a C 1 -C 4 branched aliphatic
• A is an alkylene oxide
• R 2 is a hydrogen group, a C 1 -C 4 linear aliphatic or branched aliphatic group, a C 1 -C 4 linear or branched carbonyl group, or a benz
• a of the coalescent represented by Formula I is an alkylene oxide.
• Embodiments provide that “A” is monomeric structural units derived from propylene oxide, butylene oxide, or a combination thereof.
• “Monomeric structural unit” indicates a portion of a polymer structure, e.g. “A” , that results from a reaction to form the polymer.
• “A” of the coalescent represented by Formula I is a homopolymer.
• “A” can be monomeric structural units derived from propylene oxide or butylene oxide.
• propylene oxide is not utilized to form “A” .
• butylene oxide is not utilized to form “A” .
• “A” of the coalescent represented by Formula I is a copolymer.
• “A” can be monomeric structural units derived from propylene oxide and butylene oxide.
• the monomeric structural units derived from propylene oxide and butylene oxide may be a block distribution, a random distribution, or a combination thereof.
• the copolymer can be a block copolymer or a random copolymer.
• a weight ratio of propylene oxide to butylene oxide from 10: 1 to 0.1: 1 may be utilized to form “A” .
• All individual values and subranges from 10: 1 to 0.1: 1 are included; for example, a weight ratio from a lower limit of 0.1: 1, 0.5: 1, 0.75: 1, or 1: 1 to an upper limit of 10: 1, 7: 1, or 5: 1 of propylene oxide to butylene oxide may be utilized to form “A” .
• n of the coalescent represented by Formula I is from 3 to 25. All individual values and subranges from 3 to 25 are included; for example, “n” may be from a lower limit of 3, 5, or 7 to an upper limit of 25, 23, or 21.
• the coalescent represented by Formula I may have a number average molecular weight from 300 to 1800 g/mol. All individual values and subranges from 300 to 1800 g/mol are included; for example, the coalescent represented by Formula I may have a number average molecular weight from a lower limit of 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 g/mol to an upper limit of 1800, 1600, 1400, or 1200 g/mol.
• the aqueous coating composition may include from 0.5 to 15 weight percent of the coalescent represented by Formula I based upon a total weight of the coalescent and the binder solids. All individual values and subranges from 0.5 to 15 weight percent are included; for example, the aqueous coating composition may include the coalescent represented by Formula I from a lower limit of 0.5, 1.0, or 3.0 weight percent to an upper limit of 15, 10, or 8 weight percent based upon a total weight of the coalescent and the binder solids.
• the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein include water.
• the aqueous coating composition may include from 30 to 90 weight percent water based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition. All individual values and subranges from 30 to 90 weight percent are included; for example, the aqueous coating composition may include water from a lower limit of 30, 40, or 50 weight percent to an upper limit of 90, 80, or 70 weight percent water, based upon the total weight of the aqueous coating composition.
• the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may include a wetting agent, which may also be referred to as a surfactant and/or a dispersant.
• a wetting agent herein refers to a chemical additive that can reduce the surface tension and/or improve separation of particles of the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein.
• wetting agents include, but are not limited to, alcohol ethoxylate wetting agents, polycarboxylate wetting agents, anionic wetting agents, zwitterionic wetting agents, non-ionic wetting agents, and combinations thereof.
• wetting agents include sodium bis (tridecyl) sulfosuccinate, sodium di (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate, sodium dihexylsulfosuccinate, sodium dicyclohexylsulfosuccinate, sodium diamylsulfosuccinate, sodium diisobutylsulfosuccinate, disodium iso-decylsulfosuccinate, the disodium ethoxylated alcohol half ester of sulfosuccinic acid, disodium alkylamidopolyethoxy sulfosuccinate, tetra-sodium N- (1, 2-dicarboxyethyl) -N-octadecyl sulfosuccinamate, disodium N-octasulfosuccinamate, sulfated ethoxylated nonylphenol, and 2-amin
• wetting agents examples include, for example, ECOSURF TM EH-9, available from The Dow Chemical Company, OROTAN TM CA-2500, available from The Dow Chemical Company, SURFYNOL 104, available from Evonik, BYK-346 and BYK-349 polyether-modified siloxanes both available from BYK, and AMP-95, available from Golden Gate Capital, among others.
• the aqueous coating composition may include from 0.01 to 10 weight percent of the wetting agent based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition. All individual values and subranges from 0.01 to 10 weight percent are included; for example, the aqueous coating composition may include the wetting agent from a lower limit of 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 1.0 or 2.0 weight percent to an upper limit of 10, 8, 7, 5, 4, or 3 weight percent based upon the total weight of the aqueous coating composition.
• the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may include a freeze-thaw stabilizer.
• freeze-thaw stabilizers include alcohols, glycols, and combinations thereof, among others.
• Specific examples of freeze-thaw stabilizers include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol (1, 2, 3-trihydroxypropane) , ethanol, methanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, tristyrylphenol ethoxylate, and combinations thereof.
• the aqueous coating composition may include from 0.1 to 15 weight percent of the freeze-thaw stabilizer based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition. All individual values and subranges from 0.1 to 15 weight percent are included; for example, the aqueous coating composition may include the freeze-thaw stabilizer from a lower limit of 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 weight percent to an upper limit of 15, 10, or 8 weight percent based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition.
• the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may include a colorant, which may be also be referred to as a pigment.
• a colorant which may be also be referred to as a pigment.
• Various colorants may be utilized.
• the colorant can be a natural colorant, a synthetic colorant, an organic colorant, an inorganic colorant, or a combination thereof.
• Specific examples of colorants include titanium dioxide and polymeric pigments, such ROPAQUE TM Ultra E, available from The Dow Chemical Company, among others.
• the aqueous coating composition may include from 0.5 to 45 weight percent of the colorant based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition. All individual values and subranges from 0.5 to 45 weight percent are included; for example, the aqueous coating composition may include the colorant from a lower limit of 0.5, 1.0, or 5.0 weight percent to an upper limit of 45, 30, or 25 weight percent based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition.
• the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may include a thickener, which may also be referred to as a filler and/or a rheology modifier.
• thickeners include, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) , clay materials, such as kaolin, acid derivatives, acid copolymers, urethane associate thickeners (UAT) , polyether urea polyurethanes (PEUPU) , polyether polyurethanes (PEPU) , and combinations thereof, thickeners such as alkali swellable emulsions (ASE) such as sodium or ammonium neutralized acrylic acid polymers; hydrophobically modified alkali swellable emulsions (HASE) such as hydrophobically modified acrylic acid copolymers; associative thickeners such as hydrophobically modified ethoxylated urethanes (HEUR) ; and cellulosic thickeners such as methyl cellulose ethers
• ACRYSOL TM tradename such as ACRYSOL TM TT-935, ACRYSOL TM DR-770, and ACRYSOL TM RM-2020 NPR, available from The Dow Chemical Company; and Natrosol 250HBR available from Ashland.
• the aqueous coating composition may include from 0.1 to 4 weight percent of the thickener based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition. All individual values and subranges from 0.1 to 4 weight percent are included; for example, the aqueous coating composition may include the thickener from a lower limit of 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 weight percent to an upper limit of 4, 3, or 2 weight percent based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition.
• the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may include a matting agent.
• the matting agent may include various inorganic particles, organic particles, and combinations thereof, as is known in the art.
• the matting agent may be a powder.
• Examples of the matting agent include, but are not limited to, silica matting agents, diatomate, polyurea matting agents, polyacrylate, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethene, and combinations thereof.
• Examples of commercial matting agents are commercially available matting agents may include, for example, CILITE 499 available from World Minerals Co.
• ACEMATT TS-100 and ACEMATT OK520 silica matting agents both available from Evonik, DEUTERON MK polyurea matting agent available from Deuteron, and micronized wax additives CERAFLOUR 929 and CERAFLOUR 920 both available from BYK, SYLOID Silica 7000 matting agent available from Grace Davison.
• the aqueous coating composition may include from 0.1 to 10 weight percent of the matting agent based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition. All individual values and subranges from 0.1 to 10 weight percent are included; for example, the aqueous coating composition may include the matting agent from a lower limit of 0.1, 0.3, or 0.5 weight percent to an upper limit of 10, 8, or 5 weight percent based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition.
• the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may include an additional coating additive, as known in the art.
• additional coating additive include, but are not limited to leveling agents; flow control agents such as silicones, fluorocarbons or cellulosics; extenders; flatting agents; ultraviolet light (UV) absorbers; hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) ; phosphites; defoamers and antifoaming agents; antisettling, anti-sag and bodying agents; anti-skinning agents; anti-flooding and anti-floating agents; biocides, fungicides and mildeweides; corrosion inhibitors, and combinations thereof, among others.
• Various amounts of the additional coating additive may be utilized for different applications.
• the aqueous coating composition may include from 0.1 to 10 weight percent of the additional coating additive based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition. All individual values and subranges from 0.1 to 10 weight percent are included; for example, the aqueous coating composition may include the additional coating additive from a lower limit of 0.1, 0.15, or 0.2 weight percent to an upper limit of 10, 9, or 8 weight percent based upon a total weight of the aqueous coating composition.
• the aqueous coating compositions disclosed herein may be formed by a known process; the aqueous coating compositions may be made using known equipment and reaction conditions.
• forming the aqueous coating compositions can include a grind stage.
• a number of components of the aqueous coating composition such as the pigment, as well as other materials that may not homogenize under low-shear mixing and/or are selected for a particle size reduction, can be combined with water to be ground and/or dispersed, e.g. via a mill under high shear conditions.
• Other components such as defoamer and/or wetting agent, among others, may be utilized in the grind stage.
• the grind stage can provide that resultant particles have an average particle diameter from 0.1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m. All individual values and subranges from 0.1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m are included; for example, resultant particles may have an average particle diameter from a lower limit of 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 ⁇ m to an upper limit of 100, 75, or 50 ⁇ m.
• a let-down stage may be performed.
• Output resultant from the grind stage e.g., a number of ground and/or dispersed aqueous coating composition components, can be combined with the remaining components utilized to form the aqueous coating composition.
• the let-down stage may utilize low shear mixing, for instance.
• the aqueous coating composition disclosed herein can be utilized to form coatings. These coatings may be used for a number of different coating applications such as industrial coating applications, architectural coating applications, automotive coating applications, outdoor furniture coating applications, among others.
• the aqueous coating composition disclosed herein may be applied to a substrate, e.g., to one or more surfaces of an article or a structure, via any method. Such methods include, but are not limited to, spraying, dipping, rolling, and any other conventional technique generally known to those skilled in the art.
• the surface of such structures to be coated with the aqueous coating composition may comprise concrete, wood, metal, plastic, glass, drywall, among others.
• Known equipment, components, and conditions may be utilized when applying the aqueous coating compositions.
• the aqueous coating composition can be cured, e.g. dried, to form a coating.
• the coatings can form one or more layers having various thicknesses for different applications.
• the coatings disclosed herein can have one or more properties that are desirable for various applications.
• the coatings disclosed herein may have an improved scrub resistance as compared to coatings formed from other compositions, e.g., when the coatings are dried within a particular temperature range.
• the coatings disclosed herein may have an improved scrub resistance when dried at a temperature at or below 15 °C, e.g., from -25 to 15 °C, or -20 to 10 °C.
• the term "scrub resistance” refers to a number of scrub cycles required to erode a coating from the substrate. Scrub resistance can be determined according to GB/T 9266-2009.
• the coatings disclosed herein may have an improved i.e., greater, long term hardness development as compared to coatings formed from other compositions.
• the coatings disclosed herein may have an improved hardness development at 96 hours, e.g., when hardness of the coating is determined 96 hours from application of the coating, 168 hours, and 240 hours. Providing improved long term hardness development is advantageous for a number of applications.
• R 1 was linear C 4 aliphatic
• R 2 was a hydrogen group
• A was monomeric structural units derived from propylene oxide and butylene oxide
• n had an average value of 9.
• the coalescent had a number average molecular weight of 665 g/mol, as determined by hydroxyl value measurement.
• This coalescent was prepared based on the commercial product DOWANOL TM TPnB (C 4 - (PO) 3 , available from The Dow Chemical Company) , followed with an additional step of butoxylation under known alkoxylation conditions utilizing KOH as catalyst.
• C 4 - (PO) 3 was added to the reactor with KOH (active weight at 6000 ppm, aq. soln. at a concentration of 50%wt.
• the reactor was closed and the contents were stirred at 250 rpm and heated to 80 °C. Vacuum was applied as the contents of the reactor were maintained at 80 °C to remove the residue water from the reactor. Then, the contents of the reactor were heated to 120 °C and butylene oxide was added into the reactor slowly while maintaining the pressure in the reactor less than 4.5 bar. Following addition of the butylene oxide, the contents of the reactor were maintained at 120 °C for digestion; the pressure of the reactor was monitored until the pressure was close to the initial pressure (before BO addition) and stable for 2 hours. Then, the reactor was purged three times with nitrogen and vacuum to remove any residual butylene oxide. Then, the contents of the reactor were cooled to 60 °C and neutralized it with acetic acid to provide the coalescent represented by Formula I.
• MFFT Minimum film formation temperature
• the data of Table 1 illustrates that at 3 weight percent loadings, Sample 1 has an improved, i.e. reduced, minimum film formation temperature as compared to each of Comparative Examples A and B.
• the reduced minimum film formation temperature provided by Sample 1 illustrates that aqueous coating compositions including a binder and the coalescent represented by Formula I will likewise have an improved, i.e. reduced, minimum film formation temperature as compared to other compositions.
• Sample 2 has an improved, i.e. lower, minimum film formation temperature as compared to Comparative Sample A.
• the reduced minimum film formation temperature provided by Sample 2 illustrates that aqueous coating compositions including a binder and the coalescent represented by Formula I will likewise have an improved, i.e. reduced, minimum film formation temperature as compared to other compositions.
• Example 1 an aqueous coating composition, was formed as follows. Deionized water (165 grams) , propylene glycol (12 grams) , OROTAN TM CA-2500 (7.5 grams) , ECOSURF TM EH-9 (1.5 grams) , and BYK-024 (1.0 grams) were added to a container and mixed by dispersion plate at approximately 400 rpm for 2 minutes. Natrosol 250HBR (1.5 grams) was added to the contents of the container, which were mixed at approximately 400 rpm for 2 minutes. AMP-95 (1.5 grams) was added to the contents of the container, which were mixed at approximately 400 rpm for 10 minutes.
• Titanium dioxide 200 grams
• calcined kaolin DB-80 35 grams
• calcium carbonate CC-700 50 grams
• matting agent 35 grams
• Comparative Example A was formed as Example 1, with the change that UCAR TM FILMER IBT was utilized rather than the coalescent represented by Formula I; weight percents of the UCAR TM FILMER IBT solids based upon a total weight of the UCAR TM FILMER IBT solids and the water are indicated below.
• Comparative Example B was formed as Example 1, with the change that Optifilm Enhancer OE-400 solids was utilized rather than the coalescent represented by Formula I; weight percents of the Optifilm Enhancer OE-400 solids based upon a total weight of the Optifilm Enhancer OE-400 and the water are indicated below.
• Heat storage stability was determined according to GB/T 20623-2006.
• Example 2 200 grams
• Comparative Example A 200 grams
• Comparative Example B 200 grams
• Example 2 200 grams
• Comparative Example A 200 grams
• Comparative Example B 200 grams
• Example 1 has an improved heat storage stability, as evidenced by a comparatively lesser change in viscosity, as compared to both Comparative Example A and Comparative Example B, which became too excessively viscous for viscosity determination.
• Example 1 200 grams
• Comparative Example A 200 grams
• Comparative Example B 200 grams
• Example 1 200 grams
• Comparative Example A 200 grams
• Comparative Example B 200 grams
• Example 1 has an improved freeze-thaw stability, as evidenced by a comparatively lesser change in viscosity, as compared to both Comparative Example A and Comparative Example B after 3 cycles of freezing at -6 °C and thawing.
• the data of Table 4 illustrates that Example 1 has an improved freeze-thaw stability, as evidenced by a comparatively lesser change in viscosity, as compared to both Comparative Example A and Comparative Example B after 5 cycles of freezing at -6 °C and thawing.
• Example 1 was painted on two sets non-asbestos fiber cement plates with a thickness of 100 ⁇ m; then, the first set of plates were dried for 7 days at 5 °C and the second set of plates were dried for 7 days at 20 °C to provide Example 2, a coating.
• Comparative Examples C-D were formed as Example 2, with the changes that Comparative Examples A-B were respectively used rather than Example 1.
• the brusher was pre-treated according to GB/T 9266-2009.
• the scrubbing test was performed with visual check of the coating layers after a given scrubbing times or stopped until the disappearance of the coating layers. In part of the scrubbing test, for those coating plates dried at room temperature for 7 days, specific scrubbing medium was added (10 g per 400 scrubs) to accelerate the test. The results are reported in Table 5.
• Example 2 the coating formed from Example 1 has an improved scrub resistance, as evidenced by a comparatively greater number of scrubs, as compared to the coatings Comparative Example C and Comparative Example D, for coatings dried at 5 °C.
• Example 2 the coating formed from Example 1, has an improved scrub resistance, as evidenced by a comparatively greater number of scrubs, as compared to the coatings Comparative Example D and a comparative scrub resistance to the coating Comparative Example C, for coatings dried at room temperature.
• Example 1 was utilized to form Example 3, a coating; Comparative Example B was utilized to form Comparative Example E, a coating.
• Koenig hardness values at various cure times were determined according to ASTM D2134-95. The results are reported in Table 6.
• Example 3 the coating formed from Example 1, has an improved, i.e., greater, hardness development as compared to the coating Comparative Example E for curing time of 96 hours and greater. Having this improved long term, e.g., of 96 hours and greater, is advantageous for a number of applications.
• Example 3 the coating formed from Example 1, has comparable hardness development as compared to the coatings Comparative Example E for curing times equal to and less than 72 hours.

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