EP3889435B1 - Procédé de fonctionnement d'une pompe centrifuge en cas d'operation en mode de turbine - Google Patents

Procédé de fonctionnement d'une pompe centrifuge en cas d'operation en mode de turbine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3889435B1
EP3889435B1 EP20167993.3A EP20167993A EP3889435B1 EP 3889435 B1 EP3889435 B1 EP 3889435B1 EP 20167993 A EP20167993 A EP 20167993A EP 3889435 B1 EP3889435 B1 EP 3889435B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
centrifugal pump
electric motor
rotational speed
impeller
speed
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EP20167993.3A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3889435A1 (fr
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Klaus Heinrich
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Wilo SE
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Wilo SE
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D15/00—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or systems
    • F04D15/0077—Safety measures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D15/00—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or systems
    • F04D15/0066—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or systems by changing the speed, e.g. of the driving engine

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for operating an electric motor of a centrifugal pump fed by a frequency converter in a turbine case, the centrifugal pump having at least one impeller which is driven by the electric motor in normal operation for the intended delivery of a liquid medium from a suction side to a pressure side of the centrifugal pump in the forward direction a positive speed can be driven, and in the case of a turbine, the medium flows through the centrifugal pump while driving the impeller in the reverse direction at a negative speed from the pressure side to the suction side.
  • the invention relates to a centrifugal pump unit comprising an electric motor with a frequency converter and a controller that controls it, and a centrifugal pump driven by the electric motor with at least one impeller which, during normal operation of the electric motor, is used for the intended delivery of a liquid medium from the suction side to the pressure side of the centrifugal pump in Rotates in forward direction at positive speed.
  • the DE 10 2016 003738 A1 discloses such a method for operating a centrifugal pump in the turbine case.
  • the electric motor works in motor mode. This means that the power flow is directed from the electrical side of the electric motor to the hydraulic side of the pump.
  • the electric motor more precisely its stator, is energized in such a way that a positive torque acts on the rotor, which accelerates the motor shaft in a direction of rotation so that it has a positive speed. Torque and speed therefore have the same sign in motor operation. For which direction of rotation this is the case is a question of definition.
  • the positive direction of rotation can be the same as clockwise or counterclockwise.
  • the drive motor of centrifugal pumps can also be operated as a generator.
  • This is characterized in that the torque and the speed have opposite signs.
  • the power flow is from the hydraulic side of the pump to the electrical side of the electric motor.
  • a conscious application of generator operation is, for example, electrical braking, which is common with traction drives and can also be used with pumps.
  • electrical braking which is common with traction drives and can also be used with pumps.
  • the motor shaft rotates When the motor shaft rotates, a torque is generated electrically in the opposite direction to the direction of rotation of the motor or pump shaft in order to quickly reduce the speed.
  • the electrical energy generated by this braking must be temporarily stored in some way, fed back into the supply network to which the electric motor is connected, or destroyed.
  • the drive electronics of the electric motor must be designed accordingly, which makes them complicated and expensive.
  • centrifugal pump is already being driven passively when its electric motor is switched on (start), ie when the stator is energized, i.e. the impeller is already rotating at a passive speed. Passive driving of the impeller when the electric motor is not energized can be caused by the liquid medium flowing into the centrifugal pump. This can happen, for example, due to thermodynamic compensation processes, such as in gravity heating, due to another pump in the hydraulic system, due to a potential drop as occurs in open systems, a non-closing or insufficiently closing non-return valve or Due to the inertia of the medium, this may be the case when the centrifugal pump is switched on and off in quick succession.
  • turbine operation If the passive rotation takes place in the opposite direction to the positive direction of rotation in the intended normal operation, this is referred to as turbine operation or turbine case. Since a voltage is induced in the non-energized stator in electric motors with a permanent magnet rotor in each of the two directions of rotation, the case in which the passive rotation in the direction of the positive direction of rotation is in normal normal operation as intended is also referred to as generator operation or generator case.
  • the start of the centrifugal pump in the case of a generator is usually not critical, since the pump is already turning in the intended direction of rotation. It can only happen that a target speed cannot be set if it is lower than the passive speed. To do this, the centrifugal pump would have to be braked and the necessary braking energy dissipated. This is not necessarily an error case.
  • the electric motor is driven after the centrifugal pump is switched on in the turbine case with a negative torque in such a way that the speed of the impeller is equal to or greater than the negative speed caused by the turbine case.
  • the control of the centrifugal pump unit is set up to drive the electric motor in the turbine case with a negative torque such that the speed of the impeller is equal to or greater than the negative speed caused by the turbine case.
  • the centrifugal pump is deliberately operated in the wrong direction of rotation. This causes the electric motor to be operated as a motor despite the existing turbine fall, since the torque and the speed are rectified and the motor shaft is not braked. It is true that this operation continues to constitute a fault as long as the turbine fault is present. However, no kinetic energy has to be dissipated and damage to the frequency converter or other electrical components is avoided for the duration of the existing turbine downtime.
  • the electric motor Before energizing the stator of the electric motor, it makes sense to check whether the turbine is falling. This can be determined, for example, from the measurement of the voltage induced back in at least two stator windings. The direction of rotation of the motor shaft or impeller results from the phase position of these two stator voltages in comparison to one another. If the turbine case is present, the electric motor is controlled according to the mode of operation according to the invention. If there is no turbine failure, the electric motor is operated in normal operation.
  • a corresponding negative desired value can be specified for a rotational speed control of the electric motor. If this desired value is equal to or approximately corresponds to the negative speed caused by the turbine case, the current speed can be determined from the measurement of the voltage induced back in at least one stator winding. The speed can be determined from the frequency of this stator voltage. However, it is also possible to determine the speed without measuring the voltage from controlled variables and a model of the electric motor.
  • the setpoint speed is selected to be greater than the negative speed caused by the turbine fall, because the effect of the turbine fall can thereby be reduced or, at best, even compensated.
  • This is due to the fact that the impeller of a centrifugal pump, regardless of its geometry and the geometry of the pump housing, always builds up pressure radially on the outside of the impeller as a result of the acceleration of the medium in the radial direction. If the medium to be conveyed flows from the pressure side of the pump into the pump chamber housing the impeller, a negative speed, which is higher in absolute terms than the negative speed caused by the turbine case, creates a pressure on the pressure side that counteracts the inflowing medium and reduces its flow speed .
  • the maximum negative speed of the electric motor can be selected as the speed setpoint, i.e. the torque can be set in such a way that the electric motor rotates at the maximum negative speed.
  • the impeller counteracts the turbine effect as much as possible and after some time, depending on the impeller geometry and pump chamber geometry, can reverse the previously negative flow rate of the centrifugal pump caused by the turbine case, so that the flow is properly directed from the suction side to the pressure side.
  • the operation of the electric motor with a negative speed which is greater than the turbine case-related negative speed, makes it possible to switch from the mode of operation of the electric motor in faulty turbine operation to normal operation without overloading the intermediate circuit of the frequency converter, as will be explained below.
  • the electric motor can be switched off or braked after a period of time, and then the resulting speed can be evaluated.
  • the electric motor is then switched on again and controlled with a positive torque as soon as the absolute value of the rotational speed has reached or has reached a minimum value or when the absolute value of the derivative of the rotational speed falls below a limit value.
  • the impeller steadily loses speed, whereby the speed would return to the negative speed caused by the turbine case after some time. If, however, the negative delivery flow has previously been reversed to a positive value, then due to the mass inertia of the medium, the speed drops to a value that is lower in absolute terms than the negative speed caused by the turbine case.
  • the electric motor can be switched off, for example, by the centrifugal pump being completely de-energized, ie disconnected from a mains voltage.
  • switching off can take place in such a way that the supply voltage of the frequency converter is switched off.
  • other parts of the control and regulation electronics of the centrifugal pump can continue to be electrically supplied.
  • switching off can take place by switching off control signals that control an inverter of the frequency converter, more precisely its semiconductor switch.
  • the electric motor is therefore no longer supplied with current.
  • a modulation for example a pulse width modulation (PWM), which is formed by periodic control signals for the inverter, in particular for the semiconductor switches, is interrupted.
  • PWM pulse width modulation
  • the electric motor can be switched off by energizing the electric motor, but only in such a way that no torque is generated. This is eg possible with field-oriented control by setting the so-called torque-forming current component iq to zero.
  • the control of the electric motor with a positive torque can preferably take place at or shortly before the reversal point of the speed, i.e. when the speed reaches the absolute minimum value before it increases again in absolute terms in the direction of the negative speed caused by the turbine case. Because at the reversal point, the kinetic energy of the motor is minimal. On the one hand, the kinetic energy of the impeller must be dissipated. This is minimal when the minimum is reached. On the other hand, however, one must also work against the momentum of the medium accelerating in the negative direction. At first the medium helps to slow down, but at the turning point it accelerates again. This additional braking energy can be calculated using the time integral of this braking torque from the start of active braking to standstill. It is therefore advantageous to control the electric motor with a positive torque shortly before the turning point of the speed, i.e. to start braking before the turning point in order to shorten the braking phase.
  • the positive torque can be applied immediately after the reversal point or minimum value has been reached, or even before it is reached.
  • the derivation of the speed can be formed, i.e. the increase in the speed can be considered and compared with a limit value. If this limit value is not reached, the minimum speed is about to be reached, so that the positive torque can be applied.
  • the duration until the electric motor is switched off is suitably dimensioned at least in such a way that the delivery flow can become stationary within this duration. In this case, the water column on the impeller is almost completely accelerated.
  • the positive torque is preferably applied by specifying a positive target speed for the speed control of the electric motor.
  • a braking resistor when controlling the electric motor with a positive torque-generating stator current (iq), a braking resistor can be activated in the frequency converter if the intermediate circuit voltage exceeds a limit value. This causes energy to be dissipated via the braking resistor due to ohmic losses.
  • the electric motor of the centrifugal pump unit is preferably an electronically commutated, in particular vector-controlled, permanent-magnetic synchronous motor.
  • the centrifugal pump can be single-stage, i.e. have a single impeller, or multi-stage, i.e. have two or more impellers in series.
  • the impeller can be mounted at the end of the motor shaft of the electric motor.
  • the impeller can be mounted at the end of a pump shaft, which is mechanically rigid or connected to the motor shaft via a coupling.
  • the impeller has an optimized direction of rotation. This means that the impeller has blades that are curved along their radial extent.
  • the centrifugal pump has a preferred direction of rotation, which by definition corresponds to the positive direction of rotation of the centrifugal pump. Accordingly, the opposite direction of rotation is defined as the negative direction of rotation.
  • a preferred running direction can also be given by the geometry of the pump chamber, for example in the case of a spiral pump chamber. Accordingly, in normal motor/pump operation, the torque in the positive direction of rotation is also positive.
  • the frequency converter can have the conventional design known per se, namely a rectifier on the input side, an inverter on the motor side, and between the rectifier and the inverter a DC voltage intermediate circuit, which is formed by at least one capacitor to which an intermediate circuit voltage is applied.
  • the capacitance of the intermediate circuit is preferably smaller than usual, in particular smaller than 1 ⁇ F per watt of converter power.
  • the capacitance is less than 100 ⁇ F, preferably less than 20 ⁇ F, in particular less than 10 ⁇ F.
  • One or more film capacitors can preferably be used in the intermediate circuit, which react faster and are more robust than conventional electrolytic capacitors due to the higher current carrying capacity.
  • the frequency converter can be designed with one or more film capacitors at lower cost and with a higher current load.
  • a "slim intermediate circuit" which, however, has the property that it can hardly absorb any braking energy. The invention described here takes this fact into account.
  • figure 1 shows a schematic representation of the cross section through a spiral-shaped pump housing 11 of a centrifugal pump 2, in which an impeller 12 with curved blades 13 is arranged.
  • the impeller 12 axially sucks in a medium to be pumped and accelerates it in the radial direction, so that pressure is created in the impeller side space between the impeller 12 and the pump housing 11, as a result of which the medium on the pressure side 10 of the pump housing 11 is pumped out of the pump housing.
  • Due to the spiral shape of the pump housing 11, its outlet is tangential to the impeller side space.
  • This fact and the curved blades 13 define the positive direction of rotation or angular velocity ⁇ of the impeller 11 in normal operation, which in the example according to FIG figure 1 is directed counterclockwise.
  • figure 2 shows a schematic representation of two centrifugal pump units 2, 2a that can be operated in parallel, with the centrifugal pump unit 2 on the left being the focus for the method according to the invention. It comprises an electric motor, not shown, with a frequency converter and a controller 6 that controls it, and a centrifugal pump 2 driven by the electric motor with at least one impeller 12, which is driven by the electric motor in normal operation for the intended delivery of a liquid medium from a suction side 9 to a pressure side 10 of the Centrifugal pump 2 can be driven in the forward direction with a positive speed.
  • the frequency converter has a rectifier on the input side, ie towards the supply network, an inverter on the motor side, and a DC voltage intermediate circuit between the rectifier and the inverter, which is formed by at least one capacitor to which an intermediate circuit voltage is applied.
  • the DC link is slim executed. It has a capacitance of less than 10 ⁇ F and is formed by one or more film capacitors.
  • the controller 6 is set up to drive the electric motor in a turbine case, in which the medium flows through the centrifugal pump 2 while driving the impeller 12 in a reverse direction at a negative speed from the pressure side 10 to the suction side 9, with a negative torque in such a way that the speed of the Impeller 12 is equal to or greater than the negative speed n 1 caused by the turbine case.
  • control 6 is set up to switch off or brake the electric motor after a period of time and to evaluate the speed, and to switch the electric motor on again and to control it with a positive torque as soon as the speed has reached or has reached a minimum value n min or if the derivation of the Speed falls below a limit value. This is illustrated below.
  • the case is considered in which a first centrifugal pump 2a is switched on and the other centrifugal pump 2 is switched off.
  • This can be the case, for example, with a downpipe application. It can happen that a non-return valve 3a at the connection point of the two pressure sides 10 of the centrifugal pumps 2, 2a is either not installed or is defective. In this case, part of the delivery flow of the switched-on first pump 2a would flow into the second pump 2 and flow through it from the pressure side 10 to the suction side 9, i.e. backwards compared to normal operation. In other words, the volume flow through the second pump 2a is negative.
  • the impeller 12 is driven, specifically in the negative direction of rotation based on normal operation or the preferred orientation that the centrifugal pump 2 has.
  • the volume flow would exit on the suction side 9 of the second pump 2a and would be sucked in again by the first pump 2, so that a so-called hydraulic short circuit would occur.
  • the impeller 12 is accelerated in the negative direction of rotation by the delivery flow of the first pump 2a until stationary operation of the two pumps 2, 2a is established.
  • the impeller 12 then rotates at the negative speed n 1 caused by the turbine case, see FIG figure 3 .
  • the difference between the differential pressures ⁇ p 1 , ⁇ p 2 generated by the two pumps 2, 2a corresponds to the pressure losses in the pipes in the circuit formed by the two pumps 2, 2a.
  • ⁇ p 1 ⁇ ⁇ p 2 k 1 Q 1 2 ⁇ k 2 Q 2 2
  • an electric motor of the second centrifugal pump 2 fed by a frequency converter in a turbine case i.e. when the medium drives the centrifugal pump 2 while driving the impeller (2 in reverse direction with negative speed n 1 from the pressure side 10 to the suction side 9 flows through, provided that the electric motor is driven after switching on the centrifugal pump 2 in the turbine case with a negative torque in such a way that the speed of the impeller is equal to or greater than the turbine case-related negative speed n 1.
  • the electric motor is thus operated as a motor, so that no energy has to be fed back into the intermediate circuit of the frequency converter.
  • the solid line shown there shows the speed ntur(t) in the turbine case over time t.
  • the dotted line shows the volume flow Q 2 (t) through the second centrifugal pump 2 over time t.
  • the turbine case-related speed n 1 is here in the switched-off state of the second pump 2, for example, at approx. -1600 rpm and the negative volume flow Q 2 at about -6.5 m 3 /h.
  • This negative speed n 2 is preferably the negative maximum speed n max of the electric motor. Only motor operation of the electric motor is necessary for this acceleration, since both the speed and the torque have a negative sign.
  • the volume flow Q 2 of the second pump 2 is also reduced in magnitude, in the illustrated ideal case even turned to positive values, so that the volume flow Q 2 has reached approximately +4 m 3 /h at time t 3 .
  • a centrifugal pump/radial pump as in figure 1 shown, always generates a positive differential pressure between the suction side 9 and the pressure side 10, regardless of the direction of rotation due to the centrifugal force acting outwards.
  • the ideal case is dependent on the pressure conditions in the hydraulic circuit, in particular the differential pressure of the second pump 2 and the hydraulic resistance of the connected circuit.
  • Mges Mmot+Mfrib+MHyd: M mot ⁇ 0, M friction >0, M hyd >0, where M mot is the engine torque, M friction is the friction torque and M hyd is the hydraulic torque. It is crucial here that the sign of the hydraulic torque changes because the motor has increased the speed of the pump above the passive speed.
  • the electric motor is switched off after a period of time t 4 -t 3 , preferably when a stationary state of the volume flow Q 2 has been reached.
  • this is in figure 3 the case at time t3. It can be switched off by switching off the power to the centrifugal pump, switching off the supply voltage of the frequency converter, switching off control signals from the inverter or by energizing the electric motor in such a way that the engine does not produce any torque.
  • the acceleration torques drop because of the falling speed. In figure 3 this is the case due to a steep increase in the speed ntur(t) for t > t 4 .
  • the derivation of the speed ie its increase, is taken into account for the point in time when the electric motor is switched on again.
  • the criterion is that the slope falls below a predetermined limit. This is the case at time t 5 , ie before the speed reaches its minimum value.
  • the engine speed has dropped to approx. -600 rpm.
  • the conditions for starting the pump 2 are more favorable because the kinetic energy 1 2 J ⁇ 2 of pump 2 and the kinetic energy 1 2 mv 2 of the fluid are lower than in the original stationary operation.
  • the kinetic energy that has to be reduced in order to get from this speed -600 rpm to zero is significantly lower than it was before at the negative speed n 1 caused by the turbine case. So it has to be less
  • the speed may overshoot into the positive range. As soon as the positive speed range has been reached, only motor operation is required for positive acceleration.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Non-Positive-Displacement Pumps (AREA)

Claims (11)

  1. Procédé de fonctionnement d'un moteur électrique d'une pompe centrifuge (2) alimenté par un convertisseur de fréquence dans un cas de turbine, sachant que la pompe centrifuge (2) présente au moins un rotor (12) entraîné, en fonctionnement normal, par le moteur électrique dans le sens vers l'avant avec une vitesse de rotation positive pour le refoulement conforme d'un milieu liquide d'un côté aspiration (9) vers un côté refoulement (10) de la pompe centrifuge (2), et sachant que dans le cas de turbine, le fluide traverse la pompe centrifuge (2) en entraînant le rotor (12) en sens inverse avec une vitesse de rotation négative (n1) du côté refoulement (10) vers le côté aspiration (9), caractérisé en ce que le moteur électrique est entraîné, après la mise en marche de la pompe centrifuge (2) dans le cas de turbine, avec un couple de rotation négatif de telle manière que la vitesse de rotation du rotor est égale ou supérieure à la vitesse de rotation négative (n1) liée au cas de turbine.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le cas de turbine est déterminé à partir de la mesure de la tension réinduite dans au moins deux enroulements du stator.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que la vitesse de rotation est déterminée à partir de la mesure de la tension réinduite dans au moins un enroulement du stator.
  4. Procédé selon la revendication 1, 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que le couple de rotation est réglé de telle manière que le moteur électrique tourne avec une vitesse de rotation négative maximal (n2).
  5. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le moteur est arrêté ou freiné après une certaine période et que la vitesse de rotation est évaluée, et que le moteur électrique est commandé avec un couple positif dès que la vitesse de rotation atteint ou a atteint une valeur minimale (nmin) en valeur absolue ou si la dérivée de la vitesse est inférieure en valeur absolue à une valeur limite.
  6. Procédé selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que l'arrêt du moteur électrique s'effectue en coupant le courant de la pompe centrifuge, la tension d'alimentation du convertisseur de fréquence, les signaux de commande commandant un onduleur du convertisseur de fréquence, ou en alimentant le moteur électrique de telle sorte que le moteur ne génère pas de couple.
  7. Groupe motopompe centrifuge comprenant un moteur électrique avec un convertisseur de fréquence et une régulation (6) commandant celui-ci, et une pompe centrifuge (2) entraînée par le moteur électrique avec au moins un rotor (12) pouvant être entraînée par le moteur électrique, en fonctionnement normal, dans le sens vers l'avant avant avec une vitesse de rotation positive pour le refoulement conforme d'un milieu liquide d'un côté aspiration (9) à un côté refoulement (10) de la pompe centrifuge (2), caractérisé en ce que la régulation (6) est configurée pour entraîner le moteur électrique avec un couple négatif dans un cas de turbine, dans lequel le fluide traverse la pompe centrifuge (2) en entraînant le rotor (12) dans un sens inverse avec une vitesse de rotation négative du côté refoulement (10) vers le côté aspiration (9), de telle sorte que la vitesse de rotation du rotor (12) est égale ou supérieure à la vitesse de rotation négative (n1) liée au cas de turbine.
  8. Groupe motopompe centrifuge selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que la régulation (6) est configurée pour exécuter le procédé selon l'une des revendications 2 à 6.
  9. Groupe motopompe centrifuge selon la revendication 7 ou 8, caractérisé en ce que le rotor (12) est optimisé pour le sens de rotation.
  10. Groupe motopompe centrifuge selon la revendication 7, 8 ou 9, caractérisé en ce que le moteur électrique est un moteur synchrone à aimant permanent à commutation électronique, en particulier à régulation vectorielle.
  11. Groupe motopompe centrifuge selon l'une des revendications 7 à 10, caractérisé en ce que le convertisseur de fréquences présente côté entrée un redresseur, côté moteur un onduleur, et entre le redresseur et l'onduleur un circuit intermédiaire de tension continue formé par au moins un condensateur auquel est appliquée une tension de circuit intermédiaire, la capacité du circuit intermédiaire à tension continue étant inférieure à 100 µF, de préférence inférieure à 20 µF, et en particulier inférieure à 10 µF.
EP20167993.3A 2020-04-03 2020-04-03 Procédé de fonctionnement d'une pompe centrifuge en cas d'operation en mode de turbine Active EP3889435B1 (fr)

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DE102016003738A1 (de) * 2016-03-31 2017-10-05 Wilo Se Zwischenkreisspannungsabhängige Rückspeiseenergiebegrenzung für elektrische Antriebe
EP3376022A1 (fr) * 2017-03-17 2018-09-19 GE Renewable Technologies Procédé permettant de stabiliser la vitesse de rotation d'une machine hydraulique ayant des caractéristiques s et installation correspondante de conversion d'énergie hydraulique en énergie électrique

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